ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible.

Many are responsible for the knowledge and experience we have gained during our project and
throughout the course.

Our Heartily thanks to our Principal Dr. S.G. Makanur, STJ Institute of Technology Ranebennur,
for his kind Co-Operation and encouraging words.

It's our pleasure to express our sincere and humble gratitude to our beloved H.O.D Prof. D S
Maganur of Civil Department, STJ Institute of Technology Ranebennur, for his continuous
encouragement that motivated us for the successful completion of Project work.

Also, we would like to express our deepest sense of gratitude to our Project work guide Rajesh S
Jadhav, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Department, STJ Institute of Technology
Ranebennur, for his valuable support, keep interest and moral support in completing the project,
their direction, supervision and constructive were indeed a source of inspiration for the success
of the Project work.

I would also like to thank the Project Coordinator Manjunath M, Associate professor and all
other teaching and non-teaching staff of Civil Engineering Department, STJ Institute of
Technology Ranebennur, who has directly or indirectly helped us in the completion of the
Project work.

Last, but not the least, our sincere thanks to all our friends and other well-wishers who shared
our pains during Project work directly or indirectly and made its success.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

DARSHAN S G 2SR21CV006

MANOJ J B 2SR21CV009

NAVEEN N B 2SR21CV011

PRATHAM M B 2SR21CV013
 DECLARATION
We the students of final semester of Civil Engineering, STJ Institute of Technology Ranebennur-
581115 declare that the work entitled "SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A MULTI
STORIED BUILDING" has been successfully completed under the guidance of RAJESH S
JADHAV, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Department, STJ Institute of Technology
Ranebennur. This dissertation work is submitted to Visvesvaraya Technological University in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Civil Engineering during the academic year 2024-2025. Further the matter embodied in the
report has not been submitted previously by anybody for the award of any degree or diploma to
any university.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES

DARSHAN S G 2SR21CV006

MANOJ J B 2SR21CV009

NAVEEN N B 2SR21CV011

PRATHAM M B 2SR21CV013
 ABSTRACT
A multi storey building is a building that consists has multiple floors above ground in the
building. Multi-storey buildings aim to increase the floor area of the building without increasing
the area of the land and saving money. Analysis of multi-storey building frames involves lot of
complications and edacious calculations by conventional methods. To carry out such analysis is a
time consuming task. Substitute frame method for analysis can be handy in approximate and
quick analysis instead of bidding process. Till date, this method has been applied by designers
for vertical loading conditions. The represented plan given to office purposes can accommodate
with minimum facilities. Generally buildings may be failed by bending moments, shear forces
acting on members of the building. By keeping these failures in mind, we designed beams,
columns, footings by considering maximum loads on members. For loads calculation, substitute
frame method is used for reducing the complexity of calculations and saving time. We know R.C
structural system is most common nowadays in urban regions with multi-bay and multi-storey’s,
keeping its importance in urban regions especially,

A building frame consists of number of bays and storey. A multi-storey, multi-paneled frame is
a complicated statically intermediate structure. A design of R.C building of G+3 storey frame
work is taken up. The building in plan (30m * 20m) consists of columns built monolithically
forming a network.

The design is made using software on structural analysis design (STAAD-PRO). The building
subjected to both the vertical loads as well as horizontal loads. The vertical load consists of dead
load of structural components such as beams, columns, slabs etc and live loads. The horizontal
load consists of the wind forces thus building is designed for dead load, live load and wind load
and seismic loads as per IS 875. The building is designed as two-dimensional vertical frame and
analyzed for the maximum and minimum bending moments and shear forces by trial and error
methods as per IS 456-2000. The help is taken by software available in institute and the
computations of loads, moments and shear forces and obtained from this software.

