Review of Related Literature

This chapter includes the purpose of the literature review, a review of the literature on

the importance of Artificial Intelligence (AI), its equity integration, the review of recent

developments, implications other literature sources.

2.1 Importance of Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly evolving field that stands at the forefront of

technological innovation, shaping the future of numerous industries and aspects of daily life.

Defined as the capability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human

intelligence, AI encompasses a range of technologies and methodologies designed to

replicate, augment, or even surpass human cognitive abilities. From its theoretical beginnings

to its practical applications, AI represents a paradigm shift in how we interact with

technology and leverage computational power.

The use of AI in educational assessment has been explored in recent research,

focusing on how AI can revolutionize traditional assessment methods. The study by Baker et

al. (2020) highlights the use of AI for formative assessments, which provide ongoing

feedback rather than just summative evaluations. Their research shows that AI systems can

analyze student responses in real time, offering immediate feedback that helps students

improve their understanding and performance (Baker et al., 2020).

 These systems can track students' progress over time, providing educators with

detailed insights into learning trends and individual student needs.

Additionally, the integration of AI in education has prompted discussions about the

potential for AI to enhance collaborative learning environments. Some examines how AI

tools can facilitate collaborative learning by analyzing group interactions and providing

feedback on group dynamics (Yang and Liu, 2021). Their study reveals that AI can support

group projects by offering real-time analysis of group performance and suggesting ways to

improve collaboration and communication among students (Yang & Liu, 2021). This

capability underscores AI's role in not only supporting individual learning but also enhancing

group learning experiences.

The essence of AI lies in its ability to enable machines to learn from data,

adapt to new information, and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Central to

AI are techniques such as machine learning and deep learning, which allow systems to

identify patterns and make predictions based on large datasets. Machine learning, a key

subset of AI, involves training algorithms to recognize patterns and improve performance

over time through experience. Deep learning, an advanced form of machine learning, utilizes

neural networks with multiple layers to analyze complex data structures and achieve high

levels of accuracy in tasks such as image and speech recognition.

 The potential for AI to support special education needs is another area of growing

interest. Ketterlin-Geller et al. (2022) investigate how AI technologies can be tailored to

support students with learning disabilities. Their research demonstrates that AI can be used to

create customized learning materials and interventions that address specific learning

challenges, thus providing targeted support for students who need it most (Ketterlin-Geller et

al., 2022). The authors argue that AI has the potential to bridge gaps in traditional special

education approaches by offering personalized and adaptive support. In parallel, the impact of

AI on teacher-student interactions has also been explored.

2.2 A Review of Recent Developments and Their Implications

A comprehensive review of recent developments in AI and its application in

educational technology is provided. The evolution of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) and

their ability to offer personalized learning experiences by adapting to individual student

needs. The study emphasizes how AI technologies are improving the effectiveness of ITS

through more sophisticated algorithms and data analysis (Hwang, G.-J., & Chen, C.-

H. ,2019).

Li and Zheng (2023) explore how AI can augment teacher-student interactions by

providing tools that assist teachers in managing classrooms and delivering instruction. Their

study finds that AI can help teachers by automating administrative tasks, thus allowing them

to focus more on direct interactions with students and improving overall instructional quality

(Li & Zheng, 2023).

 This finding highlights the potential for AI to not only enhance educational outcomes

but also support teachers in their roles. Moreover, the ethical implications of AI use in

education continue to be a significant area of concern. Zheng and Wang (2024) provide an

updated analysis of ethical issues, including the risks of AI perpetuating existing biases and

the need for transparency in AI algorithms. Their study emphasizes the importance of

developing ethical guidelines and ensuring that AI systems are designed and implemented

with fairness and accountability in mind (Zheng & Wang, 2024).

Addressing these concerns is crucial for fostering trust and ensuring that AI

technologies benefit all students equitably.

2.3 AI-Enhanced Education Equity

Equity in AI-enhanced education is another critical concern. Mouza and Yang (2023)

address the challenges of ensuring equitable access to AI technologies, particularly for

students from underrepresented or disadvantaged backgrounds. They argue that while AI has

the potential to reduce educational disparities, there is a risk that it could exacerbate existing

inequalities if access to these technologies is not managed carefully (Mouza & Yang, 2023).

The authors propose strategies to promote equitable access, such as providing resources and

support to underserved schools and communities. In addition to equity concerns, the

professional development of educators is essential for the successful integration of AI in

classrooms.
 Kim and McDonald (2022) highlight the need for targeted training programs to help

teachers effectively use AI tools. Their research indicates that comprehensive professional

development is crucial for equipping educators with the skills and knowledge necessary to

implement AI technologies effectively (Kim & McDonald, 2022). They suggest that ongoing

training and support are necessary to ensure that AI tools are used to their full potential in

enhancing teaching and learning.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has increasingly become a transformative force in

education, offering innovative solutions to enhance learning and teaching. A pivotal area of

development has been Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), which utilize AI to offer

personalized instructional support. Hwang and Chen (2019) provide an in-depth review of

ITS, highlighting how these systems adapt to individual students’ learning needs by

analyzing their performance data. This adaptability allows ITS to provide customized

feedback and adjust the difficulty of tasks, leading to improved student outcomes and a more

engaging learning experience (Hwang & Chen, 2019). Their review underscores the potential

of ITS to revolutionize traditional educational approaches by offering tailored support that

addresses each student’s unique learning profile.

Complementing this, García-Sánchez and Rodríguez-Triana (2021) discuss the

evolution of AI-based adaptive learning systems, which are designed to continuously adjust

educational content in response to real-time student performance. These systems utilize

sophisticated algorithms to create personalized learning pathways, thereby addressing a wide

range of learning styles and abilities (García-Sánchez & Rodríguez-Triana, 2021).

2.4 AI As A Support Learner.

Their research highlights the effectiveness of adaptive learning technologies in

enhancing student engagement and addressing learning gaps, making education more

responsive and individualized. The authors also emphasize the need for ongoing research to

optimize these systems and ensure they meet diverse educational needs.

The role of AI in lifelong learning and adult education is gaining attention. Huang and

Wu (2023) examine how AI can support adult learners by providing personalized learning

paths and resources tailored to their career goals and learning preferences. Their research

indicates that AI-driven platforms can enhance lifelong learning opportunities by offering

flexible and relevant educational experiences for adult learners (Huang & Wu, 2023). This

study highlights the potential for AI to extend its benefits beyond traditional K-12 and higher

education settings, supporting learners throughout their lives.

Another crucial aspect of AI in education is the use of AI-powered educational

assistants, such as chatbots and virtual tutors. Wang and Wang (2020) review the impact of

these tools on student learning, noting that AI assistants can offer immediate support and

feedback, which enhances student engagement and learning outcomes. These tools provide

round-the-clock assistance, allowing students to receive help outside of traditional classroom

hours (Wang & Wang, 2020). Despite these benefits, the effectiveness of AI assistants

depends on their design and the context in which they are implemented, highlighting the need

for careful planning and evaluation.

 Ainsworth and Bannan-Ritland (2022) further investigate the role of AI-driven virtual

assistants in education, examining their effects on student achievement and engagement.

Their study finds that while these tools can improve learning experiences by offering

consistent support, their success varies based on implementation practices and the specific

educational environment (Ainsworth & Bannan-Ritland, 2022). The authors stress the

importance of designing AI tools that are aligned with educational goals and capable of

providing meaningful interactions to maximize their impact.

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