Alright, here are the answers to the 2016 Group-B questions in detail:

2016 Group-B

Question 1: Discuss the characteristics of a good SRS document.

Answer: A good Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document should have the
following characteristics:
1. Correct: The SRS document should be correct and it must correctly define all the
requirements stated by the customer.
2. Unambiguous: The SRS document should be unambiguous and it should not contain any
doubts. Each requirement stated in the SRS document should have only one interpretation.
This avoids any confusion and saves time.
3. Complete: The SRS document should be complete in all respects. It should have all the
requirements to be included in the software.
4. Consistent: The SRS document should be consistent. It should not contain any conflicting
requirements. The requirements stated in the SRS document should not conflict with any
other document.
5. Ranked for importance and/or stability: The SRS document should have all the
requirements ranked according to their importance and stability. The most important
requirements should be identified so that they can be addressed first. The requirements that
are not likely to change should also be identified.
6. Verifiable: The SRS document should be verifiable. It should be possible to verify whether
the requirements stated in the SRS document have been met or not.
7. Modifiable: The SRS document should be modifiable. It should be easy to modify the SRS
document to incorporate any changes in the requirements.
8. Traceable: The SRS document should be traceable. It should be possible to trace each
requirement to its source.

Question 2: Explain in detail the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).

Answer: The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework that describes the key elements
of an effective software process. It is a roadmap for organizations to improve their software
development processes. CMM was developed by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at
Carnegie Mellon University in the 1980s.

CMM describes five levels of maturity for an organization's software process:

1. Initial: At this level, the organization's software process is ad hoc and chaotic. There is no
defined process and the success of a project depends on the skills of the individuals
involved.
2. Repeatable: At this level, the organization has established a basic project management
process. This process is documented and followed, but it is not yet fully integrated into the
organization's culture.
 3. Defined: At this level, the organization has a well-defined software process that is
integrated into the organization's culture. The process is documented, standardized, and
followed by all projects.
4. Managed: At this level, the organization is able to measure and track the performance of its
software process. This data is used to improve the process and to make better decisions
about software development projects.
5. Optimizing: At this level, the organization is continuously improving its software process.
The organization is able to identify and implement best practices and to adapt its process to
changing needs.

CMM is a valuable tool for organizations that want to improve their software development
processes. It provides a roadmap for organizations to follow and it helps them to identify areas
where they need to improve.

Question 3: What is the difference between black-box and white-box

testings?
Answer:

Black-box testing White-box testing

The internal workings of the system are The tester knows the internal workings of
not known to the tester. the system.

Testing is based on the external Testing is based on the internal structure

specifications of the system. and logic of the system.

It is also known as functional testing. It is also known as structural testing.

It is used to test the functionality of the It is used to test the internal workings of
system. the system.

It is typically performed by testers. It is typically performed by developers.

Question 4: List three common types of risks that a typical software

project might suffer from.
Answer: Three common types of risks that a typical software project might suffer from are:
● Schedule risks: The project may not be completed on time.
● Cost risks: The project may exceed its budget.
● Technical risks: The software may not meet the requirements or it may be of poor quality.

Question 5: Draw the use case diagram of a library management

system.
Answer:

Code snippet

@startuml
left to right direction
actor Librarian
actor Member

rectangle Library {
Librarian -- (Add Book)
Librarian -- (Remove Book)
Librarian -- (Issue Book)
Librarian -- (Return Book)
Librarian -- (Search Book)
Member -- (Search Book)
Member -- (Borrow Book)
Member -- (Return Book)
(Borrow Book) <.. (Issue Book) : <<extends>>
(Return Book) <.. (Return Book) : <<extends>>
}
@enduml
2017 Group-B

Question 1: Explain Spiral Model for software development with a

diagram.
Answer: The Spiral Model is a risk-driven software development process model. It combines
the features of the waterfall model and the prototyping model. The spiral model is divided into a
number of iterations, or spirals. Each spiral starts with a risk assessment. The risks are then
analyzed and prioritized. The next step is to develop a prototype to address the highest-priority
risks. The prototype is then evaluated and the results are used to plan the next spiral.

The following diagram shows the Spiral Model:

Code snippet

@startuml
skinparam ActivityBorderColor black
skinparam ActivityBackgroundColor #f5f5f5
skinparam ArrowColor black

start
:**Planning Phase**
:Determine objectives, alternatives, constraints;
:Identify and resolve risks;
:**Risk Analysis Phase**
:Analyze risks;
:**Engineering Phase**
:Develop the next level of the product;
:**Evaluation Phase**
:Review and plan for the next iteration;
repeat
:**Planning Phase**
:Determine objectives, alternatives, constraints;
:Identify and resolve risks;
:**Risk Analysis Phase**
:Analyze risks;
:**Engineering Phase**
:Develop the next level of the product;
:**Evaluation Phase**
:Review and plan for the next iteration;
repeat while (Risks are identified)
->No;
:Deployment and Maintenance;
stop
@enduml

The Spiral Model is a good choice for projects that are complex and have a high degree of risk.
It is also a good choice for projects that are likely to change during the development process.

Question 2: Why Project Planning is needed? Draw the diagram for

precedence ordering among planning activities.
Answer: Project planning is needed for the following reasons:
● To define the scope of the project
● To identify the tasks that need to be completed
● To estimate the resources required for the project
● To develop a schedule for the project
● To identify and manage risks
● To track the progress of the project
● To communicate with stakeholders

Without project planning, it is very difficult to successfully complete a software project.

The following diagram shows the precedence ordering among planning activities:

Code snippet

@startuml
skinparam ActivityBorderColor black
skinparam ActivityBackgroundColor #f5f5f5
skinparam ArrowColor black

start
:Define Scope;
:Identify Tasks;
:Estimate Resources;
:Develop Schedule;
:Identify Risks;
:Track Progress;
:Communicate with Stakeholders;
stop
@enduml

Question 3: Explain Empirical Cost Estimation Techniques.

Answer: Empirical cost estimation techniques are based on data from past projects. This data
is used to develop a model that can be used to estimate the cost of future projects. Some of the
common empirical cost estimation techniques are:
● COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model): This is a parametric model that uses a number of
factors, such as the size of the project and the experience of the development team, to
estimate the cost of a project.
● Function Point Analysis: This technique estimates the size of a project by counting the
number of functions that the software will perform. The size estimate is then used to estimate
the cost of the project.
● Putnam Model: This model is used to estimate the effort and time required to develop a
software project. It is based on the Norden/Rayleigh curve.

Empirical cost estimation techniques are generally more accurate than expert judgment.
However, they are still just estimates. The actual cost of a project may vary from the estimate.

Question 4: What is meant by cohesion? How should software be

designed considering cohesion? What is the difference between
cohesion and coupling?
Answer: Cohesion is a measure of how closely the elements of a module are related to each
other. A module with high cohesion is easier to understand, maintain, and reuse.

