College of Computing

Department of Computer Science and

Artificial Intelligence

CS1211: Computer Programming

2nd Trimester : 2023/24

Lecture 3
Arithmetic Operations, and Console
Input/Output

Original Slides: Dr.Abdulbaset Gaddah

Modified by Dr. Malak AlJabri and Dr. Areej Althobiti 1
 Revision

✔ Describe the Java data types used for simple

data
✔ Write Java statements to declare variables,
define named constants
✔ Write assignment statements

2
Revision: Basic Java Program Structure
•There are 5 components that we usually include in a Java
program, which are:

[ Documentation Statement(s) ]
[ Package Statement ]
[ Import Statement(s) ]
public class className {
public static void main(String[] args) {

[ Body of Main Function ]

}
}

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 3
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Objectives
• Write Arithmetic operations, expressions
containing variables and constants
• Write Java statements that accomplish
keyboard input,
screen output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 4
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Arithmetic
Operations

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 5
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Arithmetic Operators

• Arithmetic expressions can be formed using the +, -, *, and /

operators together with variables or numbers referred to as
operands.

• When both operands are of the same type, the result is of that
type.

• Example: If num1 is an int to which the value 10 has been

assigned, and num2 is a int to which 15 has been assigned then
num1 + num2

is a int with a value of 25.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 6
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Arithmetic Operators

• When one of the operands is a floating-point type and the other is

an integer, the result is a floating-point type.

• Example
• If hoursWorked is an int to which the value 40 has been
assigned, and payRate is a double to which 8.25 has been
assigned then
hoursWorked * payRate

is a double with a value of 500.0.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 7
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Primitive Datatype and Common
Operations

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 8
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Division Operator

• The division operator (/) behaves as expected if

one of the operands is a floating-point type.

• When both operands are integer types, the result

is truncated, not rounded.
•The fraction after the decimal point is simply lost.
•Example: 99/100 has a value of 0.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 9
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The mod Operator

• The mod (%) operator is used with operators of integer type to

obtain the remainder after integer division.

• Example: 14 divided by 4 is 3 with a remainder of 2.

• Hence, 14 % 4 is equal to 2.

• The mod operator has many uses, including

• determining if an integer is odd or even
• determining if one integer is evenly divisible by another
integer.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 10
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Arithmetic Expression

•An arithmetic expression combines operands, operators,

and parentheses

•Expressions with two or more operators can be viewed as a

series of steps, each involving only two operands.
•The result of one step produces one of the operands to
be used in the next step.

•Example
balance + (balance * rate)

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 11
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Arithmetic Expression

•If at least one of the operands is a floating-point

type and the rest are integers, the result will be a
floating_point type.

•The result is the rightmost type from the following

list that occurs in the expression.
byte --> short --> int --> long --> float --> double

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 12
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Parentheses and Precedence
• Parentheses can be used to make the code clearer.
balance + (interestRate * balance)

• Parentheses specify the order in which arithmetic operations are

performed

• Examples:
(cost + tax) * discount
(cost + (tax * discount))

• Without parentheses, an expressions is evaluated according to the

rules of precedence.
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 13
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Precedence Rules
Operator Operation Precedence (order of evaluation)

* Multiplication Evaluated first. If there are several operators of this type,

they're evaluated from left to right.
/ Division
% Remainder
+ Addition Evaluated next. If there are several operators of
this type, they're evaluated from left to right.
– Subtraction

= Assignment Evaluated last.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 14
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Precedence Rules

• If more than one operator of equal precedence could be

evaluated, evaluation occurs left to right.

• When unary operators have equal precedence, the operator on

the right acts before the operation(s) on the left.

• Spaces do not dictate precedence.

balance + interestRate*balance

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 15
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Precedence of Arithmetic Operators -
Examples
• What is the order of evaluation in the following
expressions?

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 16
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Sample of Arithmetic Expressions in
Java

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 17
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Shorthand Assignment Operator
• Assignment operators can be combined with arithmetic operators (including
-, *, /, and %, discussed later).
• The combination of an operator with the = used for assignment form is
called a shorthand assignment operator

• Example
amount = amount + 5;
can be written as
amount += 5;
yielding the same results.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 18
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Increment and Decrement Operators
• Used to increase (or decrease) the value of a variable by 1
• They cannot be applied to constants! Why?

• Easy to use, important to recognize

• The increment operator ++

• ++ variable; //prefix form
• Variable++; //postfix form
• Example
count++ or ++count
• The decrement operator --
count-- or --count
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 19
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Increment and Decrement Operators
•Equivalent operations
count++;
++count;
count = count + 1;

count--;
--count;
count = count - 1;

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 20
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Increment and Decrement Operators in
Expressions
•after executing
int m = 4;
int result = 3 * (++m)
result has a value of 15 and m has a value of 5

•after executing
int m = 4;
int result = 3 * (m++)
result has a value of 12 and m has a value of 5

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 21
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Keyboard and
Screen I/O

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 22
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Scanner Class

• Scanner is a class that provides methods for inputting words,

numbers, and other data.

• Scanner is provided by java.util, which is a package that contains

various “utility classes”.

