ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES I:

STATICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Syllabus & Student Understandings

ENDS 231
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
FALL 2007
lecture
one

statics and strength

of materials
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Course Description Course Description

• statics • mechanics of materials
– physics of forces and reactions on bodies – external loads and effect on deformable
and systems bodies
– equilibrium (bodies at rest) – use it to answer question if structure meets
• structures requirements of
• stability and equilibrium
– something made up of interdependent
• strength and stiffness
parts in a definite pattern of organization
– other principle building requirements
• economy, functionality and aesthetics

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1
Structural System Selection Structure Requirements (cont)
• kind & size of loads • strength &
• building function stiffness
• soil & topology of site – concerned with
stability of
• systems integration components
• fire rating
• construction ($$, schedule)
• architectural form

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Lecture 1 ENDS 231 ENDS 231

Structure Requirements Knowledge Required

• stability & • external forces
equilibrium • internal forces
– STATICS • material properties
• member cross
sections
• ability of a material to resist breaking
• structural elements that resist excessive
– deflection
– deformation
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2
Problem Solving Relation to Architecture
1. STATICS: “The geometry and arrangement of the
equilibrium of external forces, load-bearing members, the use of
internal forces, stresses materials, and the crafting of joints all
represent opportunities for buildings to
2. GEOMETRY: express themselves. The best
cross section properties, deformations and buildings are not designed by
conditions of geometric fit, strains architects who after resolving the
3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES: formal and spatial issues, simply ask
stress-strain relationship for each material the structural engineer to make sure it
obtained from testing doesn’t fall down.” -Onouye & Kane
Statics and Strength of Materials for
Architecture and Building Construction
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Architectural Structures Architectural Space and Form

• incorporates • evolution traced to developments in
– stability and equilibrium structural engineering and material
– strength and stiffness technology
– economy, functionality and aesthetics – stone & masonry
• uses – timber
– sculpture – concrete
– furniture – cast iron, steel
– buildings – tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures......

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 AISC (Steel)
Sculpture
The “Fist” College Station, TX
Detroit, MI
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“Jamborie”
Philadelphia, PA Exploris Mobile
Daniel Barret Heath Satow

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 “Telamones”
Chicago, IL
Walter Arnold “Free Ride Home” 1974
Kenneth Snelson
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“Zauber”
Conference
Laudenslager, Jeffery Table
Heath Satow
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Bar Stool
“Stainless Butterfly”
Daniel Barret
Chair
Paul Freundt

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End Tables
Steel House, Lubbock, TX
Rameu-Richard
Robert Bruno
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 Tjibaou Cultural Center,
New Caledonia
Renzo Piano

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

Frank Gehry (1997)
Photographer: John Gollings
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Athens Olympic Stadium

Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church, Italy and Velodrome
Renzo Piano Santiago Calatrava (2004)
Photographer: Michel Denancé
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Milwaukee Art Museum
Quadracci Pavilion (2001)
Santiago Calatrava

Airport Station, Lyon, France

Santiago Calatrava (1994)
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Hongkong Bank
Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris Building (1986)
Piano and Rogers (1978) Foster and Partners
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Meyerson Symphony Center
Dallas, TX
Pei Cobb Freed & Partners

Crystal Cathedral, LA
Philip Johnson (1980)
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Federal Reserve Bank Hysolar Research Building

Minneapolis, MN Stuttgart, Germany
(1986 -87)
Gunnar Birkerts & Associates Gunter Behnisch
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Notre Dame Cathedral
Paris, France Habitat 67, Montreal
Maurice de Sully Moshe Safdie (1967)
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Riola Parish Church

Villa Savoye, Poissy, France Riola, Italy
Le Corbusier (1929) Alvar Aalto
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 Structural Math
• quantify environmental loads
– how big is it?
• evaluate geometry and angles
– where is it?
– what is the scale?
– what is the size in a particular direction?
• quantify what happens in the structure
– how big are the internal forces?
Kimball Museum, Fort Worth – how big should the beam be?
Kahn (1972)
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Structural Math Physics for Structures

