Geography Grade-9

1.1 GEOGRAPHY: MEANING, SCOPE AND BRANCHES

1.1.1 Meaning of Geography
What is Geography? Key Points

 Origin of the Term:

o Geo: Greek for "Earth"
o Graphos: Greek for "Writing"
o The term “Geography” was coined by Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.), a Greek
philosopher, who defined it as “the description of the Earth.”
 Evolving Definitions:
o Geography's definition has changed over time to reflect the evolving scope of the
field.
 Key Definitions by Scholars:
o Eratosthenes: Geography is the description of the Earth.
o Alexander Von Humboldt (1769-1859): Geography is a synthesizing discipline
that connects the general with the particular through measurement, mapping, and
regional focus.
o Concise Oxford Dictionary (1964): Geography is the science of the Earth’s
surfaces.
o Hartshorne, R. (1899-1992): Geography provides an accurate, orderly, and
rational description of the distribution of things on Earth's surface.
o Yeates, M. (1968): Geography is concerned with developing and testing theories
that explain and predict the spatial distribution of phenomena.
 Why No Universal Definition?
o Geography is dynamic, constantly evolving in scope and method. As a result, no
single definition can capture its full complexity and ever-changing focus.
o Geography does not have a single universally accepted definition due to its
dynamic nature and its expanding focus on physical, biological, and human
phenomena.

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Widely Accepted Definition of Geography

 Common Theme: All definitions of geography emphasize the study of the Earth,
particularly its surface.
 Dynamic Nature: Geography is a constantly evolving field, making it difficult to have a
single, universally accepted definition at all times.
 Widely Accepted Definition:
o Geography is the scientific study of the Earth that:
 Describes and analyzes spatial and temporal variations of:
 Physical phenomena (e.g., landforms, climate)
 Biological phenomena (e.g., ecosystems, living organisms)
 Human phenomena (e.g., societies, economies)
 Examines the interrelationships and dynamism of these phenomena
across the Earth's surface.

1.1.2 The Scope of Geography

 Definition of Scope:
o Scope refers to the content or range of topics within a field of study. In
geography, the scope is broad and dynamic, evolving with new discoveries and
ideas.
 Key Areas of Study:
o Geography examines a wide range of physical and human features, focusing on:
 Causes, effects, and interactions of these features.
o Subjects covered include:
 Hydrosphere: Water bodies (oceans, rivers, lakes)
 Atmosphere: Air composition and climate
 Lithosphere: Earth's solid surface (landforms, rocks)
 Biosphere: All living organisms
 Anthroposphere: Human-modified environments

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 Additional Concerns:
o Geography addresses economic, social, political, and ecological issues that are
part of everyday life.
o It also incorporates modern technologies such as:
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Geographic Information System (GIS)
o These tools help geographers analyze data and draw accurate conclusions.

Geography is a broad discipline that examines a wide range of phenomena related to the Earth
and its environments. However, its scope is not limitless; it encompasses several major areas of
focus:

 Earth and Its Position: Geography studies the Earth’s position in the universe and its
movements, including rotation and revolution.
 Physical Features: It explores the various physical features of the Earth’s surface,
including mountains, valleys, rivers, and plains, as well as the geological forces that
shape these features and their variations across different locations over time.
 Human-Nature Relationships: Geography investigates the relationships between
humans and their natural environment, including how each influences and impacts the
other, and the concept of interdependence.
 Atmospheric Conditions: The field also focuses on the lower part of the atmosphere,
studying weather patterns, climatic conditions, and their spatial distribution and
variations.
 Earth's Materials and Landforms: Geography examines the materials that compose the
Earth, such as rocks and soils, and the diverse landforms resulting from geological
processes.
 Economic Activities: It analyzes major economic activities of humans, their spatial
organization, and the environmental impacts of these activities.

Conclusion

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Geography encompasses a vast range of phenomena, integrating physical, biological, and human
elements. While it covers a wide array of topics, it maintains a focused scope on specific areas,
making it a holistic discipline that integrates knowledge and research from various fields.

1.1.3 Branches of Geography

The two main parts are:

 physical geography; and

 human geography
A. Physical Geography

Definition:
Physical geography focuses on the natural features of the Earth and their processes, including the
distribution and interactions of these features.

Sub-branches of Physical Geography:

 Climatology: Study of climate and its effects on the environment.

 Geomorphology: Study of landforms and the processes that shape them.
 Biogeography: Study of the distribution of ecosystems and species across the planet.
o Phytogeography: Study of plant distribution.
o Zoogeography: Study of animal distribution.
 Hydrology: Study of water in all its forms, including rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
 Soil Geography (Pedology): Study of soil types, formation, and distribution.

B. Human Geography

Definition:
Human geography examines the relationship between humans and their environments, focusing
on cultural, social, economic, and political aspects of human activity.

Sub-branches of Human Geography:

 Cultural Geography: Study of cultural practices, beliefs, and their spatial distribution.

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 Economic Geography: Study of economic activities and their location.

 Population Geography: Study of population distribution, density, and demographics.
 Urban Geography: Study of urban areas, their development, and social issues within
them.
 Political Geography: Study of political structures, boundaries, and their relationship
with geography.
 Historical Geography: Study of social processes and their spatial impacts.

Summary

Physical geography emphasizes natural processes and features, while human geography focuses
on human activities and their impacts on the environment. Both branches are essential for
understanding the complexities of our world and how humans interact with their surroundings.

1.2 LOCATION, SIZE AND SHAPE OF ETHIOPIA

1.2.1 Location of Ethiopia
A. . Relative Location of Ethiopia

 Definition:
o Relative location refers to a place's position in relation to other geographic
features.

 Expressions of Relative Location:

o Vicinal Location: Location relative to neighboring countries.
o Strategic Location: A country’s position in relation to water bodies and
landmasses.

i. Vicinal Location of Ethiopia

 Landlocked Status:
o Ethiopia is a landlocked country.

 Neighboring Countries:
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o Surrounded by six countries, each sharing different lengths of borderlines.

 Total Boundary Length:

o The total length of Ethiopia’s boundary line is 5,260 km.

ii. Strategic Location: strategic location is also called natural or global location

 Often in relation to trade routes, resources, or military significance.

 Northeastern Africa (Horn)

 Southwest of Asia
 Nile Basin
 South of Europe
 Northwest of the Indian Ocean
 Southwest of the Red Sea
 South of the Mediterranean Sea

B. Absolute or Astronomical Location of Ethiopia

 Absolute location is expressed as a geographical extent, in terms of latitudes and
longitudes.
 Ethiopia is located between 3o N – 15o N latitudes and 33o E– 48o E longitudes

As a result, Ethiopia’s extreme points lie at:

 Northern Tip:
o Location: Northern tip of Tigray (north)
 Southern Point:
o Location: Moyalle in Borena (south)
 Western Point:
o Location: Akobo in Gambella (west)
 Eastern Tip:
o Location: Tip of Ogaden (east)

1.2.2 Size of Ethiopia

 Ethiopia is the tenth largest country in Africa.
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 1,106,000 square kilometers.

 Approximately 0.7% of the world’s total land area.
 About 3.6% of the total land mass of Africa.

Comparison of Areal Size with Neighbors (Ordered by Area)

Rank Country Total Area (sq.km) Size Comparison with Ethiopia

1 Sudan 1,849,233 1.01 times bigger
2 Ethiopia 1,106,000 -
3 South Sudan 631,928 1.75 times smaller
4 Somalia 637,661 1.73 times smaller
5 Kenya 580,000 1.91 times smaller
6 Eritrea 118,000 9.42 times smaller
7 Djibouti 23,200 Almost 50 times smaller

The Horn of Africa

 Name Origin:
Named for its horn-shaped land formation projecting into the Indian Ocean, south of the
Arabian Peninsula.
 Ethiopia's Position:
o Largest country in the Horn of Africa.

 Significance of Size and Population:

o Economic Influence
o Cultural Diversity
o Political Leverage
o Resource Availability

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethiopia’s Large Size

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Advantages:
Ethiopia’s large size allows it to:

 Enjoy diverse agro-ecological zones, resulting in a wide variety of fauna and flora.
 Possess a significant amount of arable land.
 Have a great variety of mineral resources.
 Be home to diverse ethnic groups.

Disadvantages:
Ethiopia’s large size necessitates:

 Expensive administrative expenditures.

 A large army to protect its sovereignty.
 Significant financial resources to construct infrastructure.
 Addressing challenges for effective administration and socio-economic integration.

1.2.3 Shape of Ethiopia

Countries vary in shape, impacting their administrative, defense, and economic integration.
Shapes can be:

 Compact: Nearly circular.

 Elongated: Linear in appearance.
 Truncated: Shortened in form.

