Part 1:

Object Oriented Programming

IN PYTHON

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 Data Structures and Algorithms in Python
Michael T. Goodrich, Roberto Tamassia, Michael H. Goldwasser
July 2013, ©2013
[Exists in Braude Library]
 Python 3 Object Oriented Programming
Dusty Philips
 Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python,
revised and expanded edition
John V. Guttag

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 Look around in classroom and make a list of all objects you
see? Try to be creative …
 Did you count objects or classes?
 Expand your view to the college area, which other
objects/classes do you see?
 Further categorize your classes according to is-a
relationships (base classes, super classes)

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Quiz 1: An Object or a Class?

Animal Dog Sylvester

Cat
Scooby-doo
Parrot
Tom
Tweety Bird

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Quiz 2: An Object or a Class?

Integer Number

157 3.14159
Float

Vector
Matrix

(3.1, 5, 420)

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 A “stand alone” entity that belongs to some class
 An instance of a class
 It must be something that can be identified by a private
name or identity number (or memory address!)

3.14159
157

(3.1, 5, 420)

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 In software engineering, objects are abstract models of
real life objects
twit: Bird
avi: Student name = "Twitty"
color = "yellow"
first_name = Avi weight = 12
last_name = Levy owner = avi
age = 25 friends = [sylv, spike, granny]
id = 9108253
phone = 07-5432198
email = "[email protected]" sylv: Cat
address = "Dan 12, Haifa"
name = "Sylvester"
color = "black and white"
weight = 36
owner = avi
friends = [granny, spike]
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 Sometimes we would like to also indicate members Type
(Class)
 Class = Type !

p1: Point p2: Point

x:integer = 37 x:integer = 91
y:integer = -58 y:integer = 305

foo: Line
start:Point = p1
end:Point = p2
width:float = 3.5
color:string = "red"

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 Object attributes are the list of properties that we decided to
model for it
 Example: a Line object has 4 attributes:
 Point [start]
 Point [end]
 Float [width]
 String [color]
foo: Line
start:Point = p1
end:Point = p2
width:float = 3.5
color:string = "red"

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 An object Diagram consists of the object name, object
Class, and a list of attributes with their values

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 OOP – Object Oriented Programming
 OOD – Object Oriented Design
 OOA – Object Oriented Analysis
All these three topics are related but are not the same!
 OOA
building and analyzing an object model of the application domain
 OOD
Implementing the object model (using abstract data types, charts,
and specifications. UML – Unified Modelling Language
 OOP
Realizing the OOD in a specific programming language (like C++,
Java, or Python)

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 In contrast to C struct, a Class contains methods

avi: Student dany: Employee

first_name = “Avi” fields Name:string = "Dany Cohen" fields
last_name = Levy address:string = "Paz 12, Eilat"
age = 25 birthdate:Date = Date(25,12,1987)
id = 9108253 manager:Employee = avi
phone = 07-5432198 Department:string = "Testing"
email = "[email protected]"
address = "Dan 12, Haifa" join() methods
leave()
getName() methods
retire()
setId() changeStatus()
getAddress()

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 The process of creating a new instance of a class is known as
instantiation
 To instantiate an object we usually invoke the constructor of a class:
u = Vector()
 This is assuming that the constructor does not require any parameters.

 A constructor may require parameters, such as

v = Vector(10, 20, 30)
 Many of Python’s built-in classes a literal form for designating new
instances. For example, the command
temperature = 98.6
results in the creation of a new instance of the float class.

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 A class is immutable if each object of that class has a fixed
value upon instantiation that cannot subsequently be
changed. For example, the float class is immutable.

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Mutable and Immutable Classes

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 The bool class is used for logical (Boolean) values
 It has only two objects: True, False
 The default constructor, bool( ), returns False:

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 Python allows the creation of a Boolean value from a
nonboolean type using the syntax bool(foo) for value foo.
The interpretation depends upon the type of the parameter.
 Numbers evaluate to False if zero, and True if nonzero.
 Sequences and other container types, such as strings and lists,
evaluate to False if empty and True if nonempty.