• physics takes observable phenomena • measures
and relates the measurement with rules: – US customary & SI
mathematical relationships
• need Units US SI
– reference frame Length in, ft, mi mm, cm, m
Volume gallon liter
– measure of length, mass, time, direction,
velocity, acceleration, work, heat, Mass lb mass g, kg
electricity, light Force lb force N, kN
Temperature F C
– calculations & geometry
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Physics for Structures Language
• scalars – any quantity • symbols for operations: +,-, /, x
• vectors - quantities with direction • symbols for relationships: (), =, <, >
– like displacements • algorithms
2 5/ 2 2/ 1
– summation results in
– cancellation × = = =
– factors 5/ 6 6 2/ × 3 3
the “straight line path”
– signs x 1
from start to end
– ratios and proportions =
– normal vector is perpendicular to y 6 3
– power of a number
something 103 = 1000
– conversions, ex. 1X = 10 Y
10Y 1X
– operations on both sides of equality or =1
z 1X 10Y
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On-line Practice Geometry

• Webct / Study Tools • angles
– right = 90º
– acute < 90º
– obtuse > 90º
–π = 180º
• triangles B
b×h
– area =
2 A C
– hypotenuse
– total of angles = 180º AB 2 + AC 2 = BC 2
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Geometry Geometry
• lines and relation to angles – intersection of a line with β α
parallel lines results in identical α β
– parallel lines can’t intersect β α
angles α β

– perpendicular lines cross at 90º

– two lines intersect in the same
– intersection of two lines is a point
way, the angles are identical

– opposite angles are equal when

α
two lines cross β α
α β α α

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Geometry Geometry
– sides of two angles are parallel and – sides of two angles bisect a right angle
intersect opposite way, the angles are (90°), the angles are complimentary
supplementary - the sum is 180°
α + γ = 90°
γ
α
α β α
– right angle bisects a straight line,
– two angles that sum to 90° are said to be remaining angles
complimentary are complimentary α
β + γ = 90° β
γ
γ

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Geometry Trigonometry
– similar triangles have proportional sides • for right triangles B

A AB AC BC
= = sin =
opposite side
= sin α =
AB
C AD AE DE hypotenuse CB α
B E C
A′ A
adjacent side AC
D α cos = = cos α =
hypotenuse CB
A
C′ γ AB AC BC
α = = tan =
opposite side
= tan α =
AB
γ A′B′ A′C ′ B′C ′ adjacent side AC
C β B β

B′ SOHCAHTOA
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Trigonometry Trigonometry
• cartesian coordinate system • for angles starting at positive x
– origin at 0,0 – sin is y side

Y
Y

6 6
– coordinates 5 – cos is x side 5
4 4
in (x,y) pairs Quadrant II 3 Quadrant I 3
2 2
– x & y have 1 sin<0 for 180-360° 1

signs 0 X cos<0 for 90-270° 0 X

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2 tan<0 for 90-180° -2
-3 tan<0 for 270-360° -3
Quadrant III-4 Quadrant IV -4
-5 -5
-6 -6

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Trigonometry Algebra
• for all triangles • equations (something = something)
α C
– sides A, B & C are opposite • constants
B
angles α, β & γ β – real numbers or shown with a, b, c...
γ
A • unknown terms, variables
– LAW of SINES – names like R, F, x, y
sin α sin β sin γ
= = • linear equations
A B C – unknown terms have no exponents
– LAW of COSINES • simultaneous equations
A = B + C − 2 BC cos α
2 2 2
– variable set satisfies all equations
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Algebra Algebra
• solving one equation • solving one equations
– only works with one variable – only works with one variable
– ex: 2x −1 = 0 – ex: 2x −1 = 4x + 5
• add to both sides 2x −1+1 = 0 +1 • subtract from both sides
2x = 1 2x −1− 2x = 4x + 5 − 2x
• divide both sides 2/ x 1 • subtract from both sides
= −1− 5 = 2x + 5 − 5
2/ 2
• get x by itself on a side x= 21 • divide both sides − 6 − 3 ⋅ 2/ 2/ x
= =
2 2/ 2/
• get x by itself on a side
x = −3
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Algebra
• solving two equation
– only works with two variables
– ex: 2x + 3y = 8
• look for term similarity 12 x − 3 y = 6
• can we add or subtract to eliminate one term?

• add 2 x + 3 y + 12 x − 3 y = 8 + 6
14 x = 14
• get x by itself on a side 14 x 14
= = x =1
14 14
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