Lecture 06

Inheritance and Composition

C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures, Eighth Edition

1
 Objectives

• In this chapter, you will:

• Learn about inheritance
• Learn about derived and base classes
• Explore how to redefine the member functions of a base class
• Examine how the constructors of base and derived classes work
• Learn how the destructors of base and derived classes work

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 Introduction

• Two common ways to relate two classes in a meaningful way are:

• Inheritance (“is-a” relationship)
• Composition or aggregation: (“has-a” relationship)

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 Introduction

• Two common ways to relate two classes in a meaningful way are:

• Inheritance (“is-a” relationship)
• Composition or aggregation: (“has-a” relationship)

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 Introduction

• Two common ways to relate two classes

in a meaningful way are:
• Inheritance (“is-a” relationship)
• Composition or aggregation: (“has-a”
relationship)

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or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom
 Inheritance (1 of 5)

• Inheritance is an “is-a” relationship

• Example: “every employee is a person”
• Inheritance, creating new classes from existing classes
• Derived classes: new classes created from the existing classes
• Base class: the original class
• A derived class inherits the properties of its base classes

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 Inheritance - Example

• An object from a derived class (subclass) “is an” object of a base class
(superclass)

Base Class Derived Class

STUDENT GraduateStudent, UndergraduateStudent

SHAPE Circle, Triangle, Rectangle, Sphere, Cube

LOAN CarLoan, HomeImprovementLoan, MortgageLoan

EMPLOYEE Faculty, Staff

ACCOUNT CheckingAccount, SavingsAccount

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 Inheritance (2 of 5)

• Inheritance helps reduce software development complexity

• Single inheritance: derived class has a single base class
• Multiple inheritance: derived class has more than one base class
• Public inheritance: all public members of base class are inherited as public
members by derived class

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 Inheritance (2 of 5)

• Inheritance helps reduce software development complexity

• Single inheritance: derived class has a single base class
• Multiple inheritance: derived class has more than one base class
• Public inheritance: all public members of base class are inherited as public
members by derived class

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or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom
 Inheritance (2 of 5)

• Inheritance helps reduce software development complexity

• Single inheritance: derived class has a single base class
• Multiple inheritance: derived class has more than one base class
• Public inheritance: all public members of base class are inherited as public
members by derived class

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 Inheritance (3 of 5)

Inheritance can be viewed as a tree-like, or hierarchical, structure between the base

class and its derived classes
Inheritance hierarchy
for university 1000 members

Each arrow in the hierarchy represents an is-a relationship

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Inheritance (4 of 5)

Inheritance hierarchy for Shapes

Each arrow in the hierarchy represents an is-a relationship

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Inheritance (4 of 5)

Inheritance hierarchy for Shapes

Each arrow in the hierarchy represents an is-a relationship

class TwoDimensionalShape : public Shape

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 Inheritance (4 of 5)

• Syntax of a derived class:

• memberAccessSpecifier is public, protected, or private

(default)
• private members of a base class are private to the base class
• Derived class cannot directly access them

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 Inheritance : Example of derived class

• Syntax of a public inheritance:

• Definition of circle

• Syntax of a private inheritance:

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 Inheritance : Example of derived class

• Syntax of a public inheritance:

• Definition of circle

• Syntax of a private inheritance:

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 Inheritance : Example of derived class

• Syntax of a public inheritance:

• Definition of circle

• Syntax of a private inheritance:

private

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 Inheritance (5 of 5)

• private members of a base class cannot directly access

• public members of the base class can be inherited as public or private
members
• The derived class can contain additional members
• The derived class can redefine public member functions of the base class
• Applies only to the objects of the derived class
• All member variables of the base class are also members of the derived class

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 Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class (1 of 3)

• To redefine a public member function:

• The corresponding function in the derived class must have the same name, number,
and types of parameters
• If the derived class overrides a public member function of the base class, then
to call the base class function, specify the:
• Name of the base class
• Scope resolution operator (::)
• Function name with appropriate parameter list

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 Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class (1 of 3)

• To redefine a public member function:

• The corresponding function in the derived class must have the same name, number,
and types of parameters
• If the derived class overrides a public member function of the base class, then
to call the base class function, specify the:
• Name of the base class
• Scope resolution operator (::)
• Function name with appropriate parameter list

class Base {
public:
void show() { cout << "Base class"; } };

class Derived: public Base{

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 Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class (1 of 3)

• To redefine a public member function:

• The corresponding function in the derived class must have the same name, number,
and types of parameters
• If the derived class overrides a public member function of the base class, then
to call the base class function, specify the:
• Name of the base class
• Scope resolution operator (::)
• Function name with appropriate parameter list

class Base {
public:
void show() { cout << "Base class"; } };

class Derived: public Base{

public:
void show() { cout << " Derived class"; } }

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 Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class (1 of 3)

• The definition of class rectangleType:

class rectangleType
{
public:
void setDimension(double l, double w);
double getLength() const;
double getWidth() const;
double area() const;
double perimeter() const;
void print() const;

rectangleType();
rectangleType(double l, double w);

private:
double length;
double width;
};

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Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class (2 of 3)

