UNIT V

Solids, Liquids, Gases

 How are solids and liquids different from gases?

Solids Liquids Gases

1. shape & volume

2. IMF

3. Rate of diffusion

4. Density

5. Compressibility

6. Entropy
IA. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT):
(IDEAL GAS)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
1. When two particles collide
(1) energy is transferred
(2) energy is lost
(3) evaporation occurs
(4) both particles stop
2. The kinetic theory states that
(5) gas particles orbit one another
(6) gas particles attract each other
(7) all gas particles have the same energy at a
given temperature
(8) all gas particles are in motion
 Which real gases behave most like an
ideal gas?
Hint: Gases with low mass behave most like an ideal gas

Hydrogen & Helium

IB. REAL vs. IDEAL gas
1. A real gas behaves ideal at conditions of:

1. high temperature

2. low pressure

Why?
2. Real gases deviate from ideal conditions of:

a) low temperature & high pressure

Why?
 PLIGHT

Low temperature High temperature Low vs high

pressure

Pressure Low Ideal Gas High Temperature

 Gas Pressure
• Force exerted on container walls by particles in a
gas
• Standard Pressure = 1atm, 101.3kPa, 760 mm Hg,
760 torr, (14.7 psi)
 Factors Affecting Pressure
Amount of Increasing amount will increase
Gas (number Pressure and dec amount will dec
of moles) pressure

Temperature Increasing temp. will increase

Pressure and dec temp will
decrease pressure

Volume Decreasing volume will increase P,

increasing volume decreases P
Summary of Ideal vs Real Gases
 Example 1
An assumption of the kinetic theory of gases is that the particles
of a gas have

A. little attraction for each other and a significant volume

B. little attraction for each other and an insignificant volume
C. strong attraction for each other and a significant volume
D. strong attraction for each other and an insignificant volume
 Example 2
Under which conditions of temperature and
pressure would He behave most like an ideal gas?
A) 50 K and 20 kPa
B) 50 K and 600 kPa
C) 750 K and 20 kPa
D) 750 K and 600 kPa
 Example 3:
Convert 98.7 kPa to mmHg
II. Gas Laws
A. Boyle’s Law:As the pressure on a gas increases, the
volume of the gas decreases (inverse relationship)

Mathematically… Pᐧ V = k… therefore P1V1 = P2V2

 Explain
Use Boyle’s law to explain how a spray aerosol can
works.
1.
A high – altitude balloon contains 30.0 L of helium gas at 103
kPa. What is the volume when the balloon rises to an
altitude where the pressure is only 25.0 kPa? (Assume
temperature is constant)
2.
A sample of hydrogen at 1.5 atm had its pressure decreased
to 0.50 atm producing a new volume of 750 mL. What was
its original volume?

3. A sample of helium gas has a volume of 200.0 mL at 0.960

atm. What pressure, in atmospheres, is needed to reduce the
volume at constant temperature to 50.0 mL?
B. Charles’ Law: when temperature of a gas
increases, volume increases at constant
pressure (direct relationship)

Mathematically… V1 / T1 = k… therefore V1 = V2
T1 T2
 Explain
Using Charles’s law, explain why basketballs
deflate in the winter time.
1.
A balloon inflated in a room at 24oC has a volume of 4.00 L.
The balloon is then heated to a room temperature of 58oC.
What is the new volume if the pressure remains constant?
2.
A sample of nitrogen gas occupies 1.55 L at 27oC and
1.00 atm. What will the volume be at -100.0oC and the
same pressure?
 Independent Practice:
1. What volume will a 300 mL sample of gas occupy when
the pressure is increased from 5 atm to 10 atm?

2. The volume of a sample of a gas at 273oC is 200 liters. If

the volume is decreased to 100 liters at constant
pressure, what will be the new temperature of the gas?
http://cationdesigns.blogspot.com/p/high-school
-science-teacher-resources.html
C. Gay – Lussac’s Law: When temperature of a gas
increases, pressure increases at constant volume
(direct relationship)

Mathematically: P1/T1 = k… therefore P1 = P2

T1 T2
Using Gay-Lussac’s law, draw a model to explain
how a pressure cooker works.
1. A gas exerts 200.0 kPa at 50oC. At what temperature will
the pressure be 126.5 kPa (assuming volume stays constant).