Key words: Dead load, Live load and Wind load , Seismic loads, Bending Moments, Shear
Forces, Multi-bay & Multi-storeys, STAAD-PRO.
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL :
One of the most important things during designing a building that resist earthquake is not only to
resist the force that's acting on it but rather the ability of the building to be ductile enough to
transfer this energy and dissipate it. And this ability is based on the detail of the structure, if it is
well detailed then it has a better chance of surviving earthquakes. There are some strategies that
could be used during a seismic resistant building to ensure the safety of the structure during a
seismic activity. The floors and roof could act as a diaphragm to transfer the horizontal forces on
the slabs and floor to the vertical parts of the building such as beams and walls.one of the
advantages of shear wall is that it can transfer the forces from floors to the base of the building or
the foundation. Braced frames have almost the same functions as shear wall which is transferring
lateral loads to the foundation of the building. Moment resisting frames could be implemented on
the building to dissipate the energy that comes from the earthquake waves, the columns and
beams could be ductile enough to deform and dissipate the energy by taking advantage of the
ductility of the steel that’s inside the columns and beams. Since the solution to dissipate this
energy is through the movement and deformation of the structure, this movement will cause
some damage if not controlled in a manner way. There are some devices that can be taken
advantage of to control this deformation such devices act like shock absorbers that are in cars, it
controls and keep the shaking of the building in a reasonable range.

Earthquake-proof design refers to the construction of structures that will not be damaged by a
violent but uncommon earthquake. Engineers do not strive to design earthquake-resistant
structures that will not be harmed even during a rare but powerful earthquake. Such structures
will be both too strong and too costly. The goal of earthquake resistant design is to create
structures that will act elastically and survive severe earthquakes that may occur throughout the
structure's lifetime without collapsing. Structures must be ductile enough to absorb and release
energy through post-elastic deformation to avoid collapse during a big earthquake.

Many studies have been undertaken on this subject, and more are being conducted because the
more we understand, the less damage we can create and the more lives we can save.

According to seismology research, tectonics is responsible for 90% of earthquakes. When it

comes to civil engineering, an engineer's responsibility is to ensure that the structures created are
as safe as possible while still maintaining the economics. Geotechnical research is required prior
to the study and design of any structure in order to gather vital information about the supporting
soil. A geotechnical site investigation is the process of gathering information and analyzing the
site's characteristics in order to design and construct a structure's foundation. Structural engineers
are faced with the task of achieving the most efficient and cost-effective design while
guaranteeing that the final design of a structure and the building must be functional for its
intended purpose during the design lifetime. Various software programmes, including as RISA,
STAADPRO, ETABS, STRUDL, MIDAS, SAP, and RAM, are now available on the market for
evaluating and designing almost all sorts of buildings.

1.2 SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA

The latest version of the India seismic zoning map is given in the earthquake resistant
design code of India [IS 1893 (Part1) 2002] assigns four levels of seismicity for India in terms
of zone factors. In other words, the earthquake-zoning map of India divides India into four
seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 and 5) unlike its previous version, which consisted of five or six
zones for the country. According to the present zoning map, Zoning is divided the basis of the
rate of level of seismicity. i.e Zone 5 expects the highest level of seismicity whereas Zone 2 is
associated with the lowest level of seismicity.

Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risks zone areas that suffers earthquakes of intensity
MSK IX or greater. The IS code assigns zone factor of 0.36 for Zone 5. Structural designers are
mainly use this factor for earthquake resistant design of the structures in Zone 5 region. The zone
factor of 0.36 is indicative of effective (zero periods) level earthquake in this zone. It is referred
to as the Very High Damage Risk Zone.

The region of Zone 5 in India are likely Kashmir, the western and central Himalayas,
North Bihar region and Middle Bihar region, the North-East Indian region and the Rann of Kutch
( Gujarat) fall in this zone.

Zone 4 is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII. The IS code
assigns zone factor of 0.24 for Zone 4. Zone factor is use for the design of the structures in
earthquake zone to resists for earthquake effect.

The region of Zone 4 in India is likely The Indo-Gangetic basin and the capital of the country
(Delhi), Jammu and Kashmir fall in Zone 4. In Maharashtra, the Patan area (Koyananager) is
also in Zone no 4 only. In Bihar, the northern part of the state like-Raksaul, near the border of
India and Nepal, is also belongs to Zone no 4.

Zone 3, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this
zone.

Zone 3 is classified as the Moderate Damage Risk Zone, which is liable to MSK VII. The IS
code assigns zone factor of 0.16 for Zone 3.

