WEEK 8 & 9 2.

Integrity: Acting honestly, ethically, and transparently in all

dealings, and avoiding conflicts of interest or situations that
CODE OF ETHICS- is a set of principles or guidelines that
could compromise one's integrity.
outline acceptable behaviors and practices within a particular
profession, organization, or group. 3. Compliance with Laws and Regulations: Adhering to all
applicable laws, regulations, and organizational policies, and
1. Integrity: Members of the profession/organization should
reporting any violations or potential violations promptly.
conduct themselves honestly and ethically, maintaining high
standards of integrity in all dealings. 4. Confidentiality: Protecting the confidentiality and privacy
of sensitive information, both within the organization and
2. Confidentiality: Respect for privacy and confidentiality of
when dealing with external parties.
information, especially when dealing with sensitive or
personal data. 5. Professionalism: Maintaining a high standard of
professionalism in all interactions and communications, both
3. Professional Competence: Commitment to maintaining
within the organization and when representing it to external
and enhancing professional knowledge and skills, ensuring
stakeholders.
that work is performed competently and in accordance with
best practices. 6. Workplace Safety: Following safety protocols and
procedures to ensure a safe and healthy work environment
4. Impartiality and Objectivity: Avoiding bias or conflicts of
for oneself and others.
interest in decision making and interactions with others, and
providing services or making decisions based solely on merit. 7. Use of Resources: Using organizational resources, such as
time, equipment, and funds, responsibly and efficiently, and
5. Respect: Treating all individuals with respect and dignity,
avoiding misuse or waste.
regardless of factors such as race, gender, religion, nationality,
or socioeconomic status. 8. Responsible Communication: Communicating honestly,
accurately, and respectfully, both internally and externally,
6. Responsibility: Taking responsibility for one's actions and
and refraining from spreading false or misleading information.
decisions, and acknowledging and correcting mistakes when
they occur. 9. Conflict Resolution: Resolving conflicts and disagreements
constructively and professionally, and seeking assistance from
7. Accountability: Being answerable for one's actions and
appropriate channels when needed.
decisions, both to the organization or profession and to the
wider community or stakeholders affected by those actions. 10. Professional Development: Taking responsibility for one's
own professional development and growth, and seeking
8. Legal Compliance: Adhering to all relevant laws,
opportunities to learn and improve skills.
regulations, and professional standards governing the
profession or organization. 11. Social and Environmental Responsibility: Considering the
social and environmental impact of one's actions and
9. Environmental and Social Responsibility: Consideration of
decisions, and striving to minimize harm and promote
the environmental and social impacts of one's actions and
sustainability.
decisions, and striving to minimize harm and promote
sustainability. 12. Consequences of Violations: Understanding the
consequences of violating the code of conduct, which may
10. Professional Development: Commitment to ongoing
include disciplinary action up to and including termination of
learning and development, both to keep pace with changes in
employment or membership.
the field and to continue improving as a professional.
WEEK 10
CODE OF CONDUCT- is a set of rules, principles, or guidelines
that govern the behavior and actions of individuals within a CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS
particular organization, group, or profession.
Corporate governance- refers to the system of rules,
While similar to a code of ethics, a code of conduct tends to practices, and processes by which a company is directed and
focus more on specific behaviors and expectations rather than controlled. It encompasses the relationships among a
overarching ethical principles. company's management, its board of directors, its
shareholders, and other stakeholders, and it sets the
1. Respectful Behavior: Treating others with courtesy, respect,
framework for achieving the company's objectives while also
and professionalism, and avoiding behavior that could be
addressing the interests of various stakeholders.
perceived as discriminatory, harassing, or offensive.