Ethiopia's Shape

 Ethiopia has a compact (circular) shape, with comparable distances spanning its extreme
north-south and east-west points.
 This approximate circularity can be observed in atlases and maps.

Indicators of Compactness

1. Boundary-Circumference Ratio (B/C)

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2. Area-Boundary Ratio (A/B)

3. Actual Area vs. Area of the Inscribing Circle (A/A')

Compactness Indicators

 Theoretical Assumptions:
o A value of 1 indicates a perfectly compact shape for all ratios except the A/B
ratio.
o Values between 0.5 and 1.5 indicate slight deviations from circularity,
suggesting approximate compactness.
o Smaller values indicate greater divergence from compactness, particularly as
they approach zero, reflecting tendencies toward elongation or truncation.

 A/B Ratio:
o The A/B ratio compares the total area of a country to its total boundary length.
o A larger area per unit boundary length indicates a more compact country.

Calculation Example

 Boundary Length of Ethiopia: 5,260 km

 Area of Ethiopia: 1,106,000 km²

Measuring Ethiopia's Degree of Compactness

To measure Ethiopia's degree of compactness, we use the boundary-circumference ratio (B/C).

This involves the following steps:

1. Assumption: The circumference assumes that a circle has an equal area to that of
Ethiopia.
2. Circumference Formula:
o The formula for the circumference C of a circle is:

C=2πr
where π\piπ is approximately 3.14.

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3. Calculating the Radius r:

o To find the radius, we first need the area A of the circle, which is equal to
Ethiopia's area:

A=πr2

Rearranging gives:

Compactness Index of Ethiopia

The compactness index is a measure used to evaluate how compact a geographical area is in
relation to its boundary length and area. Here’s how to calculate it:

1. Boundary-Circumference Ratio (B/C)

 Formula:

 For Ethiopia:
o Boundary Length: 5,260 km
o Circumference (C): Approximately 3,727.18 km (calculated earlier)

 Calculation:

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2. Area-Boundary Ratio (A/B)

 Formula:

 For Ethiopia:
o Area: 1,106,000 km²
o Boundary Length: 5,260 km

 Calculation:

3. Interpretation

 B/C Ratio: A B/C ratio greater than 1 suggests that the area is less compact and has more
extensive borders relative to its area. In Ethiopia's case, a B/C ratio of 1.411 implies that
it is 41% less compact than a perfect circle.
 A/B Ratio: A higher A/B ratio indicates that Ethiopia has a larger area relative to its
boundary length, contributing positively to its compactness.
 If 1 km of border is secured by the national army, approximately 210 km² of the
hinterland can be considered protected from potential enemy assaults.

This means that the compact shape of Ethiopia allows for more efficient defense management, as
each kilometer of its boundary effectively safeguards a substantial area within the country.

Conclusion

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Ethiopia's compactness index, derived from both the B/C and A/B ratios, reflects its relatively
circular shape compared to other countries. This compactness can have implications for
administrative efficiency, defense, and economic integration.

Compactness Estimation via Area Ratio

Another method to estimate a country's compactness is by calculating the ratio of the country’s
area to the area of the smallest inscribing circle.

 Concept: The area of the circle is determined based on the smallest circle that can touch
all four boundaries—north, south, east, and west—of Ethiopia.

This ratio provides insight into how efficiently the country occupies its geographical space, with
a higher ratio indicating a more compact shape.

Area to Inscribing Circle Ratio Calculation

The ratio of the actual area of Ethiopia to the area of the smallest inscribing circle (A/A') can be
calculated using the following formula:

Key Points:

 Interpretation:
o A lower value (closer to 0) indicates elongation, meaning the shape is less
compact.
o A higher value (closer to 1) suggests greater compactness, indicating a more
efficient shape for administration and defense.

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1.3 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA

1.3.1 The Geological Processes in Ethiopia

Ethiopia’s landforms were shaped by geological processes acting over millions of years,
organized into the following geological eras:

1. Precambrian Era (4.5 billion to 600 million years ago)

o Key events:
 Orogenic movements (mountain-building processes) and volcanic activity.
 Denudation (erosion and wearing down of mountains).
 Formation of old crystalline basement complex rocks, which are still
visible today in parts of Ethiopia such as Tigray, Assossa, and the Abbay
Gorge.

2. Paleozoic Era (600 million to 250 million years ago)

3. Mesozoic Era (250 million to 70 million years ago)
4. Cenozoic Era (70 million years ago to present)

Each era influenced Ethiopia’s landscape through processes like volcanic eruptions, mountain
formations, and rock deposition. The Precambrian Era is especially important for the formation
of foundational rocks still seen today.

Summary of Major Geological Events in the Horn of Africa:

1. The Precambrian Era (4.5 billion to 600 million years ago):

2. The Paleozoic Era (600 million to 250 million years ago):
3. The Mesozoic Era (250 million to 70 million years ago):
4. The Cenozoic Era (70 million years ago to the present):

I. The Precambrian Era (4.5 Billion to 600 Million Years Ago)

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The Precambrian Era is the oldest and longest geological era, covering about 5/6 of Earth's
geological time. It represents the earliest period of Earth's history, during which major
geological and biological events took place.

Key geological events in the Horn of Africa during this era:

 Frequent orogenic movements: Mountain-building processes due to volcanic eruptions.

 Intensive volcanic activity: Significant volcanic processes shaped the landscape.
 Denudation: Erosion and wearing down of the mountains over time.
 Formation of folded mountains: Early mountain ranges formed due to tectonic activity.

This era also marked the appearance of some of the oldest rock formations, including the
crystalline basement rocks found in parts of Ethiopia today.

Note on the Precambrian Era:

 First Life Forms: Simple, one-celled organisms such as amoebas and jellyfish emerged
during this time.
 Oldest Rocks: The crystalline basement rocks formed, representing the oldest rock
layer beneath all others. These rocks are exposed today due to erosion.

Examples of exposed crystalline basement rocks in Ethiopia:

 Central and northern Tigray

 Mettekel, Assossa, Illubabor, and the Abbay Gorge
 Central Sidama, southern Omo, southern Bale, and Borena

Additionally, these outcrops can be found in central, western, and northern Eritrea.

II. The Paleozoic Era (600 million to 250 million years ago)

 Dominant Life Forms: The era was marked by the predominance of invertebrates.

During this era in Ethiopia, significant geological processes included:

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 Denudation (erosion and weathering) followed by peneplanation (flattening of the

land).
 There were no major structural formations during this time, leading to a gap in rock
formation in Ethiopia.
 Inselbergs (isolated hills or mountains) formed as residual features due to the extensive
denudation.

NOTE:
The Paleozoic Era is known for the predominance of invertebrates, which were the dominant
life forms during this period.

Which life form was dominant in the Paleozoic era?

The dominant life forms during the Paleozoic Era were primarily invertebrates, especially
marine organisms. This era saw a wide variety of life forms, including:

 Coral reefs
 Trilobites
 Brachiopods
 Mollusks (such as snails and clams)

By the end of the Paleozoic Era, particularly in the late Paleozoic (Carboniferous period),
amphibians began to emerge as the first vertebrates to adapt to life on land, while reptiles also
started to evolve. Overall, the Paleozoic Era is marked by the diversification of marine life and
the eventual colonization of land by some plants and animals.

III. The Mesozoic Era (from 250 million years to 70 million years ago)

The Mesozoic Era in Ethiopia was characterized by the alternate sinking and uplifting of the
landmass, known as Epeirogenesis. This era is notable for the formation of sedimentary rocks,
divided into three distinct periods:

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Table 1.3: The Three Periods of the Mesozoic Era

Period Geological Time Scale

Triassic 250 - 180 million years ago

Jurassic 180 - 135 million years ago

Cretaceous 135 - 70 million years ago

Triassic Period

 The landmass sank, allowing a nearby sea to transgress into modern Somalia and
southeastern Ethiopia.
 Formation of Adigrat sandstone, the oldest sedimentary rock in the southeast, which
progressively decreases in age towards the northwest.

Jurassic Period

 The sea continued to transgress into the mainland, extending northwest.

 Formation of Hintalo limestone, younger in the northwest and older in the southeast.

Cretaceous Period

 The landmass began to rise, causing the sea to regress towards the southeast.
 Deposition of Upper Sandstone, the youngest sedimentary rock, youngest in the
southeast and oldest in the northwest.

Which life form was dominant in the Mesozoic era?

The dominant life forms during the Mesozoic Era were reptiles, particularly dinosaurs, which
thrived throughout this period. It is often referred to as the "Age of Reptiles." Additionally, the
Mesozoic Era saw the emergence of the first birds and mammals, as well as the development of
early flowering plants (angiosperms) by the end of the era.