Zone 2 is liable to MSK VI or less and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone. The IS code
assigns zone factor of (maximum horizontal acceleration that can be experienced by a structure
in this zone is 10% of gravitational acceleration) for Zone 2.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY:

The importance of this study is to control and reduce the potential damage that the
earthquake may cause, although it is hard and uneconomical to design a building for all types of
earthquake forces, therefore, this paper tends to find a solution which is safe and economic to
stand against maximum considered earthquake in the area. Building failures are frequently due to
shortage or lack of suitable local materials. For example, when the design required a certain
amount of steel and its reduced to lower the overall cost its critical for the safety condition of the
buildings. In seismic resistant building its important that the building joints are strong enough 5
because the earthquake produces tensile and torsional forces on structural elements so a strong
joint throughout the building is required to resist the shear loading that acts on the building
during an earthquake. During normal conditions the building elements only have vertical loads
acting on the building but during an earthquake besides the vertical loads lateral forces act on the
building elements as well, thus leading to high amounts of stress on the buildings joints. So the
importance of this study is to show how to make a building that is properly grounded and how
well the building is connected to the foundation. Another important point is that the building
should not be built on loose soil because this causes more unimportant stress on the building
during earthquakes.

1.4 OBJECTIVES
To perform analysis and design of a building without any kind of failure as much as possible.
•To make a building that is easy to maintain after a seismic activity and survive with the least
amount of damage.

• To get a better understanding of the basic principles of a seismic resistant building and prepare
seismic resistant building by staad pro software program for a better analysis.

• To get a better understanding of the design from its columns, beams, slabs and seismic joints.
To make a building that is safe and has a better chance of being safe during a seismic activity.
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. OVERVIEW
IS 456:2000 [22], this standard is basically used for the plain and reinforced structure. It
deals with the design of building according to their requirements. In this code, it has been
assumed that the design of plan and reinforced cement concrete work is entrusted to a qualified
engineer and that the execution of cement concrete work is carried out under the direction of a
qualified and experienced supervisor.

2.2. EARLIER STUDIES ON SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A MULTI STORIED

BUILDING.
R.Ellingwood (2001) [7] studied the prospect and future improvement in earthquake
resistant and design procedure based on the more rational probability-based treatment of
uncertainty are examined. IS 1893(part1):2002 [21] this standard deals with assessment of
seismic loads on various structures and earthquake resistant design of buildings, its basic
provision are applicable for building; elevated structures; industrial and stack like structures;
bridges; concrete masonry and earth dams; embankments and retaining walls and other
structures.  S.K. Ahirwar, S.K.Jain and M.M.Pande(2008): Estimated earthquake loads on
multistory R.C. Framed buildings as per IS:1893-1984 and IS:1893-2002 recommendations.
They considered three, five, seven and nine storey buildings and each was analyzed individually.
For each building, a set of five individual sequences was decided in the process. The methods of
analysis adopted were the Seismic Coefficient method, Response Spectrum method, and Modal
Analysis method. Seismic responses viz. storey shear, base shear.
 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (Steven L. Kramer), (2013) deals with the basic concept
of earthquake engineering, geotechnical engineering, seismology, and structural engineering.
This book deals with the type of damage done by earthquake, measurement of ground motion,
hazard analysis and methods for analyzing the ground response during an earthquake.

Anil K. Chopra (2015) [17] this book includes the theory of structural dynamics and application
of this theory to earthquake analysis, response and design of structures. This book concerned
with the earthquake response and design of the multi-story building with dynamic analysis.

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1SEISMIC LOAD
3.1.1 DESIGN LATERAL FORCE:

The design lateral force shall first be computed for the building as a whole. This design lateral
force shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The overall design seismic force thus obtained
at each floor level shall then be distributed to individual lateral load resisting elements depending on the
floor diaphragm action.
FIGURE 2: Seismic Map of Design Short-Period Spectral Response Acceleration (g) (2 present chance of
exceedance in 50 years or 2,475-year return period).

3.1.2 SEISMIC LOAD AND DESIGN EARTHQUAKE MOTION:

For ordinary buildings, an equivalent static load is calculated using a response spectrum
method and is to be used for static stress analysis (this series of procedure may be referred to as
the equivalent static analysis). The response spectrum method is basically applicable only for
elastic structures, but can be used to approximately estimate elasto-plastic structures with
uniform plasticity within the structures. Most often, the horizontal components of seismic loads
are significant for ordinary buildings; the vertical components may be neglected. The ordinary
conditions mentioned above. In case that there is non-uniform plasticity within a building, or if
the vertical vibration cannot be ignored, or for buildings which tend to behave as in the following
items from a) to h), dynamic analyses (time-history response analyses) with design ground
motions mentioned in Sec.7.3 should be implemented in order to verify the seismic safety.