1.Board of Directors: The board of directors is responsible for POTENTIAL CHALLENGES IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
overseeing the company's management and representing the
1. Board Effectiveness: Ensuring that the board of directors
interests of shareholders. It typically sets the company's
operates effectively and fulfills its oversight responsibilities
strategic direction, appoints and monitors executive
can be challenging. Issues such as lack of diversity, conflicts of
management, and ensures that the company operates in
interest among board members, and ineffective
compliance with laws and regulations. Components of
communication can hinder board effectiveness.
Corporate Governance
2. Executive Compensation: Aligning executive compensation
2.Executive Management: The executive management team,
with company performance and shareholder interests can be
led by the CEO or equivalent, is responsible for day-to-day
a challenge. Excessive executive pay or compensation
operations and implementing the strategic direction set by
structures that incentivize short-term gains at the expense of
the board of directors. They are accountable for the
long-term sustainability can lead to discontent among
company's performance and for making decisions that align
shareholders and other stakeholders.
with the company's objectives.
3. Shareholder Activism: Activist shareholders or investor
3. Shareholders: Shareholders are the owners of the company
groups may challenge management decisions, governance
and have certain rights, such as voting on important matters
practices, or strategic direction, leading to conflicts and
and receiving dividends. Good corporate governance ensures
disruptions within the organization. Balancing the interests of
that shareholders' interests are protected and that they have
various shareholder groups and maintaining open
access to accurate and timely information about the company.
communication with shareholders is crucial in addressing
4. Transparency and Disclosure: Corporate governance shareholder Activism.
promotes transparency and disclosure of information to
4. Risk Management: Identifying, assessing, and managing
shareholders and other stakeholders. Companies are typically
risks effectively is essential for corporate governance.
required to provide financial reports, disclose material
However, the dynamic nature of risks, including emerging
information, and maintain open communication channels to
threats such as cybersecurity breaches, regulatory changes, or
foster trust and accountability.
geopolitical instability, can pose challenges for risk
5. Ethical Behavior and Accountability: Corporate governance management processes.
promotes ethical behavior and accountability throughout the
5. Ethical Conduct and Corporate Culture: Promoting a
organization. This includes adhering to laws and regulations,
culture of ethical conduct and integrity throughout the
avoiding conflicts of interest, and ensuring that decisions are
organization is essential for effective corporate governance.
made in the best interests of the company and its
However, cultural issues, such as pressure to meet short term
stakeholders.
financial targets, tolerance of unethical behavior, or lack of
6. Risk Management: Effective corporate governance includes whistleblower protection, can undermine ethical standards
processes for identifying, assessing, and managing risks that and erode trust.
could impact the company's performance or reputation. This
6. Globalization and Complex Structures: Multinational
may involve implementing internal controls, conducting risk
corporations with complex organizational structures and
assessments, and regularly reviewing risk exposure.
operations across multiple jurisdictions face challenges in
7. Stakeholder Engagement: Corporate governance ensuring consistent governance standards and compliance
recognizes the interests of various stakeholders, including with diverse regulatory requirements. Managing cultural
employees, customers, suppliers, and the community. differences, legal frameworks, and operational risks across
Companies may engage with stakeholders through borders can be daunting.
mechanisms such as advisory councils, stakeholder forums, or
7. Cybersecurity and Data Privacy: With the increasing
corporate social responsibility initiatives.
reliance on digital technologies and data-driven decision
8. Compliance and Legal Oversight: Corporate governance making, cybersecurity threats and data privacy concerns have