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NOTE

 The transgression of the sea extended into northwestern Ethiopia, reaching as far as
central Tigray and the western slopes of the western highlands.
 The sedimentary rocks formed during the Mesozoic Era were later buried by overlying
Cenozoic igneous rocks. However, these sedimentary rocks have been exposed at the
surface in some areas of Ethiopia.
o They are thinnest (being the youngest) in the southeast and thickest (being the
oldest) in the northwest.
o Exposed sedimentary rocks can primarily be observed in:
 The southeastern lowlands of Ethiopia
 Central Tigray
 The Abbay and Wabishebelle gorges
 (For more information, refer to the geological map of Ethiopia.)

The Mesozoic Era is also characterized by the predominance of reptiles, particularly large
reptiles such as dinosaurs. However, by the end of this era, two significant biological events
took place:

 The disappearance of the dinosaurs.

 The emergence of mammals, birds, and flowering plants.

IV. The Cenozoic Era (from 70 million years to the present)

Do you know the era in which the Great East African Rift Valley was formed?
The Cenozoic Era is the most recent geological era and has witnessed significant structural,
climatic, and biological events in Ethiopia. These geologic events have played a crucial role in
developing recent landforms in the Horn of Africa and Ethiopia.

The Cenozoic Era is divided into two periods: Tertiary and Quaternary. Below, we outline the
geological events of each period:

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a. Geological Events of the Tertiary Period (70 million - 2 million years ago)

 The uplift that began in the Cretaceous Period continued and reached its maximum
height, forming huge dome-like blocks over much of the region.
 As uplifting progressed, great cracks opened in the Earth's crust, leading to extensive
basaltic lava flows known as the Trappean lava series.
 The lava flows contributed to the formation of:
o The Northwestern Highlands
o The Southeastern Highlands
o The Somali Plateaus
 The ongoing cracking and faulting during this period led to the creation of the Great
East African Rift Valley System, which includes the Ethiopian Rift Valley System.
o The Great East African Rift extends approximately 7,200 kilometers from
Palestine-Jordan in the north to Malawi-Mozambique in the south, with 5,600
kilometers located in Africa and 1,700 kilometers in Eritrea and Ethiopia.

b. Geological Events of the Quaternary Period (2 million years - present)

 The Quaternary Period is characterized by recent volcanic activities that occurred after
the formation of the Rift Valley.
 Key geological structures formed in Ethiopia and the Horn during this period include:
o The Afar Horst, extending into Djibouti
o The active volcano Ertalle in Afar
o The dormant volcanic mountain Fentalle in Eastern Oromia
o The extensive lava fields and sheets of Metahara
o Thermal springs and fumaroles in the Rift Valley
o Pluvial rainfall in Africa, resulting in deposition in the lowlands of Ethiopia,
including the Rift Valley

Which geological era is significant regarding the formation of the various landforms in Ethiopia?

The Cenozoic Era is significant regarding the formation of the various landforms in Ethiopia.
This era, which spans from about 70 million years ago to the present, has been marked by

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significant geological events, including the formation of the Great East African Rift Valley. The
Cenozoic Era is characterized by the development of recent landforms due to tectonic activities,
volcanic eruptions, and climatic changes, greatly influencing the geography of Ethiopia and the
Horn of Africa.

Do you know the era in which the Great East African rift valley was formed?

Yes, the Great East African Rift Valley was formed during the Cenozoic Era, specifically
within the Tertiary Period of this era, which spans from approximately 70 million to 2 million
years ago. The rifting process that created the valley involved significant tectonic activity,
leading to the formation of large cracks in the Earth's crust, which allowed for extensive volcanic
activity and the emergence of various landforms in Ethiopia and the surrounding region.

The Cenozoic Era in its Quaternary Period is assumed to be the period in which modern
man evolved

The Quaternary Period, which is the most recent subdivision of the Cenozoic Era (from about
2 million years ago to the present), is significant for the evolution of modern humans (Homo
sapiens). This period is characterized by:

1. The development of distinct species of humans: Modern humans evolved during this
time, particularly in Africa.
2. Climatic fluctuations: The Quaternary Period experienced numerous ice ages and
interglacial periods, which significantly influenced human migration and development.
3. Advancements in technology: Humans began to develop tools, control fire, and engage
in agriculture, leading to the establishment of permanent settlements.

1. What was the noticeable geological event of the Precambrian era in Ethiopia?

The noticeable geological events of the Precambrian Era in Ethiopia include:

1. Frequent Orogenic Movements: This involved mountain-building processes due to

volcanic eruptions, which significantly shaped the landscape of the region.
2. Intensive Volcanic Activities: The era was marked by numerous volcanic eruptions that
contributed to the formation of the geological structure of Ethiopia.

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3. Formation of Folded Mountains: The orogenic movements and volcanic activities led
to the creation of folded mountain ranges in the region.
4. Denudation: Later periods saw the reduction and wearing down of mountains,
contributing to the current geological features.
5. Emergence of Early Life Forms: The first one-celled organisms, such as amoebas and
jellyfish, appeared during this era, marking a significant milestone in the history of life on
Earth.
6. Formation of Old Crystalline Basement Rocks: The oldest rocks, known as the old
crystalline basement or basement complex rocks, were formed and are found beneath all
other rock layers.

Overall, the Precambrian Era laid the foundation for the geological and biological history of
Ethiopia.

2. List the most important sedimentary rocks ever formed in Ethiopia during the Mesozoic
era?

During the Mesozoic Era, several important sedimentary rocks were formed in Ethiopia,
including:

1. Adigrat Sandstone: The oldest sedimentary rock, formed during the Triassic Period. It
is primarily found in southeastern Ethiopia and progressively decreases in age toward the
northwest.
2. Hintalo Limestone: Formed during the Jurassic Period, this limestone was deposited as
the sea continued to transgress into the mainland. It is younger in the northwest and older
in the southeast.
3. Upper Sandstone: This sedimentary rock was formed during the Cretaceous Period as
the landmass began to rise and the sea regressed toward the southeast. Upper Sandstone
is the youngest sedimentary rock, being the oldest in the northwest and the youngest in
the southeast.

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These sedimentary rocks are significant for understanding the geological history and processes
that shaped the Ethiopian landscape during the Mesozoic Era.

3. When was the Ethiopian rift valley formed?

The Ethiopian Rift Valley was formed during the Cenozoic Era, specifically in the Tertiary
Period. This geological event occurred approximately 70 million years ago and involved
extensive tectonic activity, including the uplifting of land and the development of cracks in the
Earth's crust, which eventually led to the formation of the rift system. The rifting process is still
ongoing today, contributing to the dynamic geological features of the region.

4. By looking at a geological map of Ethiopia, identify the areas where these rocks are
found on the surface as outcrops:
a) Metamorphic rocks b) Sedimentary rocks c) Quaternary lava deposits

Areas of Rock Outcrops in Ethiopia

a) Metamorphic Rocks

 Location: Predominantly found in the central and northern parts of Ethiopia,

especially:
o Tigray Region
o Gondar Region
o Western Highlands

b) Sedimentary Rocks

 Location: Generally located in the northwestern and southeastern regions of Ethiopia,

including:
o Tigray (e.g., Adigrat sandstone)

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o Northern Shoa (e.g., Hintalo limestone)

o Omo Valley (e.g., Upper Sandstone)
o Abbay and Wabishebelle gorges

c) Quaternary Lava Deposits

 Location: Found in various regions associated with volcanic activity, particularly:

o Afar Region (e.g., Ertalle Volcano)
o Eastern Oromia (e.g., Fentalle)
o Metahara Lava Fields
o Areas surrounding the Ethiopian Rift Valley.

These regions can be identified on a geological map of Ethiopia, highlighting the distribution of
various rock types and formations.

1.3.2 Landforms of Ethiopia

Landforms are individual features on the Earth's surface. In Ethiopia, these landforms have been
shaped primarily by tectonic and volcanic activities during the Cenozoic era, resulting in a
diverse range of geographical features, including:

 Highlands and Plateaus: Significant elevated areas that contribute to Ethiopia being
called the "Roof of Eastern Africa."
 Rugged Mountains: Including the Simien Mountains, with Ras Dashen being the highest
point at 4,620 meters above mean sea level.
 Deep River Gorges: Formed by erosion, these gorges contribute to the unique
topography of the region.
 Lowlands: Areas that lie below the 1,000-meter contour line, making up about 44% of
Ethiopia's land area.

The altitude in Ethiopia varies dramatically, ranging from approximately 116 meters below sea
level in the Dallol Depression to the aforementioned Ras Dashen in the Simien Mountains.

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Physiographic Divisions

The landforms in Ethiopia can be categorized into three main physiographic divisions based on
the geological and structural features created by two opposing forces:

1. Endogenic Forces: These originate from within the Earth, such as:
o Volcanic Activity
o Tectonic Forces

2. Exogenic Forces: These act at the surface, including:

o Denudation: The wearing away of the earth's surface.
o Peneplanation: The process that leads to a nearly flat land surface.