a) A building with abrupt change in horizontal stiffness and strength in height and
possible damage concentration in a particular story.

b) A building with plane irregularity in mass and stiffness and significant torsional
response.

c) A building which is composed of frames with large-spanned beams and/or long

cantilevers and the vertical vibration cannot be ignored .

d) A non-multi-story and special shape building like shells and spatial structures.

e) A tall building and a large sized building with great importance.

f) A building which contains telecommunication devices and valuable contents, and

whose structural dynamic response must be estimated .

g) A building which contains dangerous materials, and whose failure may greatly affect
the surroundings.

3.2 WIND LOAD

This standard gives wind forces and their effects ( static and dynamic ) that should be
taken into account when designing buildings, structures and components thereof. The wind load
on a building shall be calculated for:

a) The building as a whole.

b) Individual structural elements as roofs and walls.

c) Individual cladding units including glazing and their fixings. When calculating the wind load
on individual structural elements such as roofs and walls, and individual cladding units and their
fittings, it is essential to take account of the pressure difference between opposite faces of such
elements or units. For clad structures, it is, therefore, necessary to know the internal pressure as
well as the external pressure. Then the wind load, F, acting in a direction normal to the individual
structural element or cladding unit is:

F=(Cpe-Cpi) A Pd

where

Cpe = external pressure coefficient,

Cpi = internal pressure- coefficient,

A = surface area of structural element or cladding unit,

Pd = design wind pressure.

If the surface design pressure varies with height, the surface areas of the structural
element may be sub-divided so that the specified pressures are taken over appropriate areas.
Positive wind load indicates the force acting towards the structural element and negative away
from it.

Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is
traced to earth’s rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are
primarily responsible for convection either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows
horizontal to the ground at high wind speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion
are relatively small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind, vertical
winds are always identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid of anemometers
or anemographs which are installed at meteorological observatories at heights generally varying
from 10 to 30 metres above ground.

The buildings/structures are classified into the following three different classes depending upon
their size:

Class A - Structures and/or their components such as cladding, glaxing, roofing, etc, having
maximum dimension ( greatest horizontal or vertical dimension ) less than 20 m.

Class B - Structures and/or their components such as cladding, glazing, roofing, etc, having
maximum dimension’ ( greatest horizontal or vertical dimension ) between 20 and 50 m.

Class C - Structures and/or their components such as cladding, glazing, roofing, etc, having
maximum dimension ( greatest horizontal or vertical dimension ) greater than 50 m.
 A building or a structure in general has to perform many functions satisfactorily.
Amongst these functions are the utility of the building or the structure for the intended use and
occupancy, structural safety, fire safety and compliance with hygienic, sanitation, ventilation and
daylight standards. The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements
prescribed for each of the above functions. The minimum requirements pertaining to the
structural safety of buildings are being covered in loading Codes by way of laying down
minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed loads, wind loads and
other external loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to loading
standards, it is hoped, will not only ensure the structural safety of the buildings and structures,
which are being designed and constructed in the country and thereby reduce the risk to life and
property caused by unsafe structures, but also reduce the wastage caused by assuming
unnecessarily heavy loadings without proper assessment.

3.2.1 NATURE OF WIND IN ATMOSPHERE

In general, wind speed in the atmospheric boundary layer increases with height from zero
at ground level to a maximum at a height called the gradient height. There is usually a slight
change in direction (Ekman effect) but this is ignored in the Code. The variation with height
depends primarily on the terrain conditions. However, the wind speed at any height never
remains constant and it has been found convenient to resolve its instantaneous magnitude into an
average or mean value and a fluctuating component around this average value. The average
value depends on the averaging time employed in analyzing the meteorological data and this
averaging time can be taken to be from a few seconds to several minutes. The magnitude of 15
fluctuating component of the wind speed, which represents the gustiness of wind, depends on the
averaging time. Smaller the averaging interval, greater is the magnitude of the wind speed.

DESIGN WIND PRESSURE

The design wind pressure at any height above mean ground level shall be obtained by the
following relationship between wind pressure and wind velocity:

Pz = 0.6Vz2

where

Pz= design wind pressure in N/ms at height z,

Vz - design wind velocity in m/s at height z.

