Asian Christian High School

(Affiliated to CBSE; Affln. No.: 1930159; School Code: 55109)

Jeemangalam, Bagalur P.O., Hosur, Krishnagiri Dt.
Tamil Nadu-635103, Ph.: 04344-255800/807/822/831
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.achs-india.org

Bonafide Certificate
Certified to be the bonafide record of Physics project work done

on

by Master/Miss

of Class at Asian Christian High School, Hosur, during the year 2024-’25.

Teacher In charge Head of the Department

Submitted for SSCE (Practical) held at Asian Christian High School.

Name of the Candidate:

Registration Number:

Roll No:

Examination Centre: Asian Christian High School

School Seal Date of Examination:

Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project report would be inconclusive without acknowledging the services of

those helping hands in the entire process of the project presentation.
With a grateful heart I acknowledge the presence of the Omnipotent behind the
endeavours concerning this project.
At the outset, I express my deep sense of obligation to Mr. Sijumon K.G., Principal
of Asian Christian High School, Jeemangalam, Hosur, for his unrelenting
motivation, guidance and support.
Mrs. Gandhimathi T.S., our dear teacher and mentor in Physics deserves whole-
hearted appreciation for her great inspiration and continuous guidance in completing
this project.
A special mention has to be made of my friends for all the support and help rendered
towards the fulfillment of the project.
Special thanks to my parents for the cooperation and support which helped me in
materializing this project.
 ASIAN CHRISTIAN HIGH SCHOOL
(Affiliated to CBSE; Affln. No.: 1930159; School Code: 55109)
Jeemangalam, Bagalur P.O., Hosur, Krishnagiri Dt.
Tamil Nadu-635103, Ph.: 04344-255800/807/822/831
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.achs-india.org

Physics Investigatory Project

Name :
Class :
Roll No.:
 INDEX
Sl. No Content Pg. No Signature

1 INTRODUCTION

2 THEORY OF BERNOULLI’S
PRINCIPLE

3 DERIVATION

4 EXPERIMENTAL
VERIFICATION

5 APPLICATIONS OF
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

6 CONCLUSION

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION

Fluid mechanics is one of the most fascinating branches of

physics, and Bernoulli’s Principle stands as a cornerstone in this
field. Introduced by Daniel Bernoulli in 1738, this principle
relates the speed, pressure, and elevation of a fluid in motion.

Historical Background

Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician and physicist,

formulated his findings in Hydrodynamics. The work
revolutionized our understanding of fluid dynamics, connecting
it to energy conservation. Bernoulli’s insights paved the way for
advancements in aviation, hydropower, and medical devices.

Importance of Bernoulli’s Principle

• Provides a theoretical framework for fluid motion.

• Explains the behavior of liquids and gases in various
natural and engineered systems.
• Forms the basis of many devices like Venturimeters,
atomizers, and aircraft wings.
 AIM
Objective:
• To explore the fundamental theory and derivation of
Bernoulli’s Principle.
• To investigate its real-world applications in engineering,
sports, and nature.
• To demonstrate its working through experiments and
models.

Detailed Goals:
1. Theory and Understanding:
• Grasp the relationship between pressure, velocity,
and potential energy in fluids.
• Analyze Bernoulli’s equation and its components.

2.Practical Demonstration:

• Conduct experiments like paper strip tests, ping pong

ball suspension, and atomizer design.

3.Applications:

• Study its use in systems like airplanes, chimneys,

and medical instruments.
• Identify its presence in natural phenomena like bird
flight and river currents.
Theory of Bernoulli’s Principle:

The Statement:

Bernoulli’s Principle states that an increase in the velocity

of a fluid decreases its pressure, provided the flow is
steady, incompressible, and non-viscous.

The Equation:
Physical Meaning of Terms:

1. Pressure Energy (): The energy a fluid exerts due to its

pressure.

2. Kinetic Energy (): Energy due to the motion of the fluid

particles.

3. Potential Energy (): Energy due to the height of the

fluid above a reference point.

Derivation of Bernoulli’s Principle:

Assumptions:
1. Fluid is incompressible and non-viscous.

2. Flow is steady and along a streamline.

3. No external forces like friction.

Applications of Derivation:

1. Explains how airplanes generate lift.

2. Derives the working of Venturimeters.

Derivation:
Experimental Verification:

Importance of Experimental Verification:

Experiments are essential to understand and observe

Bernoulli’s Principle in action. They provide practical
insights into the relationship between pressure, velocity,
and elevation in fluid systems.

Below are detailed experiments demonstrating Bernoulli’s

Principle.

Experiment 1: Paper Strip Test

Aim:
To demonstrate pressure differences caused by airflow.

Apparatus:
A lightweight strip of paper (e.g., printer paper).

Procedure:
1. Hold one end of the paper strip between your thumb
and forefinger.
2. Position the paper so it hangs freely downward.
3. Blow air steadily across the top surface of the paper.
Observation:
The paper lifts upward instead of hanging down.

Explanation:
Air blowing over the paper moves faster than the still air
underneath.

The faster-moving air creates a low-pressure zone above

the paper.

The higher pressure below pushes the paper upward,

illustrating Bernoulli’s Principle.

Applications:
Explains how airplane wings generate lift.

Demonstrates the principles behind chimneys and

ventilators.

Experiment 2: Ping Pong Ball Suspension

Aim:
To observe how pressure differences can stabilize an
object in airflow.
Apparatus:
Hairdryer.
Ping pong ball.