2. A gas in a closed container is pressurized from 15.0

atmospheres to 16.0 atmospheres and its original
temperature was 25oC, what would the final temperature of
the gas be?
 Summing it Up
• If temperature is a variable, then the relationship
is DIRECT
• If temperature is NOT a variable (constant), then
the relationship is INVERSE
A gas occupies 2.0 m3 at 100.0 K and exerts a pressure of
100.0 kPa. What volume will the gas occupy if the
temperature is increased to 400.0 K and the pressure is
increased to 200.0 kPa?

What formula do we use for this one?

D. Combined Gas Law

P1 V 1 = P2 V 2
T1 T2
 Combined gas law problems
1. A sample of argon has a volume of 5.0 L and the pressure is 0.92
atm. If the final temperature is 30oC, the final volume is 5.7L, and the
final pressure is 96 kPa, what is the initial temperature of the argon?
2. A sample of gas occupies 50.0 L at 15oC and 4 atm
pressure. What is the new volume at STP?

3. What is the original volume at STP of 720.0 mL of a

gas collected at 20.0oC and 3.00 atm pressure?
4. If neon gas exerts a pressure of 1.25 atm at 28oC, what would
the temperature be if the pressure is changed to 726 mmHg
(assuming volume stays constant)?

5. 200 mL of argon gas is 25oC and exerts a pressure of

795 torr. If the conditions are corrected to STP, what will the
new volume be?
E. Avogadro’s Law: Equal volume of any gas at the
same temperature and pressure will have equal
molecules (not necessarily atoms).
• 1 mole of N2 = 6.02 x 1023 nitrogen molecules. Each nitrogen
molecule (N2) is made up of two nitrogen atoms. Therefore 1 mole
of nitrogen molecules (N2) contains 2 moles of atoms = 2(6.02 x
10 23 ) = 1.20 x 1024 atoms.

• 1 mole of He = 6.02 x 1023 helium atoms. Helium itself moves

around as an individual atom.

• 1 mole of CH4 = 6.02 x 1023 methane molecules. Each methane

(CH4) is made up of 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms totaling
5 atoms per molecule. Therefore, 1 mole of methane molecules
contain 5 moles of atoms = 5 (6.02 x 10 23 )= 3.01 x 1024 atoms.
 Sample problems
1. At STP, 1.0 liter of helium contains 2. Which two gas samples have the
the same total number of atoms as same total number of molecules?
a. 1.0 L of Ne
b. 2.0 L of Kr
c. 0.5 L of Rn
d. 1.5 L of Ar
3.
Avogadro’s Law

Mathematically: Graphically:
4.
A weather balloon with a volume of 44L is filled
with 2.0 mol of helium. If 3.0 mol of helium are
added to the weather balloon, what is the final
volume in the balloon? Assume temperature and
pressure do not change.
5. What is the volume, in liters, of 64.0 g of O2 gas at STP?

6. How many grams of Cl2(g) are in 5.00 L of Cl2 (g) at S.T.P?

 Independent Practice:
Use molar volume to calculate each of the following at STP
1.The volume (l) occupied by 2.50 mol of N2 gas

2.The volume (ml) occupied by 0.420 mol of He gas

3.The number of grams of neon contained in 11.2 L of Ne

4.The number of moles of H2 in 1620 ml of H2 gas

F. Ideal gas law: An equation to determine the state of
an ideal gas. The state is the conditions of the gas at a
given time. It is also a good approximation for real gases.
 The Equation
Combination of many gas laws.

P = pressure → atm or kPa

V = volume → Liters
T = temperature → Kelvin
n = moles
R = ideal gas constant → 0.0821 atm*L/mol*K
8.31 kPa*L/mol*K
 Easy ideal gas law problems
1. Calculate the volume of 1 mole of hydrogen gas @ S.T.P.