3.4 TYPES OF LOADS
The kind and quantity of risks or external pressures that a building must resist to ensure
appropriate performance (i.e., safety and serviceability) during the structure's useful life are
defined by loads, which are the most important factor in any building's design. The intended
usage (occupancy and purpose), configuration (form and size), and location of a structure all
impact the expected loads (climate and site conditions). Finally, crucial factors like as material
selection, construction details, and architectural arrangement are influenced by the kind and
amount of design loads.

1. Dead load

2. Live load

3. Imposed loads

4. Wind loads

5. Earth Quake load

3.4.1 DEAD LOADS

This is the permanent of the stationary load like self-weight of the structural
elements.This include the following

a) Self-weight

b) Weight of the finished structure part.

c) Weight of partition walls etc.

Dead loads are based upon the unit weights of elements, which are established taking in account
materials specified for construction, given IS 1911-1967

Dead loads consists of the permanent construction material loads compressing the roof, floor,
wall, and foundation system, including claddings finishes and fixed equipment. Dead load is the
total load of all of the components of the building that generally do not change over time, such as
the steel columns, concrete floors, bricks, roofing material etc.

3.4.2. LIVE LOADS

These aren't stationary or moving loads. This sort of loading comprises the following
loads: imposed loads (fixed) weight of fixed auditorium seats, permanent machinery, and
partition walls These loads cannot be eased since they are set in place and will continue to act
throughout the structure's life.
Imposed loads (non-fixed) are loads that fluctuate in size or location often, such as traffic loads,
furniture weight, and so on.

The usage occupancy of the building generates live loads. Human occupants, furniture, no
permanent equipment, storage, and constriction and maintenance operations are all examples of
loads. Loads are stated in terms of uniform are loads, concentrated loads, and uniform line loads,
as needed to accurately explain the loading condition.

LOADING STANDARDS

The loads that are considered in the design are based on IS-875-1964.

The Dead Loads

RCC - 25 KN/m

PCC - 24 KN/m

BRICK MASONARY -19 KN/m

FLOOR FINISHES - 1 KN/m

The Live Loads

On floors 3.5 kN/m2

On roofs 3kN/m2

3.4.3. IMPOSED LOADS

Loads produced by intended use occupancy of a building including the weight movable portions
distributed concentrated loads and loads that vibration and impact called imposed loads
estimated by IS 456-2000.

3.4.4. WIND LOADS

The effects of wind on structures are still poorly understood, and our knowledge in this
field is continually growing as the appropriate wind code rules are revised on a regular basis.
High winds can result in one of four forms of structural damage:

1. Collapse
2. Partially collapsed
3. Excessive harm
4. Sliding

The most common type of injury is partial damage. All roofs and walls are subjected to
perpendicular wind forces, with both interior and exterior wind pressures taken into account.
Wind does not always create positive pressure and is not consistent with height or duration. It is
also not uniform over the side of the building. During the structural analysis, both wind pressure
and wind suction must be considered.

Except in the atmosphere and the ocean, the deviating effect, known as Carioles force (isobars),
is negligible and frequently ignored. Certain periodic gusts within the wind's gustiness spectrum
may find resonance with natural vibration frequency, which is significantly lower than the
structure's static design load, resulting in harmful oscillations. In most cases, pressure
coefficients have been found experimentally by testing models of various types of structures in
wind tunnels. Positive and negative pressures occur concurrently when wind interacts with a
structure.

3.4.5. EARTH QUAKE LOAD

Horizontal and vertical ground motions make up seismic motions, with the vertical motion
normally having a considerably lower magnitude. Additional forces owing to vertical
acceleration due to earthquakes are normally accommodated by the factor of safety supplied
against gravity loads. As a result, by shaking the foundation back and forth, the horizontal
motion of the earth has the most impact on the structure. In actuality, all structures are flexible to
some extent, but a structure that is extremely flexible will be subjected to a significantly higher
force under recurrent ground motion. This indicates that the amount of the lateral force on a
structure is determined not only by the ground's acceleration, but also by the structure's type
(F=Ma).

The seismic load is calculated using the response spectrum approach in the project and is in
accordance with IS 1893.