Software should be designed to have high cohesion. This can be achieved by:
● Grouping related elements into the same module
● Keeping modules small and focused
● Avoiding unnecessary dependencies between modules

Difference between cohesion and coupling:

Cohesion Coupling

Cohesion refers to the degree to which the Coupling refers to the degree to which
elements within a module belong together. different modules depend on each other.

It is a measure of the internal strength of a It is a measure of the interdependency

module. between modules.

High cohesion is desirable. Low coupling is desirable.

Question 5: Distinguish between error and failure. Which of the two is

detected by testing? Justify your answer.
Answer:

Error Failure

A human action that produces an incorrect The inability of a system or component to

result. perform its required functions within
specified performance requirements.

A measure of the difference between the A deviation of the software from its
actual output of a software system and the expected delivery or service.
correct output.

Testing detects failures. When a test case is executed, the actual output of the software is
compared to the expected output. If the actual output is different from the expected output, then
a failure has occurred. The failure may be caused by an error in the software.

2018 Group-B

Question 1: 'Spiral model is not a panacea'; explain the meaning of

the statement. Also, state why spiral is called a Meta-model.
Answer: The statement "Spiral model is not a panacea" means that the spiral model is not a
perfect solution for all software development projects. The spiral model has its own advantages
and disadvantages. It is a good choice for projects that are complex and have a high degree of
risk. However, it can be difficult to manage and it can be time-consuming.

The spiral model is called a meta-model because it incorporates elements of other software
development process models. For example, the spiral model includes elements of the waterfall
model and the prototyping model.

Question 2: What are the different of information elicitation?

Answer: Information elicitation is the process of gathering information about a software project
from stakeholders. Some of the common information elicitation techniques are:
● Interviews: This is a one-on-one meeting between a developer and a stakeholder.
● Questionnaires: This is a written set of questions that is given to stakeholders.
● Workshops: This is a meeting between a group of stakeholders and developers.
● Brainstorming: This is a technique for generating ideas from a group of stakeholders.
● Prototyping: This is a technique for creating a working model of the software.

Question 3: What are the metrics for estimation of software? State

characteristics of feature point metrics.
Answer: Some of the common metrics for estimation of software are:
● Lines of Code (LOC): This is a measure of the size of the software code.
● Function Points (FP): This is a measure of the functionality of the software.
● Feature Points (FP): This is a measure of the features of the software.

Characteristics of feature point metrics:

● It is a language-independent metric.
● It is based on the functionality of the software.
● It is relatively easy to calculate.

Question 4: What are the major components of SRS?

Answer: The major components of an SRS document are:
● Introduction: This section provides an overview of the software project.
● Functional Requirements: This section describes the functionality of the software.
● Non-Functional Requirements: This section describes the non-functional requirements of
the software, such as performance, reliability, and security.
● Constraints: This section describes any constraints on the software project.

Question 5: Develop a work breakdown structure specification for

showing the process of admission to an engineering college. Assume
the major phase as exam preparation, entrance exam, admission
criterion and counseling and fees payment. Also, write the output of
each major task performed.
Answer:
Task Output

Exam Preparation

1.1 Gather syllabus and exam pattern Syllabus and exam pattern document

1.2 Collect study material Study material

1.3 Create study plan Study plan

1.4 Prepare for exam Prepared student

Entrance Exam

2.1 Register for exam Exam registration confirmation

2.2 Download admit card Admit card

2.3 Appear for exam Exam results

Admission Criterion

3.1 Check eligibility criteria Eligibility status

3.2 Calculate merit score Merit score

Counseling and Fees Payment

4.1 Attend counseling session Seat allotment

4.2 Pay fees Fee receipt

You are absolutely right! My previous answers were too brief for a 5-mark question. I need to
provide more in-depth explanations and examples. Let me try answering the 2019 Group-B
questions again with the detail expected for 5 marks each.

2019 Group-B (Detailed Answers)

Question 1: Draw a diagram for a spiral life cycle. [cite: 16]

Answer: The Spiral model is a risk-driven software development process model that combines
the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the waterfall
model.1 It is represented as a spiral with many loops. The exact number of loops in the spiral is
unknown and can vary from project to project. Each loop of the spiral is called a Phase of the
software development process.2

Here's a diagram illustrating the key concepts:

Code snippet

@startuml
skinparam ActivityBorderColor black
skinparam ActivityBackgroundColor #f5f5f5
skinparam ArrowColor black

start
:**Planning Phase**
:Determine objectives, alternatives, constraints;
:Identify and resolve risks;
:**Risk Analysis Phase**
:Analyze risks;
:**Engineering Phase**
:Develop the next level of the product;
:**Evaluation Phase**
:Review and plan for the next iteration;
repeat
:**Planning Phase**
:Determine objectives, alternatives, constraints;
:Identify and resolve risks;
:**Risk Analysis Phase**
:Analyze risks;
:**Engineering Phase**
:Develop the next level of the product;
:**Evaluation Phase**
:Review and plan for the next iteration;
repeat while (Risks are identified)
->No;
:Deployment and Maintenance;
stop
@enduml

Each loop in the spiral model represents a phase of the software process and is divided
into four sectors:
● Planning Phase: This phase starts with gathering the business requirements in the baseline
spiral. In the subsequent spirals as the product matures, identification of system
requirements, subsystem requirements, and unit requirements are all done in this phase.
This3 also includes understanding the system requirements by continuous communication
between the customer and the system analyst. This4 is the most crucial phase in the spiral
model.
● Risk Analysis Phase: This phase includes identifying, estimating, and monitoring the
technical feasibility and management risks, such as schedule slippage and cost5 overrun.
After risk evaluation, a process is undertaken to reduce the risks. This might involve
prototyping, simulation, and benchmarking.
● Engineering Phase: In this phase, the software is developed, along with testing at the end of
the phase. For example, in the baseline spiral, when the product is just a concept, a Proof of
Concept (POC) is developed in this phase to get customer feedback. Then in the subsequent
spirals with higher clarity on requirements and design details a working model of the software
called build is produced with a version number. These builds are sent6 to the customer for
feedback.7
● Evaluation Phase: This phase allows the customer to evaluate the output of the project to
date before the project continues to the next8 spiral.

Why is it called a Meta-model?

The spiral model is called a meta-model because it can accommodate various specific process
models. For example, at the beginning of a project, when the risk is greatest, the spiral model
might resemble the evolutionary process model. Later on, when the risk is lower, the spiral
model might resemble the waterfall model. This flexibility allows the spiral model to be used for
a wide range of projects. [cite: 16]

Question 2: What are software validation and verification? [cite: 17]

Answer: Software validation and verification are two crucial processes in software development
that are often confused but serve distinct purposes. They are both quality assurance activities
aimed at ensuring that the software being developed meets the required standards and
specifications.
● Verification: Verification is the process of evaluating the software at the end of a
development phase to ensure that it meets the specified requirements for that phase. It
involves checking the software against predefined criteria and specifications, typically through
reviews, inspections, and walkthroughs.
 ○Methods: Static analysis (code reviews, inspections), dynamic analysis (unit testing,
integration testing).
○ Focus: Internal consistency and adherence to specifications.
○ Question it answers: "Are we building the product right?"
● Validation: Validation is the process of evaluating software at the end of the development
process to ensure compliance with9 the software requirements. It involves testing the software
in a real or simulated environment to ensure that it meets the user's needs and expectations.
○ Methods: Functional testing, system testing, acceptance testing, user acceptance testing
(UAT).
○ Focus: Meeting user needs and expectations.
○ Question it answers: "Are we building the right product?"