• Before we could use Scanner , we have to import it (just

before public class ClassName) like this:
import java.util.Scanner;

This statement tells the compiler which Scanner class we are referring
to because there might be another class named Scanner

23
Scanner Class
• To initialize the Scanner class, we have to declare/define a Scanner
variable/object named keyboard and creates a Scanner that reads
input from System.in:

• Syntax:
Scanner keyboard= new Scanner (System.in);

Note:
• The new operator return a reference to the variable keyboard in the
memory
• you may name the Scanner variable any name you wish such as: in,
src, source, etc

24
Some Scanner Class Methods

25
Some Scanner Class Methods

26
Keyboard Input Demonstration

27
Keyboard Input Demonstration

Sample
screen
output

28
 nextLine()Method Caution
• The nextLine() method reads
• The remainder of the current line,
• Even if it is empty.

• Example
int n;
String s1, s2;
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in);

n = keyboard.nextInt();
s1 = keyboard.nextLine();
s2 = keyboard.nextLine();

System.out.println ("n: " + n);

System.out.println ("s1: " + s1);
System.out.println ("s2: " + s2);

29
 nextLine()Method Caution
• Why when we read a String followed by an int, everything works just fine.
But when we read an int followed by a String, something strange happens?

• Scanner doesn’t see input as multiple lines as we do; but as a stream of

characters!
42 \n a n d d o n ' t y o u \n

• nextInt returns the value 42. The program then waits for the user to enter
s1 and runs nextLine, which reads characters until it gets to a newline.

• But since the next character is already a newline, nextLine returns the
empty string "".

30
 nextLine()Method Caution
• How can we solve this problem?
• We need an extra nextLine after nextInt :
int n;
String s1, s2;
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner (System.in);

n = keyboard.nextInt();
keyboard.nextLine(); //// read the newline
s1 = keyboard.nextLine();
s2 = keyboard.nextLine();

System.out.println ("n: " + n);

System.out.println ("s1: " + s1);
System.out.println ("s2: " + s2);

31
Keyboard Input Demonstration

32
Keyboard Input Demonstration

Sample
Screen
Output

33
Screen Output
•We've seen several examples of screen output already.
•Example:
System.out.println("Enter a whole number from 1
to 99.");

System.out.println(quarters + "quarters");

•Where:
• System is a standard class
• System.out is an object that is part of Java.
• println() is one of the methods available to the

34
Screen Output

• Syntax to use println

System.out.println (Output_1 + Output_2 + … +
Output_Last);

• The concatenation operator (+) is useful when everything does

not fit on one line.
System.out.println("Lucky number = " + 13
+"Secret number = " + number);
the output will be
Note, for readability, you
Lucky number = 13Secret number = 7 should break the line
before or
after a + operator, and you
should indent
the continuation line. 35
Screen Output

• You can also use the println method to display the value of a
String variable

• Example:
String greeting = "Hello Programmers!";
System.out.println(greeting);

This will cause the following to be written on the screen:

Hello Programmers!

36
Screen Output
•Every invocation of println ends a line of output I.e. it
inserts a new line!

•Alternatively, use print()

System.out.print("One, two,");
System.out.print(" buckle my shoe.");
System.out.println(" Three, four,");
System.out.println(" shut the door.");

produces the following output:

One, two, buckle my shoe. Three, four,
shut the door.

37
Escape Characters

•How would you print "Java" refers to a

language.?

•The compiler needs to be told that the quotation marks (")

do not signal the start or end of a string, but instead are to
be printed.

•We use \ before an escape character

System.out.println("\"Java\" refers to a language.");

38
Escape Characters

•Each escape sequence is a single character even though it is

written with two symbols.

39
Printing Escape Characters Examples

System.out.println("abc\\def"); abc\def

new
System.out.println("new\nline");
line

char singleQuote = '\'';

'
System.out.println
(singleQuote);

40
Formatted Output with printf ( )
• printf works like the print method except it allows you to add
formatting instructions that specify things such as the number of
digits to include after a decimal point.
• Example,
double price = 19.5;
System.out.println("Price using println:" + price);
System.out.printf("Price using printf formatting:%6.2f", price);

This code outputs the following lines: The format specifier %6.2f
says to output a floating-point
Price using println:19.5 number in a field (number of
Price using printf formatting: 19.50 spaces) of width six (room for
six characters) and to show
exactly two digits after the
decimal point. So, 19.5 is
expressed as "19.50" in a
field of width six.
41
Common Format Specifiers

42
Common Format Specifiers Example
double price = 19.5;
int quantity = 2;
String item = "Widgets";

System.out.printf("%10s sold:%4d at $%5.2f. Total =

$%1.2f", item, quantity, price, quantity * price);

the output is:

Widgets sold:2 at $19.50. Total = $39.00

43
Q/Show the exact output produced by the following
println methods:

int counter = 5;
System.out.println("counter = " + counter++);

//counter = 5
System.out.println("counter = " + counter%2);

// counter = 0

44
 Q/Show the exact output produced by the following
println methods:

System.out.println("hello "+"programmers!");

A. "hello " + "programmers!"

B. hello programmers!
C. Nothing!

Q/The main difference between print and println

methods is:
A. println adds new line
B. They spelled differently!
C. No difference!

45
Summary
• You have learned about assignment
statements and expressions.
• You have learned about simple keyboard
input and screen output.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 46
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Reading

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 47
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Questions?

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 8th Ed. By Walter Savitch 48
ISBN 0134462033 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All Rights Reserved