The focus of earthquake resistant design is on the ductility and energy absorption of the building
material (steel). It has been consistently demonstrated that no static study can guarantee adequate
energy dissipation and damage distribution in irregular buildings, and that the more slender a
structure is, the greater the overturning impact of an earthquake.

Seismic load may be determined by considering the ground's acceleration reaction to the
superstructure. They are classified into four zones based on the severity of the earthquake.

1. Zone I and II are combined as Zone II.

2. Zone III.

3. Zone IV.

4. Zone V.
3.5. LOAD COMBINTION
1.For seismic load analysis of a building the code refers following load combination.

1. 1.5(DL + IL)

2. 1.2(DL + IL ± EL)

3. 1.5(DL ± EL)

4. 0.9 DL ± 1.5 EL

2.For wind load analysis of a building the code refers following load combination.

1. DL +LL

2. DL+WL

3. DL+0.8LL+0.8WL

Both WL and EL are applied in X and Z direction. These loads are also applied further in
negative X and Z direction. So for Seismic analysis there are 18 load combinations and for Wind
load analysis there are 11 load combinations.

3.6. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

The procedure of structural analysis is simple in concept but complex. In detail. It
involves the analysis of a proposed structure to show that its resistance or strength will meet or
exceed a reasonable expectation. This expectation is usually expressed by a specified load or the
demand and an acceptable margined of safety that constitutes a performance goal for a structure.
The performance goals structural design is multifaceted. Foremost, a structure must perform its
intended function safely over its useful life.

The concept of useful life implies consideration of durability and established the basis for
considering the cumulative exposure to time varying risks (i.e. corrosive environments, that
performance is inextricably linked to cost, owners, builders, and designer must considers
economic limit to the primary goal of safety and durability.

In the view of the above discussion, structural designer may appear to have little control
over the fundamental goals of structural design except to comply with or exceed the minimum
limits established by law.

While this is generally true, a designer can still do much to optimize the design through
alternative means and methods that can for more efficient analysis techniques, creative design
detailing, and the use of innovative construction materials and methods.
 In summary the goal of structural design are defined by law and reflect the collective
interpretation of general public welfare by those involved in the development and local adoption
of building could.

3.7. SOFTWARE’S
This project is mostly based on software and it is essential to know the details about these
software’s.

List of SOFTWARE’S used

1. STAAD PRO(V8I)

2. STAAD FOUNDATIONS 5(V8I)

3. AUTO CAD
3.7.1. STAAD:

Staad is powerful design software licensed by Bentley .Staad stands for structural
analysis and Design Any object which is stable under a given loading can be considered as
structure. So first find the outline of the structure, where as analysis is the estimation of what are
the type of loads that acts on the beam and calculation of shear force and bending moment comes
under analysis stage. Design phase is designing the type of materials and its dimensions to resist
the load. This we do after the analysis.

To calculate s.f.d and b.m.d of a complex loading beam it takes about an hour. So when it
comes into the building with several members it will take a week. Staad pro is a very powerful
tool which does this job in just an hour’s staad is a best alternative for high rise buildings. Now a
days most of the high rise buildings are designed by staad which makes a compulsion for a civil
engineer to know about this software. These software can be used to carry rcc ,steel, bridge ,
truss etc according to various country codes.

3.7.1.1. ALTERNATIVES FOR STAAD:

STRUTS, ROBOT, SAP, ADDS PRO which gives details very clearly regarding reinforcement
and manual calculations. But these software’s are restricted to some designs only where as staad
can deal with several types of structure.

3.7.1.2. STAAD EDITOR:

Staad has very great advantage to other software’s i.e., staad editor. staad editor is the
Programming For the structure we created and loads we taken all details are presented in
programming format in staad editor. This program can be used to analyze another structure also
by just making some modifications, but this require some programming skills. So load cases
created for a structure can be used for another structure using staad editor.

3.7.1.3. LIMITATIONS OF STAAD PRO:

1.Huge output data

2.Even analysis of a small beam creates large output.

3.Unable to show plinth beams.

3.7.2 STAAD FOUNDATION:

Staad foundation is a powerful tool used to calculate different types of foundations. It is also
licensed by Bentley software’s. All Bentley software’s cost about 10 lakhs and so all engineers
can’t use it due to heavy cost. Analysis and design carried in Staad and post processing in staad
gives the load at various supports. These supports are to be imported into these software to
calculate the footing details i.e., regarding the geometry and reinforcement details.
3.7.3. AUTO CAD:

AutoCAD is powerful software licensed by auto desk. The word auto came from auto
desk company and cad stands for computer aided design. AutoCAD is used for drawing different
layouts, details, plans, elevations, sections and different sections can be shown in auto cad.