Here's an analogy: Imagine you're building a house. Verification is like checking that the
foundation is strong, the walls are straight, and the wiring is done correctly according to the
blueprints. Validation is like making sure the house is comfortable to live in, has enough rooms,
and meets the needs of the family who will be living there. [cite: 17]

Question 3: Explain about software quality assurance. [cite: 18]

Answer: Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is a systematic approach to ensuring that a
software product meets specified quality standards. It is a planned and systematic pattern of all
actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that an item or product conforms to
established technical requirements.10 SQA encompasses the entire software development
process, from requirements gathering to maintenance.

Key objectives of SQA:

● Defect Prevention: SQA aims to prevent defects from occurring in the first place by
establishing and following well-defined processes, standards, and procedures.
● Process Improvement: SQA focuses on continuously improving the software development
process to enhance efficiency and effectiveness.
● Quality Monitoring: SQA involves monitoring the quality of the software throughout the
development lifecycle through reviews, audits, and testing.
● Compliance: SQA ensures that the software product and development process comply with
relevant standards, regulations, and contractual obligations.

Key activities of SQA:

● Creating an SQA Plan: This plan outlines the SQA activities to be performed, the roles and
responsibilities of the SQA team, and the quality standards to be followed.
● Conducting Reviews and Audits: These activities involve systematically examining
software artifacts, such as requirements documents, design documents, and code, to identify
potential defects and ensure adherence to standards.
● Performing Software Testing: Testing is a critical part of SQA, involving the execution of the
software to identify defects and ensure that it meets the specified requirements.
● Managing Defects: SQA includes tracking and managing defects identified during reviews,
audits, and testing, ensuring that they are resolved effectively.
● Monitoring and Measuring Quality: SQA involves collecting and analyzing data on software
 quality metrics, such as defect density, test coverage, and customer satisfaction, to track
progress and identify areas for improvement.

Benefits of SQA:
● Improved Software Quality: SQA helps to deliver software that is reliable, functional, and
meets user expectations.
● Reduced Development Costs: By preventing defects early in the development process,
SQA can reduce the cost of rework and maintenance.
● Increased Customer Satisfaction: High-quality software leads to greater customer
satisfaction and loyalty.
● Enhanced Productivity: Well-defined processes and standards can improve the efficiency
and productivity of the software development team. [cite: 18]

Question 4: What are White box and black box testing? [cite: 19]
Answer: White box and black box testing are two fundamental approaches to software testing,
each with its own strengths and weaknesses.
● White Box Testing: White box testing, also known as structural testing or glass box testing,
is a method where the tester has knowledge of the internal workings of the software, including
the code, data structures, and algorithms. This allows the tester to design test cases that
exercise specific paths through the code and ensure that all parts of the software are
functioning correctly.
○ Techniques: Statement coverage, branch coverage, path coverage, condition coverage,
data flow testing, mutation testing.
○ Advantages: Helps identify logic errors, improves code quality, optimizes code.
○ Disadvantages: Can be complex and time-consuming, requires specialized knowledge of
the code.
○ Example: Testing a specific function in the code to ensure it handles all possible input
values correctly.
● Black Box Testing: Black box testing, also known as functional testing or behavioral testing,
is a method where the tester has no knowledge of the internal workings of the software. The
tester interacts with the software through its interface, providing inputs and observing outputs,
without knowing how the software processes those inputs.
○ Techniques: Equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision table testing,
state transition testing, use case testing.11
○ Advantages: Simple to understand and execute, focuses on user experience, can be
performed by testers without coding knowledge.
○ Disadvantages: May not cover all possible scenarios, can be less effective at identifying
logic errors.
○ Example: Testing a web application by entering different values in a form and verifying that
the application responds correctly.

Key differences:
 Feature White Box Testing Black Box Testing

Knowledge of internal Yes No

workings

Focus Internal structure and logic Functionality and behavior

Techniques Code-based techniques Input/output-based

techniques

Complexity More complex Less complex

Who performs it? Developers Testers

Question 5: What is a formal technical review (FTR)? What are the

differences among fault, failure and error? [cite: 20]
Answer: A Formal Technical Review (FTR) is a software quality assurance activity performed
by software engineers (and others) to verify that a software product meets its specified
requirements. FTRs are a type of static testing, meaning they are performed without executing
the code. They involve a structured examination of software work products, such as
requirements documents, design documents, and code, to identify potential defects and ensure
adherence to standards.

Key objectives of FTRs:

● Early Defect Detection: Identify defects early in the software development process, when
they are less expensive to fix.
● Improved Software Quality: Improve the quality of the software by identifying and correcting
defects before they are released to users.
● Knowledge Sharing: Facilitate knowledge sharing among team members and improve
understanding of the software.
● Process Improvement: Identify areas for improvement in the software development process.

Types of FTRs:
● Inspections: A formal, rigorous review process with predefined roles and procedures.
● Walkthroughs: A less formal review, led by the author of the work product.
● Code Reviews: A focused review of source code.

Differences among fault, failure, and error:

These three terms are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings in software
engineering:
● Error: A human action that produces an incorrect result. This could be a mistake in coding, a
misunderstanding of requirements, or an incorrect design decision.
● Fault: A manifestation of an error in software. It is a defect in the code, design, or
documentation that could lead to a failure. Also known as a bug or defect.
● Failure: The inability of a system or component to perform its required functions within
specified performance requirements.12 A failure is an observable deviation from expected
behavior.

Example: A programmer might make an error (typo) while writing code, which introduces a
fault (bug) into the software. When the software is executed, this fault could cause a failure
(crash or incorrect output).

In the context of FTRs:

FTRs are primarily focused on identifying faults in software work products. By detecting faults
early, FTRs help to prevent failures from occurring later in the development process. [cite: 20]

You're right, those were very brief! For a 5-mark question, I need to provide more depth and
context. Let me elaborate on the 2022 Group-B questions with the detail expected.

2022 Group-B (Detailed Answers)

Question 1: Write short notes on: Rayleigh curve. [cite: 21]

Answer: The Rayleigh curve is a statistical model used in software engineering to represent the
failure rate of a system over time. It is particularly useful in depicting the "bathtub curve," a
common pattern observed in the reliability of many systems, including software.
The Bathtub Curve and the Rayleigh Distribution:

The bathtub curve illustrates three distinct phases in a system's lifecycle:

1. Early Life (Infant Mortality): This phase is characterized by a high but rapidly decreasing
failure rate. In software, this often corresponds to initial testing and bug fixing, where major
flaws are identified and resolved. The Rayleigh curve accurately captures this steep decline
in failure rate.
2. Useful Life: The failure rate stabilizes to a relatively low and constant level. This represents
the mature stage of the software, where most of the significant bugs have been eliminated,
and the system operates reliably. The Rayleigh curve reflects this stable period.
3. Wear-out: The failure rate starts to increase again due to aging, wear and tear, or outdated
components. In software, this can be due to changes in the operating environment,
hardware obsolescence, or the accumulation of minor bugs over time. The Rayleigh curve
captures this gradual increase in failures.

