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Information Sheet

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6 views1 page

Information Sheet

Uploaded by

brilliantvethe
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Important logical equivalences

Take note of the following important logical equivalencies:

(a) pqqp
pqqp (commutative laws)

(b) p  (q  r)  (p  q) r
p  (q  r)  (p  q)  r (associative laws)

(c) p  (q  r)  (p  q)  (p  r)
p  (q  r)  (p  q)  (p  r) (distributive laws)

(d) ppp
ppp (idempotent laws)

(e) ¬ (¬ p )  p (law of double negation)

(f) ¬ (p  q)  ¬ p  ¬ q
¬ (p  q)  ¬ p  ¬ q (De Morgan’s laws)

(g) p  ¬ p  TO, where TO is a tautology


p  ¬ p  FO, where FO is a contradiction (negation)

(h) ¬ FO  TO
¬ TO  F0 (negations of TO and F0)

(i) p  FO  p
p  TO  p (identity)

(j) p  TO  TO
p  FO  FO (universal bound)

We often refer to these as identities

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