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CH#3 Torsion Part1

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22 views15 pages

CH#3 Torsion Part1

Uploaded by

Abathar Al-Hamrani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH#3: Torsion

• Torsion is the twisting of an object caused by a moment acting about


the object’s longitudinal axis.
• It is a type of deformation by twisting
• A moment which tends to cause twisting is called a Torque.

Figure: Torque applied to an object

• A common example of an object subjected to torsion is the drive shaft


and axles used to transmit power from the engine of a car to the
wheels

Figure: Drive shaft

• Similarly, the torsion effect can be noticed on beams supporting a


lateral overhang
• In this chapter we consider the derivation and application of the
twisting or torsion problem only in connection with circular shafts or
closed thin-walled tubes.
• Let us fix our bar at one end and track how a line between point A and
B (Figure A) deforms as we apply a torque to the other end (Figure B).

Figure A Figure B

• The applied torque causes the free end of the bar to rotate by an angle
Phi (𝜽) called the angle of twist as shown in (Figure C). It varies
linearly from zero at the fixed end of the bar to 𝜽 at the free end of the
bar.

• We can calculate the angle of twist using the below equation:


𝑇𝐿
𝜃= (1)
𝐺𝐽

Where T = the applied torque


L = the length of the bar
G = the shear modulus, which is a material property
J = the polar moment of inertia
What is a polar moment of inertia?
• The polar moment of inertia defines the resistance of a cross section
to torsional deformation due only to the shape of the cross section.
• The polar moment of inertia for a hollow bar with an outer radius (𝑟𝑜 )
and an inner radius (𝑟𝑖 ) can be calculated using this equation:

• The polar moment of inertia for a solid bar with can be calculated
using this equation:
Shear strains due to torsion

• Torsion generates stresses and strains within the bar, which we need
to be able to calculate, so that we can make sure that our bar won’t
fail. To figure out how to calculate these stresses and strains, we can
start by observing how a small rectangular element on the surface of
the bar deforms. The element is initially rectangular (Figure A), but
when the torque is applied it gets distorted (Figure B).

Figure A Figure B

• After the torque is applied, the angles of the element are no longer 90-
degree angles. This gives rise to a shear strain, which corresponds to
the angle (𝜸)
• We can calculate the shear strain by considering only the geometry of
the bar and the deformation. It corresponds to this angle between A-B
and A-B’. We can use trigonometry to derive an equation for shear
strain. For small angles 𝜸 will be approximately equal to the tangent of
𝜸, which is equal to the length of BB’ divided by the length AB. AB is the
length of the bar. We can calculate the length BB’ by realising that it is
the arc length of a circle with a radius R covering an angle equal to the
angle of twist 𝜃 and the arc length = 𝑟𝜃, therefore, the shear strain
equation can be written as follows:
𝐵𝐵′ 𝐵𝐵′ 𝑟𝜃
𝛾 ≈ tan 𝛾 = = = (2)
𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝐿

• This is only an equation for the shear strain on the surface of the bar.

• The shear strain increases linearly with the distance from the center of
the cross-section.
• If we define 𝝆 as the radial distance from the center of the of the cross-
section, we can replace 𝒓 in the above equation with 𝝆 to give us an
equation that can calculate the shear strain at any point within the bar
𝜌𝜃
𝛾= (3)
𝐿
Shear stresses due to torsion

• When an external torque is applied to a shaft, it creates a


corresponding internal torque within the shaft. In this section we will
develop an equation that relates this internal torque to the shear
stress distribution on the cross section of a circular shaft.

• If the material is linear elastic, then Hooke’s law applies, 𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾, and
consequently a linear variation in shear strain leads to a
corresponding linear shear stress along any radial line on the cross
section. Shear stresses increase linearly with the distance from the
center, with the maximum shear stress occurring at the outer surface
of the cross-section. Due to proportionality of triangles, we can write:
𝜌
𝜏 = ( ) 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 (4)
𝑐

• This equation expresses the shear stress distribution over the cross-
section in terms of the radial position 𝝆 of the element.

C
𝝆
• Let us consider a small element within our cross section that has an
area equal to dA, and is located at a distance 𝝆 from the center of the
cross section. The internal force dF acting on this element is equal to
its area dA multiplied by the shear stress 𝝉. So 𝒅𝑭 = 𝝉 × 𝒅𝑨.
• The moments caused by the internal forces (𝒅𝑻 = 𝝆 × 𝝉 × 𝒅𝑨) acting
on all of the elements within the cross section must sum up to be
equal to the torque T, otherwise the equilibrium is not maintained. We
therefore have for the entire cross section.
𝑟
𝑇 = ∫0 𝝆 × 𝝉 × 𝒅𝑨 (5)

Substitute equation (4) in (5). Equation (5) becomes


𝑟
𝜌
𝑇 = ∫ 𝝆 × ( ) 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝒅𝑨
0 𝑐
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
Since ( ) is a constant
𝑐

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟 𝟐
𝑇= ∫ 𝝆 × 𝒅𝑨
𝑐 0
𝑟
The integral (∫0 𝝆𝟐 × 𝒅𝑨) represents the polar moment of inertia, so we can
replace it with the letter 𝑱. Therefore
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇= × 𝐽 (6)
𝑐

• Equation (6) can be rearranged to get an equation for maximum shear


stress
𝑇𝑐
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (7) where c = the outer radius of the shaft
𝐽
• The shear stress at intermediate distance 𝝆 can be determined from
𝑇𝜌
𝜏= (8)
𝐽
Solved examples:
Problem 1: The solid shaft is fixed to the support at C and subjected to the
torsional loadings shown. Determine the shear stress at points A and B.
Problem 2: The copper pipe has an outer diameter of 40 mm and an inner
diameter of 37 mm. If it is tightly secured to the wall at A and three torques
are applied to it as shown, determine the absolute maximum shear stress
developed in the pipe.
Problem 3: If the tubular shaft is made from material having an allowable shear stress of
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 85 𝑀𝑃𝑎 determine the required minimum wall thickness of the shaft to the
nearest millimeter. The shaft has an outer diameter of 150 mm.
Problem 4: The rod has a diameter of 25 mm and a weight of 150 N/m. Determine the
maximum torsional stress in the rod at a section located at A due to the rod’s weight.
Problem 5: The A-36 steel axle is made from tubes AB and CD and a solid section BC. It
is supported on smooth bearings that allow it to rotate freely. If the gears, fixed to its ends,
are subjected to 85-N m torques, determine the angle of twist of gear A relative to gear D.
The tubes have an outer diameter of 30 mm and an inner diameter of 20 mm. The solid
section has a diameter of 40 mm.
Problem 6:

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