Mathematical Representation:

The probability density function of the Rayleigh distribution is given by:

f(x) = (x / σ²) * exp(-x² / (2σ²))

where:
● x is the time
● σ is the scale parameter of the distribution

Applications in Software Engineering:

● Reliability Prediction: By fitting the Rayleigh curve to historical failure data, software
engineers can estimate the future reliability of a system and predict its expected lifespan.
● Maintenance Planning: Understanding the failure rate pattern helps in planning
maintenance activities. For example, more frequent updates and bug fixes might be
scheduled during the early life and wear-out phases.
● Risk Assessment: The Rayleigh curve aids in assessing the risk associated with software
failures at different stages of its lifecycle.

Limitations:
● Simplicity: The Rayleigh curve is a simplified model and might not accurately represent the
complex failure patterns of all software systems.
● Data Dependency: The accuracy of the model depends on the availability of sufficient and
reliable failure data. [cite: 21]

Question 2: Discuss the basic COCOMO model for software cost

estimation. [cite: 22]
Answer: The basic COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model) model is a widely used software cost
estimation method. It provides a quantitative approach to predict the effort, time, and cost
required to develop a software project. This model, developed by Barry Boehm, relies on a
 simple formula based on the size of the software project, expressed in lines of code (LOC).

The Basic COCOMO Equation:

The fundamental equation in the basic COCOMO model is:

Effort = a * (KLOC)^b

where:
● Effort: Represents the effort required to develop the software, typically measured in
person-months.
● KLOC: The estimated size of the software project, expressed in thousands of lines of code.
● a and b: Constants that vary depending on the project type. Boehm defined three project
types:
○ Organic: Small, relatively simple projects with a small team and relaxed constraints (a =
2.4, b = 1.05).
○ Semi-detached: Medium-sized projects with a mix of experienced and inexperienced
developers (a = 3.0, b = 1.12).
○ Embedded: Complex projects with tight constraints, such as real-time systems or
embedded software (a = 3.6, b = 1.20).

Steps in Applying Basic COCOMO:

1. Estimate the Project Size: Determine the approximate size of the software project in
KLOC. This can be based on similar past projects or expert judgment.
2. Determine the Project Type: Categorize the project as organic, semi-detached, or
embedded based on its characteristics.
3. Calculate the Effort: Use the COCOMO equation with the appropriate constants (a and b)
to calculate the effort in person-months.
4. Estimate the Development Time: The basic COCOMO model provides an equation to
estimate the development time based on the effort:
TDEV = 2.5 * (Effort)^0.38
5. Estimate the Cost: The cost can be estimated by multiplying the effort by the average
labor rate.

Advantages of Basic COCOMO:

● Simplicity: It is easy to understand and apply, requiring minimal input data.
● Early Estimation: It can be used early in the software development lifecycle when detailed
information might not be available.

Limitations of Basic COCOMO:

● Accuracy: It provides rough estimates and might not be accurate for large or complex
projects.
● Oversimplification: It does not consider many factors that can influence software
development effort, such as team experience, tools used, and requirements volatility.
● Lines of Code: Reliance on LOC can be problematic, as it can vary depending on
programming language and coding style. [cite: 22]
Question 3: Write short notes on: Software Project plan. [cite: 23]
Answer: A software project plan is a comprehensive document that outlines the roadmap for
developing a software system. It serves as a guide for the project team, providing a clear
understanding of the project's objectives, scope, resources, schedule, and risks. A well-defined
software project plan is essential for successful project management and delivery.

Key Components of a Software Project Plan:

● Introduction: Provides an overview of the project, including its purpose, goals, and
stakeholders.
● Project Objectives: Clearly defines the desired outcomes of the project, including functional
and non-functional requirements.
● Project Scope: Specifies the boundaries of the project, including what is included and
excluded. It defines the features to be developed and the deliverables to be produced.
● Project Approach: Describes the development methodology to be used (e.g., Agile,
Waterfall), the technologies to be employed, and the overall strategy for achieving the project
objectives.
● Project Schedule: Outlines the timeline for the project, including key milestones, deadlines,
and task dependencies. Gantt charts or other scheduling tools are often used to visualize the
schedule.
● Project Budget: Estimates the cost of the project, including labor, hardware, software, and
other resources.
● Project Resources: Identifies the human resources (developers, testers, managers), tools,
and equipment required for the project.
● Project Risks: Identifies potential risks that could affect the project's success, such as
schedule delays, cost overruns, or technical challenges. It also includes mitigation strategies
for addressing these risks.
● Project Communication Plan: Defines how communication will be managed within the
project team and with external stakeholders. This includes communication channels, reporting
frequency, and escalation procedures.
● Quality Management Plan: Describes the quality assurance activities to be performed, such
as reviews, inspections, and testing.

Importance of a Software Project Plan:

● Guidance and Direction: Provides a clear roadmap for the project team, ensuring everyone
is working towards the same goals.
● Resource Management: Helps in effectively allocating and managing resources, such as
budget, time, and personnel.
● Risk Mitigation: Enables proactive identification and management of potential risks.
● Communication and Coordination: Facilitates effective communication and coordination
among team members and stakeholders.
● Progress Tracking: Provides a baseline for tracking progress and measuring success
against planned objectives.

A software project plan is a dynamic document that should be regularly reviewed and
updated throughout the project lifecycle to reflect changes in requirements, priorities, or
risks. [cite: 23]

Question 4: Write short notes on: Re-engineering legacy systems.

[cite: 24]
Answer: Legacy systems are older software applications that are critical to an organization's
operations but often face challenges due to outdated technology, poor documentation, and lack
of support. Re-engineering legacy systems is the process of modernizing these systems to
improve their maintainability, functionality, performance, and security without completely
replacing them.

Reasons for Re-engineering Legacy Systems:

● Maintainability: Legacy systems can be difficult and costly to maintain due to outdated code,
lack of documentation, and scarcity of skilled developers with expertise in older technologies.
Re-engineering improves code quality and makes the system easier to understand and
modify.
● Functionality: Business needs evolve over time, and legacy systems might not be able to
support new requirements. Re-engineering can add new features and functionalities to meet
changing business demands.
● Performance: Legacy systems can become slow and inefficient as they age. Re-engineering
can optimize performance by upgrading hardware, improving code efficiency, and adopting
newer technologies.
● Security: Older systems might have security vulnerabilities that can be exploited by
attackers. Re-engineering can address these vulnerabilities and enhance the system's
security posture.
● Integration: Legacy systems might not integrate well with modern applications and
technologies. Re-engineering can improve interoperability and enable seamless data
exchange with other systems.