Procedure:
1. Turn on the hairdryer and aim it vertically upward.
2. Place a ping pong ball in the air stream.
3. Slightly tilt the hairdryer and observe the ball’s
movement.

Observation:
The ball remains suspended in the air stream and can
follow the tilted flow.

Explanation:
Fast-moving air around the ball reduces pressure.

The ball stays suspended because of the surrounding low-

pressure zone.

Applications:
Demonstrates stability mechanisms in fluid systems.

Explains the working of industrial air curtains and certain

types of fans.
Experiment 3: Atomizer Demonstration

Aim:
To demonstrate the principle behind atomization of liquids.

Apparatus:
Plastic bottle.
Straw.
Water or any liquid.

Procedure:
1. Fill the bottle with water and insert a straw into the
liquid.
2. Blow air forcefully across the top of the straw.
3. Observe the liquid being drawn upward and broken into
tiny droplets.

Observation:
The liquid is pulled up and dispersed as a fine mist.

Explanation:
Fast-moving air across the straw’s opening reduces
pressure.

The liquid rises due to the pressure difference and is

atomized by the airflow.
Applications:
Perfume sprays and pesticide sprayers.

Medical nebulizers for delivering respiratory medication.

Experiment 4: Two Ping Pong Balls

Aim:
To show the effect of low-pressure zones between two
objects.

Apparatus:
Two ping pong balls.
String.
A source of steady airflow (e.g., fan or hairdryer).

Procedure:
1. Suspend two ping pong balls close to each other using
strings.
2. Blow air between the two balls.

Observation:
The balls move closer to each other instead of moving
apart.
Explanation:
Air flowing between the balls moves faster, reducing
pressure.

The higher pressure outside pushes the balls together.

Applications:
Explains how trains and cars passing each other closely
experience mutual pull.

Illustrates the principle behind aerodynamic design in

racing vehicles.

Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle:

Bernoulli’s Principle has a wide range of applications

across different fields. It explains how fluid flow affects
pressure and is used in devices, engineering systems,
sports, and nature.

Below are more detailed explanations of its applications:

1. Airplane Wings (Lift Generation)

Airplane wings are designed with a curved upper surface

and a relatively flat lower surface. This shape, called an
airfoil, causes air to move faster over the top surface than
the bottom.

Mechanism:
Faster air over the curved surface creates a region of
lower pressure compared to the slower-moving air below
the wing. This pressure difference generates an upward
force called lift, enabling the airplane to fly.

Key Factors Influencing Lift:

Angle of attack (the tilt of the wing relative to airflow).

Airspeed: Higher speeds increase lift.

Wing shape: More curvature increases pressure

differences.

Real-World Example:
Modern fighter jets use advanced airfoil designs to
maximize lift and maneuverability.
2. Venturimeters

A Venturimeter is a device used to measure the flow rate

of fluids through a pipe.

Working Principle:
The device has a narrow section (throat) where fluid
velocity increases and pressure decreases, as explained
by Bernoulli’s Principle. The pressure difference between
the wider and narrower sections is used to calculate flow
rate.

Applications in Industry:
Measuring water flow in irrigation systems.

Monitoring fuel flow in engines.

Chemical and oil processing plants for fluid flow

management.

3. Atomizers
Atomizers are used to break liquids into fine sprays by
taking advantage of airflow and pressure differences.
Working Principle:
Air blown across the top of a liquid-filled tube reduces
pressure, drawing the liquid upward. The liquid then
disperses into tiny droplets due to the fast-moving air.

Applications:
Perfume bottles.

Agricultural sprayers for pesticides.

4. Sports (Magnus Effect)

In sports like cricket, tennis, and football, players use spin

to alter the trajectory of balls.

Magnus Effect:
A spinning ball creates pressure differences on its surface
due to varying airspeeds. This causes the ball to curve or
dip during flight.

Examples:
A tennis player applying topspin makes the ball dip
sharply.

A footballer curving a free-kick around a wall of

defenders.
Reverse swing in cricket, where bowlers exploit Bernoulli’s
Principle and airflow.

5. Chimneys and Ventilation Systems

Bernoulli’s Principle explains how airflow helps in

ventilation and smoke removal.

Mechanism in Chimneys:
Wind blowing across the top of a chimney reduces
pressure, creating suction that pulls smoke and hot air
upward.

Ventilation Applications:
Roof ventilators in homes and factories.

Exhaust fans to enhance airflow.

Cooling towers in industries to expel hot gases efficiently.

Conclusion:

Summary of Findings:

Bernoulli’s Principle is a fundamental concept in fluid

mechanics, rooted in the conservation of energy. It
explains the relationship between velocity, pressure, and
elevation in fluids and is instrumental in understanding
both natural and man-made systems.

Practical Implications:
In Engineering: Enables the design of airplanes, turbines,
and industrial equipment.

In Nature: Explains phenomena like bird flight and river

currents.

In Everyday Life: Found in chimneys, atomizers, and

sports.

Significance in Modern Science:

Bernoulli’s Principle is not just a theoretical concept; it has

transformed industries and continues to inspire
innovation. From jet propulsion to renewable energy
systems, its applications have made significant
contributions to technology and sustainability.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Book resource:
Class 11 NCERT physics textbook

Web Resources:
HyperPhysics, "Bernoulli's Equation." Retrieved
from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

NASA, "Bernoulli's Principle and Lift." Retrieved

from https://www.grc.nasa.gov

Physics Classroom, "Applications of Bernoulli's

Principle." Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com