These forces have combined to shape the diverse and complex landforms that characterize
Ethiopia today, including the Rift Valley, which bisects the highlands diagonally and extends
from Syria to Mozambique, traversing various East African lakes.

I. The Western Highlands and Associated Lowlands

A. The Western Highlands

The Western Highlands of Ethiopia are a prominent and extensive physiographic region,
characterized by their significant elevation and rich natural resources. This region stretches from
Tigray in the north down to the highlands of Gamo and Goffa in the southwest. Key features
include:

 Geographical Extent:
o The Western Highlands are the largest physiographic region in Ethiopia, covering
44% of the country’s total area.
o They are separated from the Southeastern Highlands by the Rift Valley.

 Hydrological Importance:
o The Western Highlands serve as the source of numerous rivers and streams,
including:

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 Geography Grade-9

 Abbay River
 Baro River
 Tekezze River
o These rivers play a crucial role in the geopolitics of Ethiopia, influencing
relationships in northeastern Africa and the Middle East due to their cross-
boundary nature.

B. Sub-Divisions of the Western Highlands

Based on internal altitudinal variability, the Western Highlands can be further subdivided into
four main groups:

a. The Plateau of Tigray

b. The North Central Massif
c. The Plateau of Shewa
d. The Southwestern Highlands

These divisions highlight the diverse ecological and geographical characteristics of the Western
Highlands, making them a crucial part of Ethiopia’s physical landscape and hydrology

a. The Plateau of Tigray

The Tigrean Plateau is the most northerly group of plateaus in Ethiopia, distinguished by its
unique geological and geographical features. Here are the key characteristics:

 Boundaries:
o North: Bounded by the Mereb River.
o South: Bounded by the Tekezze River.

 Drainage:
o The plateau is drained by the Mereb River and the tributaries of the Tekezze
River.

 Geology:

24
 Geography Grade-9

o The area primarily consists of sandstones and limestones, as the overlying basalt
layer has been extensively eroded.
o The erosion has resulted in poor and thin soils, which are less fertile and less
suitable for agriculture.

 Erosion:
o The plateau has faced significant erosion due to long periods of human habitation,
impacting its soil quality and landscape.

 Elevation:
o The Tigrean Plateau features very high mountains, with elevations exceeding
3,000 meters above sea level.
o Notable mountain peaks in this sub-division include:
 Mount Tsibet: 3,988 m a.m.s.l.
 Mount Ambalage: 3,291 m a.m.s.l.
 Mount Assimba: 3,248 m a.m.s.l.

These characteristics make the Plateau of Tigray a significant region in Ethiopia, both
geologically and culturally, as it has been a center of human activity and habitation throughout
history

b. The North Central Massif

The North Central Massif is a prominent geographic feature in Ethiopia, characterized by

rugged terrain and significant geological formations. Here are the main features and details:

 Location:
o Found between the Abbay Gorge in the south and the Tekezze Gorge in the
north.
o Contains the highlands of Gondar, Gojjam, and Wollo.

 Drainage and Geomorphology:

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 Geography Grade-9

o The Abbay and Tekezze rivers, along with their tributaries, have carved
numerous gorges and steep-sided river valleys, contributing to the region's rugged
landscape.

 Characteristics:
o The North Central Massif is recognized as the most rugged and dissected plateau
region in Ethiopia.
o It is capped by basalts from the Tertiary Period and surrounded by deep gorges.
o Small arable lands, known as ambas, are found within the plateaus, isolated from
one another by the gorges.

 Connections:
o The mountain systems in Gondar and Gojjam are separated from the eastern
mountains in Wollo by impenetrable deep gorges. However, they are connected at
one point by the Yeju-Wadla Delanta land bridge (ridge).

 Composition:
o The western Massif is represented by the Massif of South Gondar (Semein),
while the eastern side comprises the Lasta and Wollo Massif. South of these
formations lies the Gojjam Massif.

 Gojjam Massif:
o This is the most extensive tableland within the North Central Massif and is
comparatively less dissected. It is formed on the core of the Amedamit-Choke
mountains.
o The Abbay River effectively separates the Gojjam Massif from the Shewa
Plateau in the south and the Amhara Saynt Massif in the northeast.

 Agricultural Significance:
o The North Central Massif is known for the production of cereals, including teff,
pulses, and oil seeds, making it an important agricultural area.

 Notable Mountain Peaks:

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 Geography Grade-9

o Mount Ras Dashen: 4,620 m a.m.s.l.

o Mount Legeda: 4,532 m a.m.s.l.
o Mount Analu: 4,480 m a.m.s.l.
o Mount Tefaw Lezer: 4,456 m a.m.s.l.
o Mount Kolo: 4,300 m a.m.s.l.
o Mount Guna: 4,231 m a.m.s.l.
o Mount Abuna Yoseph: 4,190 m a.m.s.l.
o Mount Hey: 4,154 m a.m.s.l.

The North Central Massif represents a significant area of highland and agricultural productivity
in Ethiopia, contributing to the region's geological and ecological diversity.

c. The Plateau of Shewa (Central Plateau)

The Plateau of Shewa, also known as the Central Plateau, is a notable geographic feature within
the Western Highlands of Ethiopia. Here are the key characteristics and details:

 Size and Shape:

o The Shewan Plateau is the smallest sub-division of the Western Highlands.
o It is dome-shaped and extends westward into Western Wollega through Horo
Guduru, forming a crescent shape.

 Watershed Function:
o Serves as a watershed between three major river basins: the Awash, Omo-Gibe,
and Abbay rivers.

 Geographical Boundaries:
o Separated from the Plateau of Gojjam by the Abbay Gorge to the north.
o Bordered by the Awash River and the Rift Valley to the southeast.
o The Gibe River marks its boundary with the Highlands of Kafa.

 Drainage:

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 Geography Grade-9

o The plateau is primarily drained by tributaries of the Abbay River in the west and
the Awash River in the east.

 Elevation and Mountain Peaks:

o The high mountains of the Shewan Plateau are predominantly located on its
northeastern and southeastern margins.
o Notable peaks include:
 Mount Abbuye Meda: 4,000 m above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.)
 Mount Guraghe: 3,721 m a.m.s.l.

The Plateau of Shewa plays an important role in the hydrology of Ethiopia and serves as a
significant geographic landmark within the Western Highlands, contributing to the country’s
diverse landscapes and ecosystems.

d. The Southwestern Highlands

The Southwestern Highlands of Ethiopia encompass several key regional zones characterized
by high rainfall, diverse ecosystems, and important agricultural activities. Here are the main
features and details:

Regional Zones

 The Southwestern Highlands lie south of the Abbay Trough and are known for their
significant erosion due to heavy rainfall, making them the wettest region in Ethiopia with
an average annual rainfall exceeding 1500 mm.
 The main highland areas in this region include:
o Wollega
o Illubabor
o Jimma
o Kafa
o Gamo and Goffa

Drainage Systems

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 Geography Grade-9

The region is drained in various directions by several rivers:

 Northwards:
o The Dabus and Didesa tributaries of the Abbay River.
 Westwards:
o Headstreams of the Baro-Akobo River.
 Southwards:
o The Omo-Gibe River, which eventually flows into Lake Turkana.
 Eastwards:
o Right-bank tributaries of the Omo-Gibe, including the Gojeb-Gibe River of
Jimma Zone and Yem Special Woreda.

Elevation and Notable Peaks

 The general elevation of the Southwestern Highlands is relatively lower compared to the
Northern and Eastern Highlands, with only a few areas exceeding 2,500 meters above
mean sea level (a.m.s.l.).
 The highest points in the region include:
o Gamo-Konso Highlands
o Maji-Korma Highlands
o Dawuro-Konta Highlands
o Tullu Wallel
o Benishangul Mountains
o Mount Gughe: The highest peak in the region at 4,200 m a.m.s.l., located in the
Gamo Plateau.

Agricultural Significance

The Southwestern Highlands are renowned for their agricultural production, particularly:

 Coffee:.
 Inset (Enset)
 Spices:

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 Geography Grade-9

 Timber:
 Rubber Trees:
 Cattle:
 Honey:
 Maize:.

These highlands not only contribute to Ethiopia’s agricultural output but also play a vital role in
the country’s biodiversity and forestry cover.

List the four sub-divisions of western highlands.

The four sub-divisions of the Western Highlands in Ethiopia are:

1. The Plateau of Tigray

2. The North Central Massif
3. The Plateau of Shewa (Central Plateau)
4. The Southwestern Highlands

Why are northern mountains highly rugged?