Approaches to Re-engineering Legacy Systems:

● Code Restructuring: Improving the structure and organization of the code without changing
its functionality.
● Data Re-engineering: Migrating data from outdated databases to modern database systems.
● Platform Migration: Moving the application to a new operating system or hardware platform.
● Technology Upgrade: Replacing outdated technologies with newer, more efficient ones.
● Wrapping: Encapsulating the legacy system with a modern interface to allow it to interact
with other systems.

Benefits of Re-engineering Legacy Systems:

● Reduced Maintenance Costs: Improved maintainability leads to lower costs associated with
bug fixes and enhancements.
● Enhanced Functionality: The system can better support current and future business needs.
● Improved Performance: Faster and more efficient operation enhances user productivity.
● Increased Security: Reduced vulnerabilities protect the system from cyberattacks.
● Extended Lifespan: The system can continue to provide value to the organization for a
 longer period.

Challenges of Re-engineering Legacy Systems:

● Complexity: Legacy systems can be complex and difficult to understand.
● Risk: There is a risk of introducing new bugs or disrupting critical business operations.
● Cost: Re-engineering can be a costly and time-consuming process. [cite: 24]

Question 5: Write short notes on: White box testing. [cite: 25]
Answer: White box testing, also known as structural testing, clear box testing, or glass box
testing, is a software testing method where the tester has complete knowledge of the internal
workings of the software, including the code, data structures, and algorithms. This in-depth
understanding allows testers to design test cases that exercise specific paths through the code,
ensuring comprehensive coverage and identifying potential issues.

Key Characteristics of White Box Testing:

● Internal Perspective: Testers examine the internal structure and logic of the software, rather
than just its external behavior.
● Code Coverage: The goal is to achieve high code coverage, meaning that a large portion of
the code is executed during testing.
● Defect Identification: White box testing is effective at uncovering hidden errors, logic flaws,
and security vulnerabilities that might not be apparent through black box testing.
● Developer Involvement: White box testing is often performed by developers who have a
deep understanding of the code.

White Box Testing Techniques:

● Statement Coverage: Ensuring that every line of code is executed at least once during
testing.
● Branch Coverage: Testing all possible branches or decisions in the code.
● Path Coverage: Testing all possible execution paths through the code.
● Condition Coverage: Testing all boolean expressions and conditions in the code.
● Data Flow Testing: Tracking the flow of data through the code and identifying potential
data-related errors.
● Mutation Testing: Introducing small changes (mutations) to the code and verifying that the
tests can detect these changes.

Advantages of White Box Testing:

● Thoroughness: Provides comprehensive testing of the code, increasing the chances of
finding hidden defects.
● Early Defect Detection: Defects can be identified early in the development process,
reducing the cost of fixing them.
● Code Optimization: Can help identify areas for code optimization and improvement.
● Security Testing: Effective at uncovering security vulnerabilities and ensuring that the code
is robust against attacks.
Disadvantages of White Box Testing:
● Complexity: Requires a deep understanding of the code, which can be challenging for large
and complex systems.
● Time-Consuming: Can be time-consuming, especially for achieving high code coverage.
● Limited Scope: Focuses on the internal workings of the code and might not adequately
address user experience or functional requirements. [cite: 25]

You're absolutely correct! Those were far too brief for 5-mark questions. I need to provide more
comprehensive answers with examples and deeper explanations. Here's a more detailed
attempt at the 2020 Group-B questions:

2020 Group-B (Detailed Answers)

Question 1: What are the basic activities of software configuration

management?
Answer: Software Configuration Management (SCM) is a systematic approach to managing
changes in the software development lifecycle. It ensures that the integrity and traceability of
software artifacts are maintained throughout the development process. SCM involves a set of
activities that help track, control, and audit changes to ensure that the final product is consistent
and reliable.

Key Activities of SCM:

1. Identification:
○ Identifying Configuration Items (CIs): This involves identifying and defining the
components that make up the software system. CIs can include requirements
documents, design specifications, source code, test cases, user manuals, and other
artifacts.
○ Establishing a Baseline: A baseline is a formally approved version of a CI or a set of
CIs. It serves as a reference point for future development and change management.
2. Control:
○ Change Control: This involves managing changes to CIs. It includes a formal process
for submitting change requests, evaluating their impact, approving or rejecting them, and
implementing approved changes.
○ Version Control: Tracking different versions and revisions of CIs. Version control
 systems (e.g., Git, SVN) help manage changes to source code and other documents,
allowing for easy retrieval of previous versions and facilitating collaboration among
developers.
○ Access Control: Restricting access to CIs to authorized personnel. This helps prevent
unauthorized modifications and ensures the integrity of the software.
3. Auditing:
○ Configuration Audits: Verifying that the software configuration matches the approved
baseline and that all changes have been properly documented and authorized. This
helps ensure that the software is built according to the specifications and that no
unauthorized changes have been made.
4. Status Accounting:
○ Configuration Status Reporting: Tracking and reporting on the status of CIs, including
their version, change history, and current status. This provides visibility into the state of
the software and helps identify potential issues or conflicts.

Benefits of SCM:
● Reduced Development Costs: By preventing errors and rework due to uncontrolled
changes.
● Improved Software Quality: Ensuring consistency and reliability of the software.
● Enhanced Collaboration: Facilitating teamwork and coordination among developers.
● Increased Productivity: Streamlining the development process and reducing time wasted on
managing changes.
● Better Traceability: Providing a clear history of changes and enabling easy rollback to
previous versions.

Question 2: What are the differences between the structured and

object-oriented design paradigms?
Answer: Structured and object-oriented design are two fundamental paradigms in software
engineering. They represent different approaches to designing and organizing software
systems.

Structured Design:
● Focus: Decomposing the system into a hierarchy of functions or modules.
● Data and Functions: Treats data and functions as separate entities.
● Relationships: Modules interact through function calls and data passing.
● Top-Down Approach: Starts with the overall system and breaks it down into smaller, more
manageable modules.
● Example: Flowcharts, data flow diagrams.

Object-Oriented Design:
● Focus: Modeling the system as a collection of interacting objects.
● Data and Functions: Encapsulates data and functions within objects.
● Relationships: Objects interact through message passing.
● Bottom-Up Approach: Starts with identifying objects and their relationships.
● Example: UML diagrams (class diagrams, sequence diagrams).

Key Differences:

Feature Structured Design Object-Oriented Design

Focus Functions and data Objects and their

interactions

Decomposition Top-down decomposition Bottom-up composition

Data and Functions Separate Encapsulated within

objects

Relationships Function calls Message passing

Abstraction Limited High

Reusability Low High

Maintainability Low High

Flexibility Less flexible More flexible

Scalability Difficult to scale for Easier to scale for complex

complex systems systems

Question 3: What are the purposes of software testing?