2. Calculate the volume of 2 mole of methane gas at

standard conditions.

3. Calculate the volume of 28 g of methane under S.T.P?

 Somewhat easy ideal gas law problems
1. How many moles of oxygen will occupy a volume of 2.5
liters at 1.2 atm and 25oC ?

2. What volume will 2.0 moles of nitrogen occupy at 720

torr and 20oC?

3. How many moles of nitrogen gas will occupy a volume of

347 mL at 6680 torr and 27oC?
 Not as easy ideal gas law problems
1. Calculate the mass of neon gas if a sample exerts 725
mmHg at 27oC and occupies a volume of 350.mL

2. Calculate the molar mass of a gas when 88.0 grams of

the gas exerts a pressure of 825 mmHg and occupies a
volume of 30.0 L at 27oC.
How could you use the ideal gas law to
determine the density of a gas?
 Sample problems:
1. Calculate the density of chlorine gas under standard
conditions.

2. If the density of a gas is 5.9 g/L at a pressure of 1.6 atm

and 95 K, calculate the molar mass of the gas.
 Independent Practice:
3. If the density of a gas is 0.712 g/mL at a pressure of
450. kPa and – 25oC, calculate the molar mass of the gas.
4. Calculate the density of each of the following gases, in
grams, per liter, at STP.
– C3H8

– NH3

– Cl2

– Ar
5. The density of a gas is 1.96 g/L at S.T.P. What is the
molar mass of the gas?
 G. Vapor Pressure and Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

1. Equilibrium Vapor Pressure: the vapor pressure that a

vapor exerts on a liquid.

Liquid The gas particles

molecules at the create pressure
surface escape above the liquid in
into gas phase a closed container

Simulation - What happens to the vapor pressure when you increase the water temperature?
a. Vapor pressure increases with
increasing temperature. (direct relationship)
 b. Every liquid has its own unique vapor pressure
at a given temperature.
*** Volatile liquids are those that easily evaporate
and therefore have weak IMF. Can these liquids be
distilled?
Questions
What is the vapor pressure of propanone @ 60oC?
Ethanol: _______
Water: ______
Ethanoic acid: ______
V.P = stronger IMF (intermolecular force of attraction)

V.P = weaker IMF (intermolecular force of attraction)

c. Boiling occurs when VP = atmospheric pressure.
- boiling: l 🡪g throughout sample (not just at surface)
- normal B.P: Temp. at which substance boils at standard
pressure.
The normal
B.P occurs
when the
atmospheric
pressure is
101.3 kPa
(standard)
What is the normal boiling point of propanone?
Ethanol: ______
Water:_______
Ethanoic Acid: ______
B.P = stronger IMF (intermolecular force of attraction)

B.P = weaker IMF (intermolecular force of attraction)

1.

As the pressure on the surface of a liquid

decreases, the temperature at which the
liquid will boil
(1) decreases
(2) increases
(3) remains the same
2.
Using your knowledge of chemistry and the information
in Reference Table H, which statement concerning
propanone and water at 50°C is true?
(1) Propanone has a higher vapor pressure and
stronger intermolecular forces than water.
(2) Propanone has a higher vapor pressure and
weaker intermolecular forces than water.
(3) Propanone has a lower vapor pressure and
stronger intermolecular forces than water.
(4) Propanone has a lower vapor pressure and
weaker intermolecular forces than water.
 3.

What is the boiling

point of ethanol when
the atmospheric
pressure is 0.595 atm?
4. Which liquid will evaporate more rapidly? Explain
your answer in terms of intermolecular forces.
1. What is the normal boiling point for
CCl4 when the atmospheric pressure
is 101.3 kPa?

2. What is the vapor pressure when

water is heated to 70oC?

3. Which liquid on the graph has

molecules that exert the strongest
attractive forces on each other?

4. Does increasing the temperature of

a liquid cause is vapor pressure to
increase or decrease?

5. Which of the liquids in this figure

would be the easiest to evaporate?
d. Boiling points change with pressure changes.

