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8 views5 pages

Compiled_Notes_merged

ergegtgbrgtaegtaesg

Uploaded by

kk4020002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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### Chapter 1: Safety and Professionalism

**Tools of the Trade:**

- PC repair toolkits and mobile device kits are essential.

- Use a voltage tester or volt-ohm meter to test input voltage.

- Always carry multiple thumb drives for quick access.

**Troubleshooting Theory:**

1. Identify the problem.

2. Establish a theory of probable cause.

3. Test the theory to confirm the cause.

4. Plan and implement a solution.

5. Verify full functionality and implement preventive measures.

6. Document findings, actions, and outcomes.

---

### Chapter 2: The Visible Computer

**Primary PC Components:**

- System unit: motherboard, CPU, RAM, and storage.

- Peripherals: monitor (visual output), keyboard, mouse, speakers (audio output).

**Touring a PC:**

- Recognize components and connectors for efficiency.

- Use coloring on connectors (e.g., USB, audio) to identify generations.

**What Is a Computer?**
- Comprises CPU, RAM, storage, and an operating system.

- Includes laptops, mobile devices, and IoT devices.

---

### Chapter 3: CPUs

**What is a CPU?**

- Executes programs and processes commands using internal features and machine languages.

- Utilizes pipelines (cores) for optimized command processing.

**Modern CPUs:**

- Performance measured by clock speed and cores.

- Features include multi-cores and RISC (ARM chips).

- APUs integrate graphics within the CPU.

**32-Bit vs. 64-Bit Computing:**

- x86: 32-bit; x86-64: supports both 32- and 64-bit; x64: only 64-bit.

- 64-bit systems handle more data, offer better graphics, and have enhanced security.

**Choosing the Right CPU:**

- Higher cores and clock speed benefit intensive tasks (e.g., gaming, editing).

- Laptops focus on power efficiency.

- Overclockable CPUs for performance enthusiasts.

**CPU Cooling:**

- Heat sinks transfer heat; thermal paste fills gaps for better conductivity.

- Cooling options: air-cooling fans, liquid cooling (higher efficiency).


**Installing and Troubleshooting CPUs:**

- Use ESD prevention methods.

- CPU sockets: Pin Grid Array (PGA) and Land Grid Array (LGA).

- Zero-Insertion Force (ZIF) mechanism secures CPUs.

- Check all connections and components for non-functional CPUs.


Simplified Notes on RAM, Firmware, and Motherboards

Chapter 4: RAM
- Types of RAM:

- DRAM has various versions that double commands processed per clock cycle.

- RAM speeds are measured using DDR or PC ratings.

- RAM Capacity:

- Each stick of RAM has a specific capacity.

- RAM is available in single- and double-sided versions.

- Channels require identical RAM capacities for optimal performance.

- RAM Features:

- Parity and ECC RAM detect and correct memory errors.

- ECC RAM works only on motherboards that support it.

- SO-DIMMs are designed for smaller spaces.

- Virtual Memory:

- Used when physical memory is exhausted.

- The operating system usually controls virtual memory automatically.

- Installing RAM:

- Check hardware and software requirements before installation.

- RAM notches must align with the motherboard slots.

- Poorly seated RAM often causes functionality issues.

Chapter 5: Firmware
- BIOS (Basic Input/Output Services):

- Facilitates communication between the motherboard and CPU.

- Stored in non-volatile memory, also known as firmware.

- POST (Power-On Self-Test):


- Runs during system startup to check devices.

- Errors are communicated through beep codes or text messages.

- System Setup:

- UEFI has replaced traditional BIOS in modern systems.

- Allows configuration of CPU, RAM timings, and boot options.

- Troubleshooting Firmware:

- The real-time clock battery maintains system time without external power.

- Firmware can be updated by flashing the ROM chip.

Chapter 6: Motherboards
- Form Factors:

- Motherboards and cases follow standardized form factors like ATX and MicroATX.

- Chipsets:

- Determine RAM capacity, USB capabilities, and CPU architecture.

- Modern chipsets integrate most Northbridge functions into the CPU.

- Choosing Motherboards:

- Consider CPU type, form factor, and RAM capacity.

- Also referred to as mainboards or system boards.

- Installing Motherboards:

- Standoff screws prevent electrical damage to the motherboard.

- Installing the CPU and heat sink beforehand simplifies the process.

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