Answer: Software testing is a critical activity in the software development lifecycle. It involves
evaluating the software to identify defects, ensure that it meets the specified requirements, and
improve its overall quality.

Purposes of Software Testing:

1. Defect Detection:
○ Uncovering errors, bugs, or flaws in the software. Testing helps identify deviations from
expected behavior and ensures that the software functions correctly.
 2. Requirements Validation:
○ Verifying that the software meets the specified requirements and fulfills its intended
purpose. This includes functional requirements (what the software should do) and
non-functional requirements (how well the software should perform).
3. Quality Assurance:
○ Assessing the overall quality of the software, including its reliability, performance,
usability, and security. Testing helps identify areas for improvement and ensures that the
software meets quality standards.
4. Risk Reduction:
○ Reducing the risk of software failures in production. By identifying and fixing defects
early, testing helps prevent costly and disruptive failures that can impact users and the
business.
5. Confidence Building:
○ Increasing confidence in the software's reliability and functionality. Thorough testing
provides evidence that the software is fit for its intended purpose and can be deployed
with confidence.
6. Feedback and Improvement:
○ Gathering feedback on the software's usability and identifying areas for improvement.
Testing can involve user feedback, which helps ensure that the software meets user
needs and expectations.

Question 4: What are the differences between alpha and beta testing?
Answer: Alpha and beta testing are two important phases in software testing that involve real
users evaluating the software before its official release.

Alpha Testing:
● Performed by: Internal testers, typically employees of the organization developing the
software.
● Environment: Conducted in a controlled environment, such as a lab or staging environment.
● Purpose: To identify defects and gather feedback from internal users before releasing the
software to external users.
● Focus: Finding bugs, assessing stability, and ensuring basic functionality.

Beta Testing:
● Performed by: External testers, typically a select group of users outside the organization.
● Environment: Conducted in a real-world environment, with users using the software in their
own setting.
● Purpose: To gather feedback from real users on the software's usability, functionality, and
performance.
● Focus: User experience, identifying unexpected issues, and getting feedback on features.

Key Differences:
 Feature Alpha Testing Beta Testing

Testers Internal testers External testers

Environment Controlled environment Real-world environment

Purpose Defect detection, internal User feedback, real-world

feedback validation

Focus Functionality, stability Usability, user experience

Question 5: What are the advantages of using a CASE tool?

Answer: CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) tools are software applications that
assist in various activities of the software development lifecycle. They automate and streamline
tasks, improve productivity, and enhance the quality of software products.

Advantages of Using CASE Tools:

1. Improved Productivity:
○ Automation: CASE tools automate repetitive tasks, such as code generation,
documentation, and testing, freeing up developers to focus on more complex activities.
○ Standardization: They enforce standards and best practices, leading to more consistent
and maintainable code.
2. Improved Quality:
○ Error Reduction: CASE tools can help identify and prevent errors early in the
development process through static analysis, code reviews, and automated testing.
○ Consistency: They promote consistency in design and implementation, leading to more
reliable and robust software.
3. Reduced Cost:
○ Efficiency: By automating tasks and improving productivity, CASE tools can reduce
development time and effort, leading to lower costs.
○ Reusability: They facilitate the reuse of software components, reducing the need to
develop everything from scratch.
4. Improved Communication:
○ Collaboration: CASE tools provide a shared platform for developers to collaborate and
communicate effectively.
○ Visualization: They offer visual representations of the software design, making it easier
for stakeholders to understand and provide feedback.
5. Reduced Risk:
○ Early Defect Detection: By identifying defects early, CASE tools reduce the risk of costly
rework and delays.
 ○ Traceability: They provide traceability between requirements, design, and code, making
it easier to manage changes and ensure that the software meets the specifications.

Examples of CASE Tools:

● Requirements Management Tools: IBM Rational DOORS, Jama Software
● Design Tools: Microsoft Visio, Enterprise Architect
● Development Tools: Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA
● Testing Tools: Selenium, JUnit
● Configuration Management Tools: Git, SVN

Okay, I understand. I'll provide detailed answers to the 2021 Group-B questions, ensuring they
are comprehensive enough for a 5-mark valuation. I'll avoid using tables unless explicitly
requested and will format any necessary tables as you've instructed.

2021 Group-B (Detailed Answers)

Question 1: What is the difference between a flowchart and a data

flow diagram?
Answer: Flowcharts and data flow diagrams (DFDs) are both visual representations used in
software engineering to depict different aspects of a system. While they might appear similar at
first glance, they serve distinct purposes and have different focuses.

Flowchart:
● Purpose: Illustrates the steps in a process or algorithm. It shows the sequence of operations
and decisions involved in a program or system.
● Focus: Control flow and the order of execution.
● Components: Uses symbols like rectangles (for processes), diamonds (for decisions),
arrows (for flow), and parallelograms (for input/output).
● Example: Depicting the login process for a website, showing steps like entering credentials,
validating input, and displaying the home page or an error message.

Data Flow Diagram (DFD):

● Purpose: Shows how data moves through a system. It illustrates the flow of data between
processes, data stores, and external entities.
● Focus: Data flow and transformations.
● Components: Uses symbols like circles (for processes), rectangles (for data stores), squares
(for external entities), and arrows (for data flow).
● Example: Representing the order processing system in an e-commerce application, showing
how customer data, order details, and payment information flow between different parts of the
system.

Key Differences:
● Level of Abstraction: DFDs are typically higher-level representations than flowcharts,
focusing on the overall data flow rather than the detailed steps within each process.
● Control Flow vs. Data Flow: Flowcharts emphasize the order of operations and decision
points, while DFDs highlight the movement and transformation of data.
● Perspective: Flowcharts often represent the perspective of a programmer, showing how
code is executed. DFDs usually represent a system-level view, showing how data is
processed by different components.

Question 2: What are the different types of coupling in software

design?
Answer: Coupling, in software engineering, refers to the degree of interdependence between
different modules or components of a software system. It measures how closely connected two
modules are and how much they depend on each other. Lower coupling is generally desirable
because it leads to more modular, maintainable, and flexible software.

Types of Coupling (from highest to lowest):

1. Content Coupling: Occurs when one module directly accesses or modifies the internal
data or code of another module. This is the tightest form of coupling and should be avoided
as it makes the modules highly dependent on each other.
○ Example: A module directly modifying a variable declared within another module.
2. Common Coupling: Occurs when multiple modules share the same global data. Changes
to the global data can affect all modules that share it, making it difficult to isolate and
understand the impact of changes.
○ Example: Several modules accessing and modifying the same global variable.
3. External Coupling: Occurs when modules depend on external factors, such as shared
data formats, communication protocols, or hardware interfaces. This can make the modules
less portable and more difficult to adapt to changes in the external environment.
○ Example: Modules relying on a specific file format or network protocol.
4. Control Coupling: Occurs when one module passes control information to another
module, dictating its behavior. This can make the modules less independent and more
difficult to reuse in different contexts.
○ Example: A module passing a flag to another module to determine which function to
execute.
5. Stamp Coupling: Occurs when modules share a composite data structure (e.g., a record
or struct) but only use a portion of it. This can lead to unnecessary dependencies and make
it harder to modify the data structure without affecting multiple modules.
○ Example: Modules sharing a large data structure but only accessing a few fields within it.
6. Data Coupling: Occurs when modules communicate by passing data through parameters.
This is the loosest form of coupling and is generally preferred as it minimizes dependencies
between modules.
○ Example: A module calling a function in another module and passing data as arguments.