ensures that the company operates in compliance with become significant challenges for corporate governance.
relevant laws, regulations, and corporate policies. This Protecting sensitive information, mitigating cyber risks, and
includes establishing mechanisms for monitoring compliance, complying with data protection regulations are critical
addressing violations, and maintaining appropriate considerations for boards and management.
documentation.
8.Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging with a wide range of
stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and
the community, requires effective communication and
relationship management. Balancing competing interests and 6. Ethics and Values-Based Approach: Rooted in ethical
addressing stakeholder expectations while maintaining focus principles and organizational values, this approach
on the company's strategic objectives can be challenging. emphasizes integrity, honesty, and ethical behavior as
foundational elements of corporate governance. It involves
9. Compliance and Legal Oversight: Ensuring compliance with
promoting a strong ethical culture throughout the
relevant laws, regulations, and corporate policies can be
organization, encouraging ethical decision-making, and
challenging, particularly for multinational corporations
holding individuals accountable for ethical lapses.
operating in diverse regulatory environments. Failure to
comply with legal and regulatory requirements may expose 7. Compliance-Oriented Approach: This approach prioritizes
the organization to legal and reputational risks. compliance with legal and regulatory requirements as the
primary objective of corporate governance. It involves
10. Change Management: Implementing changes to
establishing robust internal controls, monitoring and
governance practices or organizational structures may
reporting mechanisms, and regular audits to ensure
encounter resistance from stakeholders accustomed to
compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and industry
existing norms. Effective change management strategies,
standards.
including clear communication, stakeholder engagement, and
training, are essential for successful governance reforms. 8. Risk-Based Approach: Recognizing the importance of risk
management in governance, this approach focuses on
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE can be approached in various
identifying, assessing, and managing risks that could impact
ways, depending on factors such as the organization's size,
the organization's performance, reputation, or viability. It
industry, regulatory environment, and corporate culture.
involves integrating risk management practices into strategic
1. Principles-Based Approach: This approach focuses on planning, decision making processes, and board oversight.
establishing broad principles and guidelines for governance
9. Integrated Reporting Approach: This approach seeks to
rather than detailed rules. It emphasizes principles such as
enhance transparency and accountability by integrating
integrity, accountability, transparency, and fairness, allowing
financial and non-financial information into corporate
companies flexibility in implementing governance practices
reporting. It involves reporting on environmental, social, and
tailored to their specific circumstances.
governance (ESG) factors alongside financial performance,
2. Rules-Based Approach: In contrast to the principles-based providing stakeholders with a comprehensive view of the
approach, the rules-based approach relies on specific organization's value creation and sustainability efforts.
regulations, laws, and codes of conduct to govern corporate
10. Continuous Improvement Approach: Acknowledging that
behavior. This approach provides clear, detailed rules and
corporate governance is an ongoing process, this approach
standards that companies must adhere to, leaving less room
emphasizes the importance of continuous learning,
for interpretation but potentially lacking flexibility.
adaptation, and improvement. It involves regularly reviewing
3. Shareholder-Centric Approach: This approach places a and updating governance practices, benchmarking against
strong emphasis on protecting and enhancing shareholder industry standards and best practices, and soliciting feedback
interests. It prioritizes mechanisms such as shareholder rights, from stakeholders to drive continuous improvement.
proxy voting, and disclosure requirements to ensure that
WEEK 11
shareholders have a voice in corporate decision-making and
oversight. THE AGENCY THEORY

