Control flow in Python

Dr. Udit Nath, Phd

3rd Oct 2024
Understanding Python Block

A Python program is constructed from code blocks. A block is a

piece of Python program text that is executed as a unit. The
following are blocks: a module, a function body, and a class
definition. Each command typed interactively is a block.

In Python, a block is a group of statements that are indented

together. Blocks are used to define the scope of variables and
to control the flow of execution.

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Control flow – if, else

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Control Flow – if , else, elif

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Control Flow – if , else, elif

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Control Flow – if , else, elif

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Control Flow – if , else, elif

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Control Flow – if , else, elif

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Control Flow – if , else, elif
Python Code

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 Python nonlocal Keyword
Make a function inside a function, which uses the Python Code
variable x as a nonlocal variable:
def myfunc1():
x = "John"
def myfunc2():
nonlocal x
x = "hello"
myfunc2()
return x

print(myfunc1())

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 Python nonlocal Keyword
Python Code - Same example as above, but
Definition and Usage without the nonlocal keyword:

The nonlocal keyword is used to work with variables inside def myfunc1():
nested functions, where the variable should not belong to x = "John"
the inner function. def myfunc2():
x = "hello"
Use the keyword nonlocal to declare that the variable is myfunc2()
not local. return x

print(myfunc1())

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 The Nested if Statement
Python Code :
You can have if statements inside if statements, this is
package main
called a nested if.
import ("fmt")
Syntax:
if condition1 { func main() {
// code to be executed if condition1 is true num := 20
if condition2 { if num >= 10 {
// code to be executed if both condition1 fmt.Println("Num is more than
and condition2 are true 10.")
} if num > 15 {
} fmt.Println("Num is also more
than 15.")
}
} else {
fmt.Println("Num is less than
10.")
}
} 12
 Python - function scope
Function scope: Variables that are declared inside a Python Code
function are called local variables and in the function def myfunc1():
scope. Local variables are accessible anywhere inside x = "John"
the function. Block scope: Variable that is declared def myfunc2():
inside a specific block & can't be accessed outside of nonlocal x
that block.: x = "hello"
myfunc2()
return x

print(myfunc1())

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Control Flow – if , else, elif
Python Code

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 Python - Built-in Functions
Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it Python Code ZIP
that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.:

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Python Built-in Functions Cont…

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Python Built-in Functions Cont…

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 Python abs() Function
Return the absolute value of a number: Python Code abs ()
x = abs(-7.25)
print (x)

Return the absolute value of

a complex number:

|3+4J| = |a+bi| =𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2

C = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 32 + 42 =
9 + 16 = √34 =5.830951
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Python abs() Function
The `zip` function in Python is a built-in Python Code abs ()
function that allows you to aggregate elements x = abs(-7.25)
from multiple iterables into a single iterable. It print (x)
takes two or more iterables as input and
returns an iterator that produces tuples
containing elements from all the input
iterables.

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 Python Lists
Python Code abs ()

List mylist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

▪ Lists are used to store multiple items in a single

variable
▪ Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python ▪ Lists are created using square brackets:
used to store collections of data, the other 3
are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different
qualities and usage.
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist)

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 Python Lists
Python Code abs ()

List Items mylist =

["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

▪ List items are ordered, changeable, and allow

duplicate values.
▪ List items are indexed, the first item has index ▪ Lists are created using square brackets:
[0], the second item has index [1] etc.
▪ The list is changeable, meaning that we can
change, add, and remove items in a list after it
has been created
▪ Allow Duplicates
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
▪ Since lists are indexed, lists can have items print(thislist)
with the same value:

thislist =
["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry"]
print(thislist)
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 Python Lists
Python Code abs ()

List Length List Items - Data Types

To determine how many items a list has, use the len()
function: List items can be of any data type:
Print the number of items in the list:

String, int and boolean data types:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(thislist))
list1 = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
list2 = [1, 5, 7, 9, 3]
list3 = [True, False, False]

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 Python Tuples
Tuple Items

Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable. ▪ Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable,
and allow duplicate values.
Tuple is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store
▪ Tuple items are indexed, the first item
collections of data, the other 3 are List, Set, and Dictionary, all
with different qualities and usage.
has index [0], the second item has index
[1] etc.
A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. ▪ When we say that tuples are ordered, it
means that the items have a defined
Tuples are written with round brackets. order, and that order will not change.
▪ Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that
we cannot change, add or remove items
Create a Tuple: after the tuple has been created.
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") ▪ Since tuples are indexed, they can have
print(thistuple) items with the same value:
Tuples allow duplicate values:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry")
print(thistuple)
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 Python Tuples
Tuple Items
Tuple Length
Create Tuple With One Item
To determine how many items a tuple has, use the len() ▪ To create a tuple with only one item, you
function: have to add a comma after the item,
otherwise Python will not recognize it as a
tuple.
Print the number of items in the tuple:
▪ Tuple Items - Data Types
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") ▪ Tuple items can be of any data type:
print(len(thistuple)) ▪ String, int and boolean data types:

▪ tuple1 = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

tuple2 = (1, 5, 7, 9, 3)
tuple3 = (True, False, False)

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 Python Sets
Sets are written with curly brackets.

Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable. thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(thisset)
Set is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store
collections of data, the other 3 are List, Tuple, and Dictionary,
# Note: the set list is unordered, meaning: the items
all with different qualities and usage.
will appear in a random order.
A set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and # Refresh this page to see the change in the result.
unindexed.

* Note: Set items are unchangeable, but you can

remove items and add new items. Duplicates Not Allowed
Sets cannot have two items with the same value.
Duplicate values will be ignored:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple"}

print(thisset)
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 Python Dictionary
Create and print a dictionary:
Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs.
thisdict = {
A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*, changeable "brand": "Ford",
and do not allow duplicates. "model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In
Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries are unordered. }
print(thisdict)
Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys
and values:

duplicate values will overwrite existing values:

thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964,
"year": 2020
}
print(thisdict) 26
Python abs() Function