Boiling cold water in a vacuum chamber

What would happen to the boiling point if
you removed atmospheric pressure?
2. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures: the total pressure of a
mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures
that each gas would exert if it alone occupied the volume.

` = O3
= N2
= Ar
= He
total pressure = 200. kpa
Ptot = PHe + PNe + PAr

Ptot = 1 atm + 2 atm + 3 atm = 6 atm

1. A diving tank contains a mixture of oxygen and
nitrogen. The pressure exerted by these gases is
7.2 atm. The partial pressure of the nitrogen is
5.76 atm. What is the pressure exerted by the
oxygen in atm. & KPa?

Ptot = PO2 + PN2

7.2 atm = P02 + 5.76 atm

PO2 = 1.44 atm
PO2 = 1.44 x 101.3 = 145.87 Kpa
2.
Two moles of hydrogen gas and one mole of neon
gas exert a total pressure of 150. kPa. Calculate the
partial pressure of both hydrogen and neon gas.
3.

A mixture of 30. % He and 70.% Ar exerts a pressure

of 150.kPa at 25oC. What is the partial pressure of
each gas?
4.
200 mL of hydrogen gas and 100 mL of neon gas exert a
total pressure of 150.kPa. Calculate the partial pressure
of both hydrogen and neon gas.
5. A sample of NH3 (g) is decomposed into its elements. If
the pressure of the nitrogen gas produced equals 40.0
kPa, what would be the pressure of the hydrogen gas
(assume no NH3 is left in the container)
6. A sealed tank contains the following gases, 2.0 grams of
He, 48.0 grams of O2, 14.0 grams of N2, 64.0 grams of SO2
and 9.0 grams of H2. If the total pressure is 800.0 kPa, what
is the partial pressure of each gas?
What gas is produced from the
decomposition of potassium
chlorate?
 How do you determine the
pressure exhibited by the oxygen
gas in the graduated cylinder?
PT = Pgas + PH2O

● Water vapor exerts a pressure which

contributes to the total pressure.
● Water vapor depends on the temperature of
water.
Gas collected over water by water displacement
1. 24.3 mL of hydrogen was collected over water at 15oC and 756.2
mmHg. Find the partial pressure of the dry gas at these
conditions.

2. 723.4 mL of helium gas was collected over water at 80oC and

845.1 mmHg. Find the partial pressure of the dry gas at these
conditions.
 Dalton’s Law and Combined Gas Law
3. A 475 mL sample of gas is collected over water at 27oC and with
a total pressure of 675 mmHg. If the vapor pressure of water at 27oC
is 26.7 torr, what is the volume of the gas sample at standard
conditions?
 Dalton’s Law and Combined Gas Law
4. A 0.55 L sample of the hydrogen gas is collected over water at a
temperature of 25oC. The total pressure of the collected gas is 735
mmHg. What would be the volume of the dry hydrogen at 27oC and
1atm?
How do you explain what is happening here?
Which beaker would you predict the white
smoke to settle on?
H. Graham’s Law: Gases of lower molar mass diffuse and
effuse faster that gases of higher molar mass.

1. Diffusion: the process by which gas particles spread out.

2. Effusion: the process in which gas particles escape through a
tiny hole.
In this container there is 5ml of H2 and 5 ml of O2 separated
by a stopper. What would happen when the stopper is
opened after 1 minute? What about after 10 minutes?

What volume will the gases

occupy after 10 min?
Given the image below, which gas would
effuse the fastest, chlorine or fluorine?
● A gas will effuse at a rate
that is inversely proportional
to the square root of its
molar mass (MM).
 Example
1. Compare the rate of effusion of H2 and O2.
2.
3. What is the molecular mass of a gas which diffuse 1/10
as fast as hydrogen?
4. If equal amounts of helium and argon are placed in
porous container and allowed to escape, which gas will
escape faster and how much faster?
5. What is the rate of effusion for a gas that has a molar
mass twice that of a gas effuses at a rate of 4.2 mol/min?
Review