4. Stakeholder Engagement Approach: Recognizing the AGENCY THEORY- is a fundamental concept in economics and
interests of various stakeholders beyond shareholders, this organizational behavior that examines the relationship
approach aims to balance the needs of employees, between principals (such as shareholders or owners) and
customers, suppliers, communities, and other stakeholders. It agents (such as managers or employees) who act on their
involves actively engaging with stakeholders, considering their behalf. The theory explores how conflicts of interest between
perspectives, and integrating their concerns into decision- principals and agents can arise and how these conflicts can be
making processes. mitigated.

5. Board-Centric Approach: Emphasizing the role of the board KEY COMPONENTS OF AGENCY THEORY INCLUDE:
of directors, this approach focuses on strengthening board
1.Principal-Agent Relationship: This relationship involves one
effectiveness, independence, and accountability. It involves
party (the principal) delegating decision making authority or
selecting diverse and qualified board members, establishing
tasks to another party (the agent) to act on their behalf. The
clear board roles and responsibilities, and fostering a culture
agent is expected to make decisions or perform tasks in the
of robust oversight and strategic guidance.
best interests of the principal.
2.Information Asymmetry: Agency theory recognizes that 2. Intrinsic Motivation: Stewardship theory suggests that
principals may not have complete information about the managers are motivated by intrinsic factors such as pride in
actions and decisions of agents. This information asymmetry their work, a sense of responsibility, and a desire to
can lead to conflicts of interest, as agents may pursue their contribute to the organization's success, rather than purely
own interests or act opportunistically at the expense of the financial incentives. This intrinsic motivation leads managers
principal. to prioritize the long-term interests of the organization over
short-term gains.
3.Principal-Agent Problem: The principal-agent problem
refers to the potential conflicts of interest that arise when the 3. Trust and Empowerment: Stewardship theory emphasizes
goals and incentives of principals and agents are not aligned. the importance of trust and empowerment in the relationship
For example, agents may prioritize short-term gains or between owners and managers. Owners entrust managers
personal interests over the long-term interests of the with decision making authority and provide them with
principal. autonomy to make decisions in the best interests of the
organization. In return, managers are expected to act
4. Agency Costs: These costs refer to the expenses incurred
responsibly and be accountable for their actions.
by principals to monitor and control the actions of agents, as
well as the costs associated with mitigating conflicts of 4. Long-Term Orientation: Stewardship theory advocates for a
interest and ensuring that agents act in the best interests of long-term orientation in decision making and strategy
the principal. Agency costs can include monitoring costs, formulation. Managers are encouraged to pursue strategies
bonding costs (such as performance bonds or insurance), and that create sustainable value for shareholders and
residual loss due to agency conflicts. stakeholders over the long term, rather than focusing solely
on short-term financial results.
5. Incentive Alignment: To mitigate agency problems and
align the interests of principals and agents, various 5. Board-Management Alignment: Effective corporate
mechanisms and incentives may be employed. These can governance structures, including boards of directors, play a
include performance-based compensation, stock options, crucial role in stewardship theory. Boards are tasked with
bonuses tied to specific targets, and other incentive selecting capable and trustworthy managers, providing
structures designed to motivate agents to act in the best oversight and guidance, and aligning management's actions
interests of the principal. with the organization's long-term objectives.