The northern mountains of Ethiopia are highly rugged due to several geological and
geomorphological processes:

1. Tectonic Activity:
2. Erosion:
3. Volcanic Activity:
4. Geological Composition:

C. The Western Lowlands

The Western Lowlands of Ethiopia extend from western Tigray in the north to southern Gamo
and Goffa in the south, bordering Sudan and South Sudan. This region is characterized by the
following features:

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 Geography Grade-9

 Elevation: The general elevation ranges from 500 to 1,000 meters above mean sea level
(a.m.s.l.), making it a relatively low-lying area compared to the surrounding highlands.
 Climate: The lowlands experience an arid to semi-arid climate, with varying rainfall
patterns. Among the lowlands, the Baro-Akobo lowland is notable for being the wettest,
with rivers like the Baro River flowing regularly for much of the year.
 Sub-divisions: The Western Lowlands are further divided into several lowland areas:
o Tekezze and Angereb Lowlands: These are the most northerly lowlands, drained
by the Tekezze and Angereb rivers.
o Abbay Dinder Lowlands: Extending from the south of Metema town to the
southern part of the Abbay River.
o Baro-Akobo Lowlands: The wettest lowland, with significant river flow,
particularly from the Baro River.
o Omo-Gibe Lowlands: Located further south, these lowlands are influenced by
the Omo and Gibe rivers.

 Livelihoods: Due to the climatic hardships prevalent in most parts of these lowlands, the
local communities primarily engage in pastoralist and semi-pastoralist lifestyles.
However, there are notable towns such as Humera, Kurmuk, Omedla, and Metema,
which serve as important business centers for the communities along the Ethio-Sudanese
border.

Overall, the Western Lowlands play a vital role in the socio-economic activities of the region,
with their unique climatic and geographical features influencing the lifestyles of the communities
that inhabit them.

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 Geography Grade-9

II. The Southeastern Highlands and Associated Lowlands

Overview:
 Located southeast of the Rift Valley.
 Divided into highland and lowland units.
A. The Southeastern Highlands
 Includes:
o Hararghe Plateaus
o Arsi Plateau
o Bale Massif
o Sidama Highlands
 Geological Formation:
o Similar to the North and Southwestern Highlands, capped by basaltic rock.
o Main sources of the Wabe Shebelle and Genale rivers.
 Boundaries:
o West: Fault line of the Rift Valley.
o East: Ogaden Lowlands.
o South: Elkerie and Borena Lowlands.
a. The Hararghe Plateaus
 Elevation: Rises sharply from the Rift Valley fault line, extending gently eastward to
Jigjiga, after which the elevation falls, leading to the Ogaden Lowlands.
 Drainage: Drained by left-bank tributaries of the Wabe Shebelle River.
 Geological Features:
o Basaltic rocks have eroded, exposing limestone and older sedimentary rocks.
 Agriculture: Significant producer of:
o Coffee
o Chat
o Sorghum
o Millet.

b. The Arsi Plateau

 Main Features:
o Composed of the Gugu and Chillalo Massif.
o Characterized by an extensively rolling plateau, making it highly suitable for
farming.
o Erosion has reduced some of its features, giving it a comparatively lower
elevation.

 Agriculture:
o The Arsi Plateau is especially known for its wheat production.

Highest Points on the Arsi Plateau

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 Geography Grade-9

 Mount Kaka: 4180 meters above mean sea level (m.a.m.s.l.)

 Mount Bada: 4139 meters above mean sea level (m.a.m.s.l.)
 Mount Chillalo: 4136 meters above mean sea level (m.a.m.s.l.)

The Bale Massif

 Location: Adjacent to the Arsi Plateau, separated by the headstreams of the Wabe
Shebelle (Wabe River).
 Geography:
o Northern Region: Flat terrain resembling basaltic plateaus.
o Southern Region: Features towering mountains.

 Notable Peaks:
o Mount Tulu Dimtu: 4,377 meters above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.).
o Mount Batu: 4,307 meters a.m.s.l.

 Distinctive Features: Renowned for its unique landscapes and high elevations.

The Sidama Highlands

 Location: Separated from the Bale Highlands by the Genale River valley.
 Geography:
o Represents the southwest extension of the southeastern highlands.
o Gentle slopes towards the south and southeast.

 Drainage:
o Drained by the Genale River and its tributaries.

The Southeastern Lowlands

 Location:
o Extend from the foothills of the southeastern highlands along the Ethio-Somalian
and Ethio-Kenyan borders.

 Elevation:
o Generally, between 500 and 1,000 meters above sea level (a.m.s.l.).

 Key Features:
o Ogaden Plains
o Elkeri Plains
o Borena Plains
o Genale Plains

 Characteristics:
o Extensive lowland areas.

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 Geography Grade-9

o Extreme climatic conditions with low annual rainfall, often below 500 mm.
o Predominantly covered by sandstones and recent marine deposits.

 Lifestyle:
o Predominantly pastoralist due to the harsh climate.

III. The Rift Valley

 Overview:
o The Ethiopian Rift Valley System is a narrow strip of land stretching from the
Afar Depression in the north to Lake Turkena and Chew Bahir in the south.
o It is part of the Great East African Rift Valley, which spans approximately 5,600
kilometers across Africa.

 Geological Formation:
o Formed at the end of the Tertiary Period due to tectonic epeirogenic activity.
o Evidence of geological instability includes active volcanoes, minor faulting, hot
springs, cinder cones, fumaroles, and geysers.

 Geographic Orientation:
o Runs diagonally from northeast to southwest, dividing the Ethiopian Highlands
into two distinct regions.
o Covers a total length of 1,700 kilometers in Ethiopia and Eritrea.

 Area Coverage:
o Comprises 18% of Ethiopia’s total area.

 Subdivisions:
o Afar Triangle (northern)
o Main Ethiopian Rift or Lakes Region (central)
o Chew-Bahir Rift (southern)

a) The Afar Triangle (Northern Part)

 Overview:
o The largest and widest part of the Ethiopian Rift Valley System, extending 200-
300 kilometers.

 Altitude:
o Generally low, ranging from 116 meters below sea level at Kobar Sink to about
900 meters above sea level at Awash.
o Much of the area lies below sea level.

 Characteristics:
o Geological Features:
 Faulted depressions (e.g., Dallol Depression).

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 Geography Grade-9

Grabens (troughs).
Cinder cones and volcanic mountains.
o Land Cover:
 Extensive salt plains and lakes (e.g., Lake Assale and Lake Afrera).
o Boundaries:
 Bounded by parallel fault lines on the east and west.

 Floor Composition:
o Grabens such as the Tendaho Graben.
o Volcanic ash and lava deposits.
o Lacustrine and fluvial deposits.
o Volcanic mountains (e.g., Mount Fentalle).

 Unique Features:
o Fossil-rich sediments.
o Rich archaeological sites, indicating it was home to ancient ancestors of primates
and hominids.

b) The Main Ethiopian Rift or the Lakes Region (Central Part)

 Overview:
o Covers the area from the lower Awash basin to Lake Chamo.

 Characteristics:
o Most elevated and narrowest part of the Ethiopian Rift Valley.
o Wettest, most densely vegetated, and most densely populated region.

 Land Use:
o Sedentary farming is practiced.

 Economic Importance:
o Numerous lakes of enormous economic and aesthetic value.

c) The Chew-Bahir Rift (Southern Part)

 Overview:
o Also known as the Omo-Gibe trough, it is the smallest section of the Ethiopian
Rift System.

 Location:

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 Geography Grade-9

o Separated from the Lakes Region to the north by the Konso Highlands and
surrounding areas.

 Geography:
o Consists of an extensive, shallow, marshy area covered by tall grasses.
o Drained by the Sagan and Woito streams.

 Regional Features:
o In the vicinity of Arba Minch, it is divided into the Ganjuli and Galena Valleys by
the Amaro mountain range.

 Population:
o Predominantly occupied by a pastoralist population.

UNIT SUMMARY

 Location:
o Ethiopia is situated in Eastern Africa, spanning latitudes 3°N to 15°N and
longitudes 33°E to 48°E. It has a relatively compact shape.

 Size:
o Ethiopia is the tenth largest country in Africa, covering an area of 1,106,000
square kilometers. Its large size contributes to a diverse climate, rich fauna and
flora, various ethnic groups, and significant arable land potential.

 Geological Time Scale:

o The geological history of Ethiopia is shaped by events across four major
geological eras:
 Precambrian Era: Formation of crystalline basement complex rocks.
 Paleozoic Era: Peneplanation occurred.
 Mesozoic Era: Dominated by land mass sinking and uplifting.
 Cenozoic Era: Formation of the Ethiopian Rift Valley System.

 Landforms:
o Ethiopia's landforms are primarily a result of tectonic and volcanic activities
during the Cenozoic era. These include rugged mountains, plateaus, ambos, river
gorges, the rift valley, and lowlands.