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Boolean expressions

s = "Hello World"
A = [1,2,3]

if A:
print "The list A is not empty!"

if s:
print "The string s is not empty"

B = []
if not B:
print "B is empty list"

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 The int class is designed to represent integer values with
arbitrary magnitude.
 Python automatically chooses the internal representation for an
integer based upon the magnitude of its value.
 The integer constructor, int(), returns 0 by default.
 This constructor can also construct an integer value based
upon an existing value of another type.
 For example, if f represents a floating-point value, the syntax
int(f) produces the truncated value of f. For example, int(3.14)
produces the value 3, while int(−3.9) produces the value −3.
 The constructor can also be used to parse a string that represents
an integer. For example, the expression int(137) produces the
integer value 137.

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The int constructor

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 The float class is the floating-point type in Python.
 The floating-point equivalent of an integral number, 2, can be
expressed directly as 2.0.
 One other form of literal for floating-point values uses scientific
notation. For example, the literal 6.022e23 represents the
mathematical value 6.022×1023.
 The constructor float( ) returns 0.0.
 When given a parameter, the constructor, float, returns the
equivalent floating-point value.
 float(2) returns the floating-point value 2.0
 float(‘3.14’) returns 3.14

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The float constructor

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The infinite float

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 A list instance stores a sequence of objects, that is, a sequence of
references (or pointers) to objects in the list.
 Elements of a list may be arbitrary objects (including the None object).
 Lists are array-based sequences and a list of length n has elements
indexed from 0 to n−1 inclusive.

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 Lists have the ability to dynamically expand and contract their capacities
as needed.
 Python uses the characters [ ] as delimiters for a list literal.
 [] is an empty list.
 [‘red’, ‘green’, ‘blue’] is a list containing three string instances.

 The list( ) constructor produces an empty list by default.

 The list constructor will accept any iterable parameter.
 list(‘hello’) produces a list of individual characters, [‘h’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’].

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 Thetuple class provides an immutable
(unchangeable) version of a sequence
 Parentheses delimit a tuple
 The empty tuple is ()

 Toexpress a tuple of length one as a literal, a

comma must be placed after the element, but
within the parentheses.
 For example, (17,) is a one-element tuple.

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 String literals can be enclosed in single quotes, as in ‘Hello
OOP’, or double quotes, as in “Hello OOP".
 A string can also begin and end with three single or double
quotes, if it contains newlines in it:
s1 = "Hello World"

s2 = """add a new element e at the end of "children" of p

Return the 'Position' of new node.
Raise ValueError if Position p is invalid
"""
s3 = "SAMPLE"

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 Python’s set class represents a set, namely a collection of
unique elements:
 without duplicates
 (if you add element which is in the set, nothing will happen)
 without an inherent order to those elements

 Only instances of immutable types can be added to a

Python set!
 Therefore, objects such as integers, floating-point numbers,
and character strings are eligible to be elements of a set.
 The frozenset class is an immutable form of the set type, itself.

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 Python uses curly braces { and } as delimiters for a set
 For example, as {17} or {‘red’, ‘green’, ‘blue’}
 The exception to this rule is that { } does not represent an
empty set
 Instead, the constructor set( ) returns an empty set.

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 Python’s dict class represents a dictionary, or mapping,
from a set of distinct keys to associated values
 Python implements a dict using an almost identical
approach to that of a set, but with storage of the associated
values
 The literal form { } produces an empty dictionary
 A nonempty dictionary is expressed using a comma-
separated series of key:value pairs:
{key1: value1, key2: value2, … }
 Alternatively, the constructor accepts a sequence of key-
value pairs as a parameter, as in dict(pairs) with pairs =
[(‘ga’, ‘Irish’), (‘de’, ‘German’)].

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d = dict() # creates an empty dictionary
d['name'] = 'Avi Cohen'
d['age'] = 32
d['id'] = 5802231
d['address'] = 'Hayarden 43, Gedera'

# Another way to do the same thing:

d = { 'name': 'Avi Cohen', 'age': 32, 'id': 5802231,
'address': 'Hayarden 43, Gedera' }

# Another way to do the same thing:

d = dict(name='Avi Cohen', age=32, id=5802231, address='Hayarden 43, Gedera')

# Another way to do the same thing:

pairs = [ ('name', 'Avi Cohen'), ('age', 32), ('id', 5802231),
('address', 'Hayarden 43, Gedera') ]
d = dict(pairs)

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