6. Monitoring and Governance Mechanisms: Effective 6. Organizational Culture: Stewardship theory highlights the
corporate governance mechanisms, such as board oversight, importance of fostering a culture of stewardship within the
internal controls, audits, and transparency measures, play a organization. This involves promoting values such as integrity,
crucial role in reducing agency costs and mitigating conflicts transparency, accountability, and a sense of collective
of interest. These mechanisms help ensure accountability, ownership among employees at all levels.
transparency, and alignment of interests between principals
THE STAKEHOLDER THEORY
and agents.
STAKEHOLDER THEORY- is a perspective in management and
THE STEWARDSHIP THEORY
corporate governance that emphasizes the importance of
STEWARDSHIP THEORY- is a complementary concept to considering the interests of all stakeholders affected by an
agency theory in the realm of corporate governance. While organization's actions and decisions, not just shareholders.
agency theory focuses on the potential conflicts of interest Stakeholders include individuals, groups, or entities that have
between principals (shareholders) and agents (managers), a vested interest or stake in the organization and can
stewardship theory emphasizes the alignment of interests influence or be influenced by its activities.
between owners and managers.
KEY PRINCIPLES OF STAKEHOLDER THEORY INCLUDE:
KEY PRINCIPLES OF STEWARDSHIP THEORY INCLUDE:
1. Broad Definition of Stakeholders: Stakeholder theory
1. Alignment of Interests: Stewardship theory posits that defines stakeholders as any individuals or groups who can
managers (agents) are inherently motivated to act in the best affect or be affected by the organization's actions. This
interests of shareholders (principals) and the organization as a includes not only shareholders but also employees,
whole. Unlike the assumption of self interest in agency customers, suppliers, communities, government agencies, and
theory, stewardship theory suggests that managers have a other entities with an interest in the organization's activities.
natural inclination towards stewardship, meaning they see
2. Stakeholder Interests and Needs: Stakeholder theory
themselves as custodians or stewards of the organization's
recognizes that different stakeholders have diverse interests,
resources.
needs, and expectations from the organization. These
interests may include financial returns for shareholders, fair 1.Ethical Conduct: Ethics refers to the principles of right and
treatment and opportunities for employees, quality products wrong that guide individual and organizational behavior.
and services for customers, environmental sustainability for Ethical conduct involves making decisions and taking actions
communities, and regulatory compliance for government that are morally acceptable and aligned with ethical principles
agencies. such as honesty, integrity, fairness, and respect for human
rights. Organizations are expected to adhere to ethical
3. Stakeholder Engagement and Dialogue: Organizations are
standards in all aspects of their operations, including
encouraged to actively engage with stakeholders and seek
interactions with employees, customers, suppliers, and the
their input in decision-making processes. This involves open
community.
communication, consultation, and collaboration with
stakeholders to understand their concerns, address their 2. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): CSR refers to the
needs, and build trust and mutually beneficial relationships. voluntary actions that organizations take to address social,
environmental, and ethical issues in addition to their legal and
4. Balancing Stakeholder Interests: Stakeholder theory
economic obligations.
advocates for balancing the interests of various stakeholders
rather than prioritizing the interests of shareholders above all • CSR initiatives may include philanthropy, environmental
others. This requires organizations to consider the potential sustainability efforts, ethical sourcing practices, employee
impacts of their actions on all stakeholders and strive to volunteer programs, and community engagement activities.
create value for society as a whole, not just for shareholders.
• By integrating CSR into their business strategies,
5. Long-Term Sustainability and Corporate Social organizations can contribute positively to society and the
Responsibility (CSR): Stakeholder theory promotes a long- environment while also enhancing their reputation and long-
term perspective on organizational performance and term sustainability.
sustainability. Organizations are encouraged to integrate
3. Stakeholder Engagement: Both CSR and ethics emphasize
social, environmental, and ethical considerations into their
the importance of engaging with stakeholders and
business strategies and operations, and to demonstrate
considering their interests in decision-making processes. This
corporate social responsibility by contributing to the
involves listening to stakeholders' concerns, understanding
wellbeing of stakeholders and society.
their needs and expectations, and incorporating their
6. Accountability and Transparency: Organizations are feedback into organizational policies and practices. By
expected to be accountable to their stakeholders for their engaging with stakeholders, organizations can build trust,
actions and decisions. This includes transparent reporting on foster collaboration, and address social and environmental
financial performance, governance practices, social and challenges more effectively.
environmental impacts, and engagement with stakeholders.
4. Transparency and Accountability: Transparency and
Accountability mechanisms such as stakeholder forums,
accountability are key principles of both CSR and ethics.
advisory councils, and sustainability reporting can help
Organizations are expected to be transparent about their CSR
enhance transparency and accountability.
initiatives, ethical standards, and business practices, providing
7. Corporate Governance and Stakeholder Representation: stakeholders with clear and accurate information about their
Stakeholder theory recognizes the role of corporate social, environmental, and ethical performance.
governance structures, such as boards of directors, in Accountability mechanisms, such as CSR reporting,