 Altitude Variation:
o The elevation in Ethiopia varies significantly, ranging from the highest peak, Ras
Dashen at 4,620 meters above sea level, to the lowest point, Kobar Sink at 116
meters below sea level.

PART I: MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS

Direction: Choose the correct word or phrase from the given alternatives.

36
 Geography Grade-9

1. Which one is true about geomorphology?

A. Deals with the distribution of plants and animals
B. Examines the pattern of climate
C. Studies landforms and their distribution
D. Studies human influence on the atmosphere
2. Which neighboring country shares the longest boundary line with Ethiopia?
A. Somalia
B. Eritrea
C. Sudan
D. Djibouti
3. We cannot observe the outcropping basement complex rocks in one of the following
areas of Ethiopia:
A. In Central Tigray
B. Around Assossa
C. In the Abbay gorge
D. In Central Shewa
4. As Hintalo sandstone is to Jurassic, Upper sandstone is to
A. Permian
B. Cambrian
C. Cretaceous
D. Triassic
5. The Afar Horst that extends into Djibouti was formed during
A. Quaternary period
B. Tertiary Period
C. Triassic period
D. Jurassic period
6. One can associate the Mesozoic Era with the formation of
A. Igneous rock
B. Metamorphic rock
C. Sedimentary rock
D. A and B
7. All of the following are drained by the Abbay and its tributaries, except
A. The Southwestern Highlands
B. The North and Western Highlands
C. The Central Highlands
D. The Southeastern Highlands
8. The north-central Massif is separated from the plateau of Tigray by the
A. Mereb River
B. The Danakil Lowlands
C. Tekezze River
D. Abbay River
9. The smallest subdivision of the western highlands is
A. Shewan Plateau
B. Tigrean Plateau
C. North Central Massif
D. Semein Mountain

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 Geography Grade-9

COMPLETION ITEMS

Directions: Complete each of the following sentences with the correct word or phrase.

10. During the Triassic period, land subsidence (sinking) began in the northern part of
Ethiopia and progressed towards the southern part of the country.
11. The landforms of Ethiopia are largely the result of the Cenozoic era.
12. The Precambrian era is the oldest and longest geological era.
13. The Paleozoic era is known for the predominance of invertebrates.

Answers:

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. B

Answers:

10. northern, southern

11. Cenozoic
12. Precambrian
13. Paleozoic

PART III: SHORT ANSWER ITEMS

Direction: Give a short answer for the following questions.

14. Who was Eratosthenes? What did he contribute to geography?

Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician and astronomer who is best known for
calculating the Earth's circumference and introducing the term "geography." He made
significant contributions to mapmaking and the understanding of latitude and longitude.
15. Explain how wide is the scope of geography?
The scope of geography is broad, encompassing the study of physical landscapes, human
activities, cultural phenomena, economic systems, and environmental processes. It
integrates various disciplines, including geology, meteorology, sociology, and urban
planning, to analyze spatial relationships and patterns.

38
 Geography Grade-9

16. What are the major branches of geography?

The major branches of geography include:

 Physical Geography: Study of natural features and processes.

 Human Geography: Examination of human activities and their impacts on the
environment.
 Geographical Information Systems (GIS): Use of technology to analyze spatial data.
 Environmental Geography: Focus on interactions between humans and the
environment.

17. What is the difference between a relative location and an absolute location?
Relative location refers to the position of a place in relation to other landmarks or
locations (e.g., "north of the river"), while absolute location provides a precise point on
the Earth's surface using coordinates (latitude and longitude).
18. What is the distinction between a vicinal location and a geological location?
A vicinal location refers to the spatial relationship between places, focusing on their
proximity and interactions. In contrast, a geological location pertains to the specific
physical and geological characteristics of a place, including its rock formations and
geological history.
19. What are the advantages of a compact shape?
A compact shape minimizes the perimeter relative to the area, which can lead to more
efficient governance, easier transportation, better access to resources, and reduced
exposure to external threats. It often results in a more cohesive cultural and social
identity.
20. Describe the major geological events that occurred during the Cenozoic era of the
Tertiary Period in Ethiopia.
The major geological events during the Cenozoic era in Ethiopia include the formation of
the Ethiopian Rift Valley System due to tectonic activity, significant volcanic eruptions
that shaped the landscape, and the uplift of the Ethiopian Highlands. These events
contributed to the country's diverse landforms and geological features.
21. State why sandstone and limestone are seen as surface outcrops in the Plateau of
Tigray.
Sandstone and limestone are often seen as surface outcrops in the Plateau of Tigray due
to the region's geological processes, including erosion and weathering. These rock types
are more resistant to erosion compared to surrounding materials, leading to their
prominence on the surface.
22. Describe the geological era which was significant regarding the formation of the
various landforms in Ethiopia.
The Cenozoic era was significant for the formation of various landforms in Ethiopia. This
era saw extensive tectonic activity that led to the creation of the Ethiopian Rift Valley,
volcanic activity that shaped the highlands, and sedimentation processes that contributed
to the region's diverse geological landscape.

Answers:

14. Eratosthenes; calculated the Earth's circumference and introduced "geography."

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 Geography Grade-9

15. The scope of geography is broad, covering physical and human aspects and integrating
various disciplines.
16. Major branches include Physical Geography, Human Geography, GIS, and
Environmental Geography.
17. Relative location is based on landmarks; absolute location uses coordinates.
18. Vicinal location focuses on proximity; geological location addresses physical
characteristics.
19. Advantages of a compact shape include efficient governance, easy transportation, and
reduced external threats.
20. Major events include the formation of the Ethiopian Rift Valley, volcanic eruptions, and
uplift of the highlands.
21. Sandstone and limestone are resistant to erosion, leading to their prominence as surface
outcrops in the Plateau of Tigray.
22. The Cenozoic era was significant for creating diverse landforms in Ethiopia through
tectonic and volcanic activity.

Geography Exam

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does the term "Geography" mean?

o a) The study of planets
o b) The description of the Earth
o c) The study of human activities
o d) The measurement of landforms

2. Who coined the term "Geography"?

o a) Alexander Von Humboldt
o b) Eratosthenes
o c) Hartshorne
o d) Yeates

3. Which of the following is NOT a sub-branch of Physical Geography?

o a) Climatology
o b) Urban Geography
o c) Biogeography
o d) Soil Geography

40
 Geography Grade-9

4. Which branch of geography focuses on the relationship between humans and their
environment?
o a) Physical Geography
o b) Human Geography
o c) Economic Geography
o d) Climatology

Matching Questions

Match the following scholars to their definitions of geography:

Scholar Definition

1. Eratosthenes a) Geography is a synthesizing discipline

b) Geography is the science of the Earth’s

2. Alexander Von Humboldt
surfaces

c) Geography provides an accurate

3. Concise Oxford Dictionary
description

d) Geography is the description of the

4. Hartshorne
Earth

True or False Questions

5. T/F: Geography has a single universally accepted definition.

6. T/F: Human geography focuses solely on physical features of the Earth.
7. T/F: The biosphere includes all living organisms.
8. T/F: GIS is a tool that helps geographers analyze data.

Short Answer Questions

9. Describe the dynamic nature of geography and why it complicates the establishment of a
universal definition.
10. List the key areas of study within geography that examine interactions between physical
and human phenomena.

Multiple Choice Questions

41
 Geography Grade-9

1. What does the term "Geography" mean?

o a) The study of planets
o b) The description of the Earth
o c) The study of human activities
o d) The measurement of landforms

2. Who coined the term "Geography"?

o a) Alexander Von Humboldt
o b) Eratosthenes
o c) Hartshorne
o d) Yeates

3. Which of the following is NOT a sub-branch of Physical Geography?

o a) Climatology
o b) Urban Geography
o c) Biogeography
o d) Soil Geography

4. Which branch of geography focuses on the relationship between humans and their
environment?
o a) Physical Geography
o b) Human Geography
o c) Economic Geography
o d) Climatology

Matching Questions

Match the following scholars to their definitions of geography:

Scholar Definition

1. Eratosthenes a) Geography is a synthesizing discipline

2. Alexander Von Humboldt b) Geography is the science of the Earth’s surfaces

3. Concise Oxford Dictionary c) Geography provides an accurate description

4. Hartshorne d) Geography is the description of the Earth

True or False Questions

5. T/F: Geography has a single universally accepted definition.

6. T/F: Human geography focuses solely on physical features of the Earth.
7. T/F: The biosphere includes all living organisms.

42
 Geography Grade-9

8. T/F: GIS is a tool that helps geographers analyze data.

Short Answer Questions

9. Describe the dynamic nature of geography and why it complicates the establishment of a
universal definition.
10. List the key areas of study within geography that examine interactions between physical
and human phenomena.