FIGURE 11-2 UML class diagram of the class rectangleType

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 Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class (2 of 3)

void rectangleType::setDimension(double l,
double w)
{
if (l >= 0)
length = l;
else
length = 0;
if (w >= 0)
width = w;
else
width = 0;
}
double rectangleType::getLength() const
{
return length;
}
double rectangleType::getWidth()const
{
return width;
}
double rectangleType::area() const
{
return length * width;
}
perimeter(), print()…
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 Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class (2 of 3)

void rectangleType::setDimension(double l,
double w)
{
if (l >= 0)
length = l;
else • The derived class from class rectangleType:
length = 0;
if (w >= 0) class boxType: public rectangleType
width = w; {
else public:
width = 0; void setDimension(double l, double
} w, double h);
double rectangleType::getLength() const double getHeight() const;
{ double volume() const;
return length; double area() const;
} void print() const;
double rectangleType::getWidth()const boxType();
{ boxType(double l, double w, double
return width; h);
} private:
double rectangleType::area() const double height;
{ };
return length * width;
}
perimeter(), print()…
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 Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class (2 of 3)

void rectangleType::setDimension(double l,
double w)
{
if (l >= 0)
length = l;
else • The derived class from class rectangleType:
length = 0;
if (w >= 0) class boxType: public rectangleType
width = w; {
else public:
width = 0; void setDimension(double l, double
} w, double h);
double rectangleType::getLength() const double getHeight() const;
{ double volume() const;
return length; double area() const;
} void print() const; overrides
double rectangleType::getWidth()const boxType();
{ boxType(double l, double w, double
return width; h);
} private:
double rectangleType::area() const double height;
{ };
return length * width;
}
perimeter(), print()…
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 Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class (3 of 3)

• boxType is derived from rectangleType, and it is a public inheritance

• Also overrides the functions print and area

FIGURE 11-3 UML class diagram of the class boxType and the inheritance hierarchy

• Calling the function area of the class rectangleType

• rectangleType::area()

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 Constructors of Derived and Base Classes

• A derived class constructor cannot directly access private members of the

base class
• Can directly initialize only public member variables of the base class
• When a derived object is declared, it must execute one of the base class
constructors
• A call to the base class constructor is specified in the heading of the derived
class constructor definition

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 Constructors of Derived and Base Classes

• Default constructor of the class boxType.

boxType::boxType()
{
height = 0.0;
}

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 Constructors of Derived and Base Classes

• Default constructor of the class boxType.

boxType::boxType()
{
height = 0.0;
}

• Constructor with parameters of the class boxType:

boxType::boxType(double l, double w,
double h)
: rectangleType(l, w)
{
if (h >= 0)
height = h;
else
height = 0;
}

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 Constructors of Derived and Base Classes

• Default constructor of the class boxType.

boxType::boxType()
{
height = 0.0;
}

• Constructor with parameters of the class boxType:

boxType::boxType(double l, double w,
double h)
: rectangleType(l, w)
{
if (h >= 0)
height = h;
else
height = 0;
}

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 Constructors of Derived and Base Classes

• Consider the following statements:

rectangleType myRectangle(5.0, 3.0); //Line 1
boxType myBox(6.0, 5.0, 4.0); //Line 2

FIGURE 11-4 Objects myRectangle and myBox

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 Check Yourself!

• What is the output of the statements?

myRectangle.print(); //Line 3
cout << endl; //Line 4
myBox.print(); //Line 5
cout << endl; //Line 6

FIGURE 11-4 Objects myRectangle and myBox

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 Check Yourself!

• What is the output of the statement?

myRectangle.print(); //Line 3
cout << endl; //Line 4
myBox.print(); //Line 5
cout << endl; //Line 6

FIGURE 11-4 Objects myRectangle and myBox

Length = 5.0; Width = 3.0

Length = 6.0; Width = 5.0; Height = 4.0

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 Destructors in a Derived Class

• Destructors deallocate dynamic memory allocated by the objects of a class

• When a derived class object goes out of scope
• Automatically invokes its destructor
• When the destructor of the derived class executes
• Automatically invokes the destructor of the base class

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 Quick Review (1 of 4)

• Inheritance and composition are meaningful ways to relate two or more classes
• Inheritance is an “is-a” relation
• Single inheritance: a derived class is derived from one class, called the base class
• Multiple inheritance: a derived class is derived from more than one base class
• Composition is a “has-a” relation

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 Quick Review (2 of 4)

• private members of a base class are private to the base class

• public members of a base class can be inherited either as public or
private
• A derived class can redefine function members of a base class
• Redefinition applies only to objects of derived class

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 Quick Review (3 of 4)

• A call to a base class constructor (with parameters) is specified in the heading

of the definition of the derived class constructor
• When initializing object of a derived class, the base class constructor is
executed first
• In composition (aggregation):
• A class member is an object of another class
• A call to constructor of member objects is specified in heading of the definition of
class’s constructor

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 Quick Review (4 of 4)

• Three basic principles of OOD:

• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• To find classes:
• Describe the problem
• Choose classes from the list of nouns
• Choose operations from the list of verbs

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