representing the interests of stakeholders. Boards are stakeholder engagement, and independent audits, help
encouraged to include diverse perspectives and expertise to ensure that organizations are held accountable for their
effectively represent the interests of shareholders and actions and decisions.
stakeholders in decision-making processes.
5. Sustainable Business Practices: CSR and ethics encourage
WEEK 12 organizations to adopt sustainable business practices that
minimize negative impacts on the environment, society, and
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ETHICS
future generations. This includes reducing carbon emissions,
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ethics are closely conserving natural resources, promoting renewable energy,
related concepts that guide organizations in conducting their and minimizing waste and pollution. By integrating
business in a responsible and ethical manner, taking into sustainability into their operations, organizations can mitigate
account the interests of various stakeholders and the broader risks, enhance resilience, and create long-term value for
societal impact of their actions. Here's how CSR and ethics stakeholders.
intersect and contribute to organizational behavior:
6. Legal Compliance: While CSR and ethics go beyond legal
requirements, organizations are expected to comply with
applicable laws, regulations, and industry standards as a pollution, resource depletion, deforestation, greenhouse gas
baseline for ethical conduct. This includes adhering to labor emissions, climate change, and failure to adopt sustainable
laws, environmental regulations, consumer protection laws, business practices or mitigate environmental impacts.
and other legal requirements to ensure that their business
10. Globalization and Supply Chain Ethics: Ethical issues may
practices are ethical and socially responsible.
arise in global supply chains, including labor abuses,
ETHICAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN THE BUSINESS WORLD exploitation of workers, child labor, unsafe working
conditions, environmental degradation, and lack of
Some common ethical issues encountered in business
accountability in multinational corporations' supply chain
include:
operations.
1. Corporate Governance Failures: Instances of corporate
COMMON ETHICAL ISSUES
governance failures, such as conflicts of interest, lack of
transparency, and ineffective oversight by boards of directors, 1. Favoritism
can lead to ethical lapses and undermine stakeholder trust. 2. Gift-Giving and Bribery
3. Discrimination and Harassment
2. Corporate Social Responsibility: Businesses face ethical
4. Health and Safety
challenges related to their social and environmental impact,
5. Incorrect Accounting
including issues such as labor rights violations, environmental
6. Social Media
pollution, supply chain abuses, and insufficient corporate
7. Whistleblowing
philanthropy or community engagement.
8. Conflict of Interest
3. Employee Treatment and Rights: Ethical issues may arise 9. Just Compensation
concerning employee treatment and rights, including 10. Wrongful Dismissal
discrimination, harassment, unsafe working conditions, unfair 11. Money Laundering
labor practices, inadequate wages, and lack of opportunities
Developing Good Work Ethics
for career advancement or work-life balance.
The 5C Model of Work is a framework that outlines five key
4. Consumer Protection: Businesses may engage in unethical
dimensions or aspects of work that contribute to individual
practices that harm consumers, such as misleading
and organizational effectiveness.
advertising, deceptive sales tactics, product safety violations,
data privacy breaches, and inadequate customer service or This model provides a holistic perspective on work and helps
product quality. individuals and organizations understand and optimize
various facets of work performance.
5. Financial Misconduct: Ethical problems in finance and
accounting can include financial fraud, embezzlement, insider The five dimensions of the 5C Model of Work are:
trading, accounting manipulation, misleading financial
1. Contribution: Contribution refers to the value that
reporting, and unethical behavior by financial professionals.
individuals bring to their work and the impact they have on
6. Corruption and Bribery: Businesses may encounter ethical achieving organizational goals.
dilemmas related to corruption and bribery, including offering
It encompasses factors such as productivity, performance,
or accepting bribes, engaging in kickbacks, influence peddling,
creativity, innovation, and the quality of work outputs.
or other forms of corrupt practices to gain unfair advantages
Individuals are encouraged to focus on making meaningful
or circumvent regulations.
contributions that align with organizational objectives and
7. Intellectual Property Rights: Ethical issues may arise add value to their teams and the broader organization.
concerning intellectual property rights, such as plagiarism,
2. Collaboration: Collaboration emphasizes the importance of
copyright infringement, patent violations, trade secret theft,
working effectively with others to achieve common goals and
and unauthorized use or misuse of intellectual property
objectives.
belonging to others.
It involves building positive relationships, fostering teamwork,
8. Data Ethics and Privacy: With the increasing use of data in
communication, and cooperation, and leveraging diverse
business operations, ethical concerns related to data ethics
perspectives and skills to solve problems and drive results.
and privacy have become prominent, including data breaches,
unauthorized data collection, lack of consent, data misuse, Collaboration enhances synergy, promotes knowledge
and inadequate protection of personal information. sharing, and enables organizations to capitalize on the
collective intelligence and capabilities of their teams.
9. Environmental Sustainability: Businesses face ethical
challenges related to environmental sustainability, including
3. Communication: Communication is the exchange of 5. Culture: Culture represents the shared values, beliefs,
information, ideas, and feedback between individuals and norms, and behaviors that shape the work environment and
groups within an organization. organizational identity.