Answers

Multiple Choice:

1. b) The description of the Earth

2. b) Eratosthenes
3. b) Urban Geography
4. b) Human Geography

Matching: 1 - d) Geography is the description of the Earth

2 - a) Geography is a synthesizing discipline
3 - b) Geography is the science of the Earth’s surfaces
4 - c) Geography provides an accurate description

True or False: 5. False

6. False
7. True
8. True

Short Answer: 9. Geography is dynamic because it evolves with new discoveries and ideas,
which makes it difficult to capture its full complexity in a single definition. It encompasses
physical, biological, and human phenomena that change over time. 10. Key areas of study within
geography include:

 Hydrosphere (water bodies)

 Atmosphere (air composition and climate)
 Lithosphere (Earth's solid surface)
 Biosphere (living organisms)
 Anthroposphere (human-modified environments)

Answers

Multiple Choice:

1. b) The description of the Earth

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 Geography Grade-9

2. b) Eratosthenes
3. b) Urban Geography
4. b) Human Geography

Matching: 1 - d) Geography is the description of the Earth

2 - a) Geography is a synthesizing discipline
3 - b) Geography is the science of the Earth’s surfaces
4 - c) Geography provides an accurate description

True or False: 5. False

6. False
7. True
8. True

Short Answer: 9. Geography is dynamic because it evolves with new discoveries and ideas,
which makes it difficult to capture its full complexity in a single definition. It encompasses
physical, biological, and human phenomena that change over time.
10. Key areas of study within geography include:

 Hydrosphere (water bodies)

 Atmosphere (air composition and climate)
 Lithosphere (Earth's solid surface)
 Biosphere (living organisms)
 Anthroposphere (human-modified environments)

Feel free to make any changes or ask for further adjustments!

Exam: Location, Size, and Shape of Ethiopia

Part 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the total boundary length of Ethiopia?

A) 3,000 km
B) 4,500 km
C) 5,260 km
D) 6,000 km
2. Which of the following countries does NOT border Ethiopia?
A) Sudan
B) Kenya
C) Somalia
D) Uganda
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 Geography Grade-9

3. Ethiopia's absolute location is expressed in terms of:

A) Geographic features
B) Latitude and longitude
C) Neighboring countries
D) Altitude
4. Ethiopia is the:
A) Largest country in Africa
B) Tenth largest country in Africa
C) Smallest country in Africa
D) Most populous country in Africa
5. The shape of Ethiopia is best described as:
A) Elongated
B) Truncated
C) Compact
D) Irregular

Part 2: Matching Questions

Match the terms in Column A with their correct descriptions in Column B.

Column A Column B

1. Vicinal Location A) Area expressed in latitudes and longitudes

2. Landlocked B) Position in relation to other geographic features

3. Northern Tip C) Ethiopia's border with six countries

4. Absolute Location D) Northernmost point in Tigray

Part 3: True or False Statements

6. Ethiopia has a compact shape, allowing for efficient administrative management.

True / False
7. The total area of Ethiopia is approximately 1,106,000 square kilometers.
True / False
8. Ethiopia is located to the northeast of the Indian Ocean.
True / False
9. The Abbay River drains the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia.
True / False

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 Geography Grade-9

10. Ethiopia's landlocked status means it has no coastal boundaries.

True / False

Part 4: Short Answer Questions

11. What are the two main types of location used to describe Ethiopia?
Answer: ________________________________________________________
12. List three advantages of Ethiopia's large size.
Answer: ________________________________________________________
13. Name the highest point in Ethiopia and its elevation above sea level.
Answer: ________________________________________________________
14. What is the significance of Ethiopia's strategic location?
Answer: ________________________________________________________
15. Explain how Ethiopia's shape impacts its defense management.
Answer: ________________________________________________________

Exam: Location, Size, and Shape of Ethiopia (Set 2)

Part 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the latitude range of Ethiopia?

A) 0° N – 10° N
B) 3° N – 15° N
C) 5° N – 20° N
D) 1° S – 10° N
2. Which river is the wettest lowland area in Ethiopia associated with?
A) Abbay River
B) Baro River
C) Omo River
D) Tekezze River
3. Ethiopia's strategic location is NOT associated with which of the following?
A) Trade routes
B) Water bodies
C) Proximity to Europe
D) Landmass shapes
4. Which of the following statements about Ethiopia’s size is true?
A) It is the smallest country in Africa.
B) It is larger than Sudan.
C) It accounts for 3.6% of Africa's landmass.
D) It is 1.5 times larger than Somalia.
5. The northernmost point of Ethiopia is located in which region?
A) Tigray
B) Amhara

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 Geography Grade-9

C) Oromia
D) Gambella

Part 2: Matching Questions

Match the terms in Column A with their correct descriptions in Column B.

Column A Column B

1. Horn of Africa A) Shape impacts defense and administrative efficiency

2. Compact Shape B) Contains diverse agro-ecological zones

3. Abbay River C) Major river that drains the western highlands

4. Administrative Challenges D) Issues due to large size

Part 3: True or False Statements

6. Ethiopia has no direct access to the sea due to its landlocked status.
True / False
7. Ethiopia's compact shape can lead to economic disadvantages.
True / False
8. The area of Ethiopia is approximately 1 million square kilometers.
True / False
9. The absolute location of Ethiopia helps in understanding its geographical context.
True / False
10. Ethiopia shares borders with five countries.
True / False

Part 4: Short Answer Questions

11. Define "relative location" in the context of Ethiopia.

Answer: ________________________________________________________
12. Name two rivers that drain the western lowlands of Ethiopia.
Answer: ________________________________________________________
13. What challenges does Ethiopia face due to its large size?
Answer: ________________________________________________________
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 Geography Grade-9

14. How does Ethiopia’s position impact its political leverage in the region?
Answer: ________________________________________________________
15. What is the importance of understanding Ethiopia's shape in geography?
Answer: ________________________________________________________

Answers

Part 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. C) 5,260 km
2. D) Uganda
3. B) Latitude and longitude
4. B) Tenth largest country in Africa
5. C) Compact

Part 2: Matching Questions

1. B) Position in relation to other geographic features

2. C) Ethiopia's border with six countries
3. D) Northernmost point in Tigray
4. A) Area expressed in latitudes and longitudes

Part 3: True or False Statements

6. True
7. True
8. False
9. True
10. True

Part 4: Short Answer Questions

11. Relative Location and Absolute Location
12. - Diverse agro-ecological zones

 Significant amount of arable land

 Great variety of mineral resources

13. Mount Ras Dashen; 4,620 m a.m.s.l.

14. It is significant for trade routes, military significance, and resource availability.
15. A compact shape allows for more efficient defense management, as each kilometer of the
boundary protects a larger area within the country.

Answers

Part 1: Multiple Choice Questions

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 Geography Grade-9

1. B) 3° N – 15° N
2. B) Baro River
3. D) Landmass shapes
4. C) It accounts for 3.6% of Africa's landmass.
5. A) Tigray

Part 2: Matching Questions

1. B) Contains diverse agro-ecological zones

2. A) Shape impacts defense and administrative efficiency
3. C) Major river that drains the western highlands
4. D) Issues due to large size

Part 3: True or False Statements

6. True
7. False
8. True
9. True
10. False

Part 4: Short Answer Questions

11. Relative location refers to Ethiopia's position in relation to neighboring countries and other
geographic features.
12. - Dabus River

 Didesa River

13. Challenges include high administrative costs, the need for a large army, and infrastructure
development.
14. Ethiopia’s position enhances its influence in trade and regional security issues, making it
a key player in northeastern Africa.
15. Understanding Ethiopia's shape is important for assessing its administrative efficiency,
defense strategies, and economic integration.

Exam on Geological History of Ethiopia

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which era is characterized by the formation of crystalline basement rocks in Ethiopia? a)

Paleozoic Era
b) Mesozoic Era
c) Precambrian Era
d) Cenozoic Era
2. What significant geological event occurred during the Mesozoic Era in Ethiopia? a)
Formation of the Great East African Rift
b) Extensive volcanic activity

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 Geography Grade-9

c) Development of sedimentary rocks

d) Appearance of the first land vertebrates
3. During which period did the Adigrat sandstone form? a) Triassic Period
b) Jurassic Period
c) Cretaceous Period
d) Quaternary Period
4. The Cenozoic Era is known for the predominance of which type of life form? a)
Invertebrates
b) Mammals and birds
c) Dinosaurs
d) Coral reefs

Matching Questions

Match the geological era with its key characteristic:

Geological Era Key Characteristic

1. Precambrian a) Age of Reptiles

2. Paleozoic b) Formation of sedimentary rocks

3. Mesozoic c) Appearance of crystalline basement rocks

4. Cenozoic d) Dominance of invertebrates

True or False Questions

5. The Paleozoic Era is known for the dominance of amphibians as the primary life forms.
True / False
6. The Great East African Rift Valley was formed during the Mesozoic Era.
True / False
7. The Cenozoic Era includes the Tertiary and Quaternary periods.
True / False
8. The crystalline basement rocks in Ethiopia are the youngest geological formations.
True / False

Short Answer Questions

9. List the three significant periods of the Mesozoic Era in Ethiopia and their associated
geological features.
10. Describe the primary geological events that took place during the Quaternary Period in
Ethiopia.
11. Identify the regions in Ethiopia where metamorphic rocks are predominantly found.