It is very useful software for civil, mechanical and also electrical engineer. The
importance of this software makes every engineer a compulsion to learn this software’s. We used
AutoCAD for drawing the plan, elevation of a residential building. We also used AutoCAD to
show the reinforcement details and design details of a stair case. AutoCAD is a very easy
software to learn and much user friendly for anyone to handle and can be learn quickly. Learning
of certain commands is required to draw in AutoCAD.
CHAPTER-4

MODELLING OF G+3 STORIED BUILDING

4.1 PLAN AND LOADINGS

PLAN:
It is a G+3 proposed Multi storey Building.

STATEMENT OF PROJECT:

SALIENT FEATURES:

1. Utility of building: Multi storey Building

2. No of stories: G3

3. No. of flats: 3 flats per storey

4. Type of construction : R.C.C framed structure

5. Types of walls : Brick wall

GEOMETRIC DETAILS:

1. Ground floor: 3m
2. Floor to floor height: 3m.

MATERIALS:

1. Concrete grade: M30

2. All steel grades: Fe550 grade

4.2. LOAD CONDITIONS AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM RESPONSE:

The concepts presented in this section provide an overview of building loads and their
effect on the structural response of typical wood-framed homes. As shown in Table, building
loads can be divided into types based on the orientation of the structural action or forces that they
induce: vertical and horizontal (i.e., lateral) loads. Classification of loads are described in the
following sections.
4.3. BUILDING LOADS CATEGORIZED BY ORIENTATION:
Types of loads on an hypothetical building are as follows.

1. Vertical Loads
2. Dead (gravity)
3. Live (gravity)
4. Snow(gravity)
5. Wind(uplift on roof)
6. Seismic and wind (overturning)
7. Seismic( vertical ground motion)

4.4. HORIZONTAL (LATERAL) LOADS:

Direction of loads is horizontal w.r.t to the building.

1. Wind
2. Seismic(horizontal ground motion)
3. Flood(static and dynamic hydraulic forces
4. Soil(active lateral pressure)

4.5 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS:

As far back as 1948, it was determined that “conventions in general use for wood, steel
and concrete structures are not very helpful for designing houses because few are applicable”
(NBS,1948). More specifically, the NBS document encourages the use of more advanced
methods of structural analysis for homes. Unfortunately. the study in question and all subsequent
studies addressing the topic of system performance in housing have not led to the development
or application of any significant improvement in the codified design practice as applied to
housing systems. This lack of application is partly due to conservative nature of the engineering
process and partly due to difficulty of translating the results of narrowly focused structural
systems studies to general design applications. Since this document is narrowly scoped to
address residential construction, relevant system .

Based studies and design information for housing are discussed, referenced, and applied
as appropriate. If a structural member is part of system, as it typically the case in light frame
residential construction, its response is altered by the strength and stiffness characteristics of
thesystem as a whole. In general, system performance includes two basic concepts known as load
sharing and composite action. Load sharing is found in repetitive member systems (i.e., wood
framing) and reflects the ability of the load on one member to be shared by another or, in the
case of a uniform load, the ability of some of the load on a weaker member to be carried by
adjacent members. Composite action is found in assemblies of components that, when connected
to one another, from a “composite member” with greater capacity and stiffness than the sum of
the component parts.

Steps followed for modelling the staging G+3 proposed Multi storey Building STAAD-
PRO:

1) Modelling geometry: Here Multi storey Building geometry is model by using grid system.

2) Define element type: Here frame type element is used for beam, column and area element and
Surface

3) Define Material properties: Here we provide the properties of the beam and plate such as
elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, mass density, compressive strength etc

4) Define Section properties: rectangle sections define the width and depth for beam, column.
Area sections define thickness for element.

5) Seismic Definition: In seismic definition select type of code, define zone, response reduction
factor, importance factor, type of soil, type of structure, damping ratio, and foundation depth etc.

6) Apply loads and boundary condition: Define menu provides option for specifying the
boundary conditions and loads.

7) Base Shear results: The solution is obtained using the display option in main menu.