Effective communication is essential for clarifying A positive work culture fosters trust, respect, inclusivity, and
expectations, sharing information, coordinating activities, diversity, encourages continuous learning and improvement,
resolving conflicts, and building trust and rapport. and aligns with the organization's mission, vision, and values.

It involves active listening, clear and concise expression, open Culture influences employee morale, job satisfaction, and
dialogue, and the use of various communication channels and organizational performance, making it essential to cultivate a
technologies to facilitate effective communication flow. culture that supports collaboration, communication,
innovation, and high performance.

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG- American psychologist and educator

who developed a theory of moral development that outlines
stages through which individuals progress as they develop
their moral reasoning.

- Kohlberg’s stages of moral development build upon the

earlier work of Jean Piaget and expand on the cognitive
aspects of moral decision-making.

KOHLBERG’S MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT

Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality

• Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation (Pre-

Moral)
• Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange (Instrumental
Purpose and Exchange)

Level 2: Conventional Morality

• Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships (Good Boy- Nice

Girl Orientation)
Empathic Listening- with the eyes, ears, and the heart. • Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order (Law and Order
Orientation)
5 WAYS TO BE A BETTHER LISTENER
Level 3: Post-conventional Morality
1. Stop Talking
2. Avoid Distractions • Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights (Social
3. Concentrate on what the other person is saying Contract Orientation)
4. Look for the “real” meaning • Stage 6: Universal Principles (Principled Conscience)
5. Provide feedback to the sender JEAN PIAGET- Psychologist who developed a theory of
4. Commitment: Commitment refers to the dedication, cognitive development focused on intellectual development
motivation, and engagement that individuals bring to their of children.
work and the organization. NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI (May 3, 1469, Florence [Italy]— June
It reflects a sense of loyalty, ownership, and accountability for 21, 1527 Florence)- Italian Renaissance political philosopher
one's responsibilities, as well as a willingness to go above and and statesman, secretary of the Florentine republic, whose
beyond to achieve organizational objectives. most famous work, The Prince (Il Principe), brought him a
reputation as an atheist and an immoral cynic.
Commitment is fostered through meaningful work,
recognition, opportunities for growth and development, and a - "Machiavellian principles" typically refers to the political
positive work environment that values and supports philosophy and tactics associated with Niccolò Machiavelli,
employees. particularly as outlined in his seminal work, "The Prince,"
written in the 16th century. Machiavelli's ideas are often
characterized by their pragmatism, focus on power dynamics, Key principles of justice according to John Rawls:
and willingness to use any means necessary to achieve and
maintain control. 1. The Two Principles of Justice
a. The First Principle of Justice (The Principle of Equal
KEY PRINCIPLES COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH Basic Liberties)
MACHIAVELLIANISM: b. The Second Principle of Justice (The Difference
Principle)
1. Ends Justify the Means
2. Pragmatism over Morality 2. The Original Position and the Veil of Ignorance
3. Political Realism 3. Fair Equality of Opportunity
4. Deception and Manipulation 4. The Priority of Liberty
5. Maintaining Power
THOMAS HOBBES- prominent English philosopher best
6. Flexibility and Adaptability
known for his political and moral philosophy, particularly
7. Divide and Conquer
expounded in his famous work "Leviathan." While Hobbes is
8. The Illusion of Virtue
not typically associated with legal positivism in the modern
JEREMY BENTHAM- British philosopher and jurist who is best sense, his views on law, authority, and political sovereignty do
known for developing the ethical theory of utilitarianism. bear some resemblance to certain aspects of legal positivism.
Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory that asserts
Here are some key elements of Hobbes' political and legal
that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its
philosophy that align with aspects of legal positivism:
consequences. According to Bentham, the principle of utility
should guide individuals and societies in making decisions, 1. Law as Sovereign Command
aiming to maximize overall happiness or pleasure and 2. Artificial Person of the State
minimize overall suffering or pain. 3. Absence of Natural Law
4. Non-Aggression Principle
Here are some key aspects if Bentham’s utilitarianism:
5. Capitalism and Individual Rights:
1. Principle of Utility:
2. Hedonistic Calculus:
3. Quantitative Approach:
4. Universalism
5. Legal and Political Theory

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)- German philosopher who is

widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in
modern philosophy. His ethical theory, often referred to as
Kantian ethics or deontological ethics, is based on the idea
that morality is grounded in rationality and the concept of
duty. Kant's ethical framework provides an alternative
approach to ethics compared to consequentialist theories like
utilitarianism.

Here are some key aspects of Kantian ethics:

1. Categorical Imperative
2. Autonomy and Rationality
3. Duty and Obligation
4. Universalizability
5. Respect for Persons
6. The Good Will

JOHN RAWLS- American philosopher, is best known for his

work on political philosophy, particularly his theory of justice
as fairness. In his seminal work, "A Theory of Justice," Rawls
presents a framework for determining principles of justice
that would govern the basic structure of a just society.