Question 3: What are the different levels of testing in software

engineering?
Answer: Software testing is a multi-layered process that involves evaluating the software at
different levels of granularity to ensure its quality and functionality. Each level of testing focuses
on a specific scope and has different objectives.

Levels of Testing:
1. Unit Testing:
○ Focus: Testing individual units or components of the software in isolation.
○ Goal: Verify that each unit functions correctly according to its specifications.
○ Performed by: Developers.
○ Example: Testing a single function or method to ensure it produces the expected output
for given inputs.
2. Integration Testing:
○ Focus: Testing the interaction between different units or components of the software.
○ Goal: Verify that the units work together correctly and that data is passed correctly
between them.
○ Performed by: Testers or developers.
○ Example: Testing the interaction between a user interface component and a database
access component.
3. System Testing:
○ Focus: Testing the entire software system as a whole.
○ Goal: Verify that the system meets the specified requirements and functions correctly in
its intended environment.
○ Performed by: Testers.
○ Example: Testing the entire e-commerce application, including user registration, product
browsing, order placement, and payment processing.
4. Acceptance Testing:
○ Focus: Testing the software to ensure that it meets the needs and expectations of the
users or customers.
○ Goal: Obtain final approval from the users or customers before releasing the software.
○ Performed by: Users or customers.
○ Types: User Acceptance Testing (UAT), Beta Testing.
○ Example: A group of users testing the e-commerce application to ensure it is
user-friendly, meets their needs, and functions as expected.

Question 4: What are the different types of software maintenance?

Answer: Software maintenance refers to the activities performed to modify and improve a
software system after it has been deployed. It involves fixing defects, adapting to changes,
enhancing performance, and preventing future problems.

Types of Software Maintenance:

1. Corrective Maintenance:
○ Purpose: Fixing defects or bugs discovered in the software.
○ Trigger: Error reports, user feedback, or testing results.
○ Example: Fixing a bug that causes the application to crash under certain conditions.
2. Adaptive Maintenance:
○ Purpose: Modifying the software to adapt to changes in the environment, such as new
hardware, operating systems, or business requirements.
○ Trigger: External changes or new requirements.
○ Example: Updating the application to support a new version of the operating system.
3. Perfective Maintenance:
○ Purpose: Improving the software's performance, maintainability, or other non-functional
qualities.
○ Trigger: User feedback, performance analysis, or code reviews.
○ Example: Optimizing the code to improve the application's loading speed.
4. Preventive Maintenance:
○ Purpose: Preventing future defects or problems by improving the software's design,
code quality, or documentation.
○ Trigger: Risk analysis, code reviews, or quality audits.
○ Example: Refactoring the code to improve its readability and maintainability.

Question 5: What are the different types of risks that can affect a
software project?
Answer: Software projects are inherently subject to various risks that can impact their success.
Identifying and managing these risks is crucial for delivering projects on time, within budget, and
to the required quality standards.

Types of Risks:
1. Project Risks:
○ Impact: Affect the project's schedule, budget, or resources.
○ Examples:
■ Schedule Delays: Unrealistic deadlines, unforeseen dependencies, or resource
unavailability.
■ Cost Overruns: Inaccurate cost estimation, scope creep, or unexpected expenses.
■ Resource Shortages: Lack of skilled personnel, inadequate equipment, or insufficient
funding.
2. Technical Risks:
○ Impact: Affect the quality, functionality, or performance of the software.
○ Examples:
■ Technology Challenges: Using new or unproven technologies, integration issues, or
technical complexity.
■ Design Flaws: Inadequate design, architectural issues, or scalability limitations.
■ Defects and Bugs: Coding errors, insufficient testing, or integration problems.
3. Business Risks:
○ Impact: Affect the business goals or objectives of the project.
○ Examples:
■ Market Changes: Shifting market demands, competitor actions, or changing customer
needs.
■ Lack of User Acceptance: The software fails to meet user expectations or provide the
desired value.
■ Business Process Disruption: The software implementation disrupts existing
business processes or workflows.
4. Other Risks:
○ Environmental Risks: External factors, such as natural disasters or political instability.
○ Legal and Regulatory Risks: Compliance issues, intellectual property disputes, or data
privacy concerns.
○ Security Risks: Data breaches, cyberattacks, or unauthorized access to sensitive
information.
You're right! To provide answers worthy of 5 marks, I need to go deeper and offer more
comprehensive explanations. Here's a detailed look at the 2018 Group-B questions:

2018 Group-B (Detailed Answers)

Question 1: 'Spiral model is not a panacea'; explain the meaning of

the statement. Also, state why spiral is called a Meta-model.
Answer:

The statement "Spiral model is not a panacea" implies that it's not a universal solution or a
cure-all for every software development project. While the spiral model offers significant
advantages, particularly for complex and high-risk projects, it's not without limitations.

Why the Spiral Model Isn't a Panacea:

● Complexity: The spiral model can be complex to manage, requiring careful risk assessment
and planning at each iteration. This can lead to overhead and potential delays if not managed
effectively.
● Time-Consuming: The iterative nature of the spiral model, with its emphasis on risk analysis
and prototyping, can make it more time-consuming than other models like the waterfall model.
This can be a concern for projects with tight deadlines.
● Expertise: Successful implementation of the spiral model requires expertise in risk
management and a thorough understanding of the model's intricacies. The project team
needs to be skilled in identifying, analyzing, and mitigating risks.
● Cost: The iterative nature and the focus on risk management can increase the overall cost of
development compared to simpler models.

Why the Spiral Model is Called a Meta-model:

The spiral model is often referred to as a meta-model because it's not a specific set of
processes but rather a framework that can incorporate various software development
approaches. It's flexible and adaptable, allowing project teams to choose the most appropriate
methods for each phase of the project.
● Adaptability: The spiral model can accommodate different process models, such as the
waterfall model for well-defined phases or the prototyping model for iterative development.
● Risk-Driven: The core of the spiral model is risk management. It guides the project based on
the identified risks, allowing for flexibility in choosing the best approach to address those
risks.
● Combination of Strengths: The spiral model combines the strengths of other models while
mitigating their weaknesses. It takes the systematic approach of the waterfall model and
combines it with the iterative nature of prototyping.

Question 2: What are the different information elicitation techniques?

Answer: Information elicitation is a crucial process in software development where developers
gather requirements and knowledge from stakeholders to understand their needs and
expectations for the software project. It involves various techniques to effectively extract
information and ensure a shared understanding between developers and stakeholders.

