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Assignment 4

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15 views2 pages

Assignment 4

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drd
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MTH 114: ODE: Assignment-4

In this assignment, we will denote:

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = r(x), x ∈ I (∗)

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0, x ∈ I (∗∗)


where I ⊂ R is an interval and p(x), q(x), r(x) are continuous functions on I.

1. (T) Let y1 be the solution of the IVP

y 00 + (2x − 1)y 0 + sin(ex )y = 0, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = −1;

and y2 be the solution of the IVP

y 00 + (2x − 1)y 0 + sin(ex )y = 0, y(0) = 2, y 0 (0) = −1.

Find the Wronskian of y1 , y2 . What is the general solution of y 00 +(2x−1)y 0 +sin(ex )y = 0?

2. Can x3 be a solution of (∗∗) on I = [−1, 1]? Find two 2nd order linear homogeneous
ODE with x3 as a solution.

3. (T) Can x sin x be a solution of a second order linear homogeneous equation with con-
stant coefficients?

4. (T) Find the largest interval on which a unique solution is guaranteed to exist of the
IVP. (x + 2)y 00 + xy 0 + cot(x)y = x2 + 1, y(2) = 11, y 0 (2) = −2.

5. Without solving determine the largest interval in which the solution is guaranteed to
uniquely exist of the IVP ty 00 − y 0 = t2 + t, y(1) = 1, y 0 (1) = 5. Verify your answer by
solving it explicitly.

6. Find the differential equation satisfied by each of the following two-parameter families
of plane curves:
(i) y = cos(ax + b) (ii) y = ax + xb (iii) y = aex + bxex

7. Find general solution of the following differential equations given a known solution y1 :
(i) (T) x(1 − x)y 00 + 2(1 − 2x)y 0 − 2y = 0 y1 = 1/x
2 00 0
(ii) (1 − x )y − 2xy + 2y = 0 y1 = x
√
8. Verify that sin x/ x is a solution of x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 − 1/4)y = 0 over any interval on
the positive x-axis and hence find its general solution.

9. Reduce the following second order differential equation to first order differential equation
and hence solve.
(i) xy 00 + y 0 = y 02 (ii) (T) yy 00 + y 02 + 1 = 0 (iii) y 00 − 2y 0 coth x = 0
10. Find the curve y = y(x) which satisfies the ODE y 00 = y 0 and the line y = x is tangent
at the origin.

11. Are the following functions linearly dependent on the given intervals?
(i) sin 4x, cos 4x (−∞, ∞) (ii) ln x, ln x3 (0, ∞)
(iii) cos 2x, sin2 x (0, ∞) (iv)(T) x3 , x2 |x| [−1, 1]

12. By using the method of variation of parameters, find the general solution of:
(i) y 00 + 4y = 2 cos2 x + 10ex (ii) (T) y 00 + y = x sin x
(iii) y 00 + y = cot2 x (iv) x2 y 00 − x(x + 2)y 0 + (x + 2)y = x3 , x > 0.
[Hint. y = x is a solution of the homogeneous part]

Initial Value Problem vs. Boundary Value Problem


A second-order initial value problem consists of a second-order ordinary differential equation
y 00 (t) = F (t, y(t), y 0 (t)) and initial conditions y(t0 ) = y0 , y 0 (t0 ) = y00 where t0 , y0 , y00 are
numbers.
It might seem that there are more than one ways to present the initial conditions of a
second order equation. Instead of locating both initial conditions y(t0 ) = y0 and y 0 (t0 ) = y00
at the same point t0 , couldn’t we take them at different points, for examples y(t0 ) = y0 and
y(t1 ) = y1 ; or y 0 (t0 ) = y00 and y 0 (t1 ) = y10 ? The answer is NO. All the initial conditions in
an initial value problem must be taken at the same point t0 . The sets of conditions
above where the values are taken at different points are known as boundary conditions. A
boundary value problem does not have the existence and uniqueness guaranteed.
Example: Every function of the form y = C sin(t), where C is a real number satisfies the
boundary value problem y 00 + y = 0, y(0) = 0, y(π) = 0. Therefore, the problem has infinitely
many solutions, even though p(t) = 0, q(t) = 1, r(t) = 0 are all continuous everywhere.

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