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 Geography Grade-9

12. What role did volcanic activity play in the geological history of the Ethiopian Highlands?

Exam on Geological History of Ethiopia

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which era is characterized by the formation of crystalline basement rocks in Ethiopia?

a) Paleozoic Era
b) Mesozoic Era
c) Precambrian Era
d) Cenozoic Era
2. What significant geological event occurred during the Mesozoic Era in Ethiopia?
a) Formation of the Great East African Rift
b) Extensive volcanic activity
c) Development of sedimentary rocks
d) Appearance of the first land vertebrates
3. During which period did the Adigrat sandstone form?
a) Triassic Period
b) Jurassic Period
c) Cretaceous Period
d) Quaternary Period
4. The Cenozoic Era is known for the predominance of which type of life form?
a) Invertebrates
b) Mammals and birds
c) Dinosaurs
d) Coral reefs

Matching Questions

Match the geological era with its key characteristic:

Geological Era Key Characteristic

1. Precambrian a) Age of Reptiles

2. Paleozoic b) Formation of sedimentary rocks

3. Mesozoic c) Appearance of crystalline basement rocks

4. Cenozoic d) Dominance of invertebrates

True or False Questions

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 Geography Grade-9

5. The Paleozoic Era is known for the dominance of amphibians as the primary life forms.
True / False
6. The Great East African Rift Valley was formed during the Mesozoic Era.
True / False
7. The Cenozoic Era includes the Tertiary and Quaternary periods.
True / False
8. The crystalline basement rocks in Ethiopia are the youngest geological formations.
True / False

Short Answer Questions

9. List the three significant periods of the Mesozoic Era in Ethiopia and their associated
geological features.
10. Describe the primary geological events that took place during the Quaternary Period in
Ethiopia.
11. Identify the regions in Ethiopia where metamorphic rocks are predominantly found.
12. What role did volcanic activity play in the geological history of the Ethiopian Highlands?

Answers

1. c) Precambrian Era
2. c) Development of sedimentary rocks
3. a) Triassic Period
4. b) Mammals and birds

Matching Answers:
1-c
2-d
3-b
4-a

5. False
6. False
7. True
8. False

Short Answer Responses:

9. The three significant periods of the Mesozoic Era are:

 Triassic: Formation of Adigrat sandstone

 Jurassic: Formation of Hintalo limestone
 Cretaceous: Deposition of Upper Sandstone

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 Geography Grade-9

10. The primary geological events during the Quaternary Period include recent volcanic
activities, the formation of the Afar Horst, and the development of thermal springs and
fumaroles in the Rift Valley.
11. Metamorphic rocks are predominantly found in the central and northern parts of Ethiopia,
particularly in the Tigray and Gondar regions and the Western Highlands.
12. Volcanic activity contributed to the formation of the Ethiopian Highlands through
extensive basaltic lava flows, shaping the landscape and contributing to the development
of various geological structures.

Answers

1. c) Precambrian Era
2. c) Development of sedimentary rocks
3. a) Triassic Period
4. b) Mammals and birds

Matching Answers:
1-c
2-d
3-b
4-a

5. False
6. False
7. True
8. False

Short Answer Responses:

9. The three significant periods of the Mesozoic Era are:

 Triassic: Formation of Adigrat sandstone

 Jurassic: Formation of Hintalo limestone
 Cretaceous: Deposition of Upper Sandstone

10. The primary geological events during the Quaternary Period include recent volcanic
activities, the formation of the Afar Horst, and the development of thermal springs and
fumaroles in the Rift Valley.
11. Metamorphic rocks are predominantly found in the central and northern parts of Ethiopia,
particularly in the Tigray and Gondar regions and the Western Highlands.
12. Volcanic activity contributed to the formation of the Ethiopian Highlands through
extensive basaltic lava flows, shaping the landscape and contributing to the development
of various geological structures.

Exam on Landforms of Ethiopia

Multiple Choice Questions

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 Geography Grade-9

1. What is the highest point in Ethiopia? a) Mount Legeda

b) Mount Gughe
c) Ras Dashen
d) Mount Abbuye Meda
2. Which river is a major source for the Western Highlands? a) Gibe River
b) Baro River
c) Awash River
d) Omo River
3. The Western Highlands cover what percentage of Ethiopia's total area? a) 25%
b) 44%
c) 60%
d) 75%
4. The lowest elevation in Ethiopia is found in which location? a) Ras Dashen
b) Gamo Plateau
c) Dallol Depression
d) Abbay Gorge

Matching

Match the features with their correct descriptions:

A. Plateau of Tigray 1. Source of rivers like the Abbay River

B. North Central Massif 2. Highest peak is Ras Dashen

C. Plateau of Shewa 3. Small arable lands known as ambas

D. Southwestern Highlands 4. Wettest region with coffee production

True or False

5. True or False: The Western Lowlands are characterized by a high elevation of over
2,500 meters above sea level.
6. True or False: The North Central Massif is primarily composed of sedimentary rock
formations.
7. True or False: The Southwestern Highlands are known for their coffee and spice
production.
8. True or False: The Western Highlands are separated from the Southeastern Highlands
by the Great Rift Valley.

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 Geography Grade-9

Short Answer Questions

9. List the four sub-divisions of the Western Highlands.

10. Why are the northern mountains of Ethiopia considered highly rugged?

Exam on Landforms of Ethiopia

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which plateau is known for its unique geological features and high elevations
exceeding 3,000 meters?
a) The North Central Massif
b) The Plateau of Shewa
c) The Plateau of Tigray
d) The Southwestern Highlands
2. What is the general climate of the Western Lowlands?
a) Tropical
b) Temperate
c) Arid to semi-arid
d) Polar
3. Which river is considered the longest in Ethiopia and drains many highlands?
a) Omo River
b) Abbay River
c) Baro River
d) Gibe River
4. Which physiographic division is primarily known for its agricultural productivity of
cereals and pulses?
a) The Plateau of Shewa
b) The North Central Massif
c) The Southwestern Highlands
d) The Western Highlands

Matching

Match the following features with their descriptions:

A. Mount Gughe 1. Major river flowing through the Western Highlands

B. Deep River Gorges 2. Highest peak in the Southwestern Highlands

C. The Abbay River 3. Characteristic of the rugged terrain of Ethiopia

D. The Gamo-Konso Highlands 4. Known for high rainfall and coffee production

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 Geography Grade-9

A. Mount Gughe 1. Major river flowing through the Western Highlands

True or False

5. True or False: The Southwestern Highlands are primarily characterized by low rainfall.
6. True or False: The Western Highlands are important for Ethiopia’s hydrology due to
their role as a source of many rivers.
7. True or False: The Plateau of Shewa is the largest sub-division of the Western
Highlands.
8. True or False: Erosion has significantly affected the soil quality in the Plateau of Tigray.

Short Answer Questions

9. What are the four main groups the Western Highlands are subdivided into?
10. What geological processes contribute to the ruggedness of the Northern Mountains?

Answers

1. c) Ras Dashen
2. b) Baro River
3. b) 44%
4. c) Dallol Depression

Matching Answers:

 A-4
 B-3
 C-1
 D-2

5. False
6. False
7. True
8. True

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 Geography Grade-9

9. The four sub-divisions of the Western Highlands are:

o The Plateau of Tigray
o The North Central Massif
o The Plateau of Shewa (Central Plateau)
o The Southwestern Highlands

10. The northern mountains of Ethiopia are highly rugged due to:
o Tectonic Activity
o Erosion
o Volcanic Activity
o Geological Composition

Answers

1. c) The Plateau of Tigray

2. c) Arid to semi-arid
3. b) Abbay River
4. b) The North Central Massif

Matching Answers:

 A-2
 B-3
 C-1
 D-4

5. False
6. True
7. False
8. True

9. The four main groups of the Western Highlands are:

o The Plateau of Tigray
o The North Central Massif
o The Plateau of Shewa (Central Plateau)
o The Southwestern Highlands

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 Geography Grade-9

10. The geological processes that contribute to the ruggedness of the Northern Mountains
include:
o Tectonic Activity
o Erosion
o Volcanic Activity
o Geological Composition

58