Information Elicitation Techniques:

1. Interviews:
○ One-on-one conversations with stakeholders to gather information about their
requirements, concerns, and expectations.
○ Can be structured (with pre-defined questions) or unstructured (more conversational).
○ Effective for in-depth understanding and exploring complex issues.
2. Questionnaires:
○ Written sets of questions distributed to stakeholders to gather information in a
standardized format.
○ Useful for reaching a large number of stakeholders and collecting quantitative data.
○ Can be less effective for exploring complex issues or gathering in-depth qualitative
information.
3. Workshops:
○ Structured meetings with a group of stakeholders to facilitate collaborative discussions
and brainstorming.
○ Effective for generating ideas, building consensus, and resolving conflicts.
○ Requires careful planning and facilitation to ensure productive outcomes.
4. Brainstorming:
○ A group creativity technique to generate a large number of ideas in a short period.
○ Encourages free-thinking and open discussion to explore different perspectives.
○ Can be less effective for detailed analysis or prioritizing requirements.
5. Prototyping:
○ Creating a working model or a visual representation of the software to gather feedback
from stakeholders.
○ Helps stakeholders visualize the software and provide concrete feedback on its
functionality and usability.
○ Can be time-consuming and might lead to scope creep if not managed properly.
6. Document Analysis:
○ Reviewing existing documents, such as business process descriptions, manuals, or
reports, to gather information about the current system or processes.
○ Provides valuable background information and insights into existing workflows.
○ Might not be sufficient for gathering detailed requirements or understanding user needs.
7. Observation:
○ Observing users performing their tasks or interacting with the current system to
understand their needs and identify potential areas for improvement.
○ Provides real-world insights into user behavior and workflows.
○ Can be time-consuming and might not capture all aspects of user needs.

Question 3: What are the metrics for the estimation of software? State
the characteristics of feature point metrics.
Answer: Software estimation metrics are quantitative measures used to predict various aspects
of a software project, such as effort, cost, duration, and size. These metrics help project
managers and developers make informed decisions about resource allocation, scheduling, and
planning.

Common Software Estimation Metrics:

1. Lines of Code (LOC):
○ A simple and widely used metric that counts the number of lines of code in the software.
○ Easy to measure but can be influenced by programming language, coding style, and
comments.
○ Less accurate for estimating effort or complexity in modern software development.
2. Function Points (FP):
○ A functional measure that quantifies the functionality delivered by the software from the
user's perspective.
○ Based on counting and weighting different functional elements, such as inputs, outputs,
inquiries, files, and interfaces.
○ More accurate than LOC for estimating effort and size, especially for business
applications.
3. Feature Points (FP):
○ An extension of function points that considers the complexity of algorithms and data
structures.
○ More suitable for estimating effort in projects with complex algorithms or real-time
systems.
4. Use Case Points (UCP):
○ Based on the number and complexity of use cases in the software.
○ Useful for object-oriented projects and those with well-defined use cases.
5. Story Points:
○ A relative estimation technique used in Agile development to estimate the effort required
for user stories.
○ Based on team consensus and historical data.

Characteristics of Feature Point Metrics:

● Language Independent: Feature points are not tied to any specific programming language,
making them suitable for comparing projects using different languages.
● Functionality-Based: They focus on the functionality delivered by the software, providing a
user-centric view of the software's size.
● Complexity Consideration: Feature points take into account the complexity of algorithms
and data structures, making them more suitable for projects with complex logic.
● Early Estimation: They can be used early in the development process, even before coding
starts, based on requirements and design specifications.
● Objective Measure: Feature points provide a relatively objective measure of software size,
reducing subjectivity compared to LOC or expert judgment.

Question 4: What are the major components of SRS?

Answer: A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) is a crucial document in software
development that formally defines the requirements for a software system. It serves as a
contract between the developers and the stakeholders, ensuring a shared understanding of the
software's functionality, features, and constraints.

Major Components of an SRS:

1. Introduction:
○ Purpose: Provides an overview of the software system and its context.
○ Contents:
■ System overview and purpose.
■ Target audience and intended use.
■ Scope of the document.
■ Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations.
■ References to related documents.
2. Overall Description:
○ Purpose: Describes the general characteristics of the software system.
○ Contents:
■ Product perspective and system interfaces.
■ User characteristics and operating environment.
■ Design and implementation constraints.
■ Assumptions and dependencies.
3. Specific Requirements:
○ Purpose: Details the functional and non-functional requirements of the software.
○ Contents:
■ Functional Requirements: Describe what the software should do, including specific
features, functions, and behaviors.
■ Non-Functional Requirements: Describe how the software should perform, including
quality attributes like performance, reliability, security, usability, and maintainability.
■ External Interface Requirements: Define interfaces with other systems or devices.
4. Constraints:
○ Purpose: Specifies any limitations or restrictions on the software development process
or the final product.
○ Contents:
■ Standards compliance.
■ Hardware limitations.
■ Software limitations.
■ Design constraints.
■ Implementation constraints.
5. Appendices (Optional):
○ Purpose: Provides supplementary information or details that support the main body of
the SRS.
○ Contents:
■ Data dictionaries.
■ Use case scenarios.
■ Detailed design diagrams.
■ Prototypes or mockups.
Question 5: Develop a work breakdown structure specification for
showing the process of admission to an engineering college. Assume
the major phases as exam preparation, entrance exam, admission
criterion, and counseling and fees payment. Also, write the output of
each major task performed.1
Answer: A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a hierarchical decomposition of a project into
smaller, more manageable tasks. It provides2 a visual representation of the project's scope and
helps in planning, scheduling, and tracking progress.

Work Breakdown Structure for Engineering College Admission:

1. Exam Preparation:
○ 1.1 Gather syllabus and exam pattern.
■ Output: Syllabus and exam pattern document.
○ 1.2 Collect study material.
■ Output: Compilation of relevant study material (books, online resources, etc.).
○ 1.3 Create a study plan.
■ Output: Detailed study plan with timelines and milestones.
○ 1.4 Prepare for the exam.
■ Output: Prepared student with the necessary knowledge and skills.
2. Entrance Exam:
○ 2.1 Register for the exam.
■ Output: Exam registration confirmation and application ID.
○ 2.2 Download admit card.
■ Output: Admit card with exam center details and instructions.
○ 2.3 Appear for the exam.
■ Output: Completed exam paper and, later, exam results.
3. Admission Criterion:
○ 3.1 Check eligibility criteria.
■ Output: Confirmation of eligibility based on exam score and other requirements.
○ 3.2 Calculate merit score.
■ Output: Calculated merit score based on the defined criteria.
○ 3.3 Shortlist candidates.
■ Output: List of shortlisted candidates eligible for counseling.
4. Counseling and Fees Payment:
○ 4.1 Attend counseling session.
■ Output: Seat allotment (if successful) and admission offer letter.
○ 4.2 Pay fees.
■ Output: Fee receipt and confirmation of admission.
○ 4.3 Complete enrollment formalities.
■ Output: Enrollment confirmation and student ID.