1 Chapter 2

Chapter 2

1. Neglect of air resistance justifies setting a = –g = –9.8 m/s2 (where down is our –y direction)
for the duration of the fall. This is constant acceleration motion, and we may use Table 2-1 (with
y replacing x ).

(a) Using Eq. 2-16 and taking the negative root (since the final velocity is downward), we have

v   v02  2 g y   0  2(9.8 m/s 2 )(4000 m)  280 m/s .

Its magnitude is therefore 280 m/s (about 410 mi/h!).

(b) No, but it is hard to make a convincing case without more analysis. We estimate the mass of
a raindrop to be about a gram or less, so that its mass and speed (from part (a)) would be less
than that of a typical bullet, which is good news. But the fact that one is dealing with many
raindrops leads us to suspect that this scenario poses an unhealthy situation. If we factor in air
resistance, the final speed is smaller, of course, and we return to the relatively healthy situation
with which we are familiar.

2. THINK The electron undergoes a constant acceleration. Given the final speed of the electron
and the distance it has traveled, we can calculate its acceleration.

EXPRESS Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the electron can be
readily analyzed using the equations given in Table 2-1:

v  v0  at (2  11)
1
x  x0  v0t  at 2 (2  15)
2
v 2  v02  2a ( x  x0 ) (2  16)

The acceleration can be found by solving Eq. 2-16.

 2 Chapter 2

ANALYZE With v0  3.70  105 m/s , v  4.40 106 m/s , x0 = 0, and x = 0.023 m, we find the
average acceleration to be

v 2  v02 (4.40 106 m/s)2  (3.70  105 m/s) 2

a   4.18 1014 m/s 2 .
2x 2(0.023 m)

LEARN It is always a good idea to apply other equations in Table 2-1 not used for solving the
problem as a consistency check. For example, since we now know the value of the acceleration,
using Eq. 2-11, the time it takes for the electron to reach its final speed would be

v  v0 4.40 106 m/s  3.70 105 m/s

t   9.64  109 s
a 4.18 10 m/s
14 2

Substituting the value of t into Eq. 2-15, the distance the electron travels is

1 1
x  x0  v0t  at 2  0  (3.70  105 m/s)(9.64  109 s)  (4.18  1014 m/s 2 )(9.64 109 s)2
2 2
 0.023 m
This is what was given in the problem statement. So we know the problem has been solved
correctly.

3. (a) For the automobile  v = 55 – 25 = 30 km/h, which we convert to SI units:

a
b
1000 m/ km
v (30 km / h) 3600 s/ h

g
 0.28 m / s 2 .
t ( 0.50 min)(60 s / min)

(b) The change of velocity for the bicycle, for the same time, is identical to that of the car, so its
acceleration is also 0.28 m/s2.

4. We take +x in the direction of motion. We use subscripts 1 and 2 for the data. Thus, v1 = +30
m/s, v2 = +60 m/s, and x2 – x1 = +160 m.
 3 Chapter 2

(a) Using these subscripts, Eq. 2-16 leads to

v22  v12 (60 m/s) 2  (30 m/s) 2

a   8.437 m/s 2  8.4 m/s 2 .
2  x2  x1  2 160 m 

(b) We find the time interval corresponding to the displacement x2 – x1 using Eq. 2-17:

2  x2  x1  2 160 m 
t2  t1    3.55 s  3.6 s .
v1  v2 30 m/s  60 m/s

(c) Since the train is at rest (v0 = 0) when the clock starts, we find the value of t1 from Eq. 2-11:
30 m/s
v1  v0  at1  t1   3.56 s  3.6 s.
8.437 m/s 2

(d) The coordinate origin is taken to be the location at which the train was initially at rest (so x0 =
0). Thus, we are asked to find the value of x1. Although any of several equations could be used,
we choose Eq. 2-17:

1 1
x1   v0  v1  t1   30 m/s  3.56 s   53 m .
2 2

5. (a) The derivative (with respect to time) of the given expression for x yields the “velocity” of
the spot:

v  5.00  1.50t 2 .

We have v = 0 when t = 1.8257 s  1.83 s.

 4 Chapter 2

(b) At t = 1.8257 s,

x  5.00(1.8257)  0.500(1.8257) 2  6.09.

Thus, the location of the spot when v = 0 is 6.09 cm from the left edge of screen.

(c) The derivative of the velocity is a = –3.00t, which gives an acceleration of  5.48 cm/s 2
(negative sign indicating leftward) when the spot is 6.09 cm from the left edge of screen.

(d) Since v > 0 for times less than t = 1.83 s, then the spot had been moving rightward.

(e) As implied by our answer to part (c), it moves leftward for times immediately after t = 1.83 s.
In fact, the expression found in part (a) guarantees that for all t > 1.83, v < 0 (that is, until the
clock is “reset” by reaching an edge).

(f) As the discussion in part (e) shows, the edge that it reaches at some t > 1.83 s cannot be the
right edge; it is the left edge (x = 0). Solving the expression given in the problem statement (with
x = 0) for positive t yields the answer: the spot reaches the left edge at t  10  3.16 s.

6. We choose down as the +y direction and use the equations of Table 2-1 (replacing x with y)
with a = +g, v0 = 0, and y0 = 0. We use subscript 2 for the elevator reaching the ground and 1 for
the halfway point.

b g
(a) Equation 2-16, v22  v02  2a y2  y0 , leads to

v2  2 gy2  2  9.8 m/s 2  100 m   44.3 m/s .

(b) The time at which it strikes the ground is (using Eq. 2-15)
 5 Chapter 2

2 y2 2 100 m 
t2    4.52 s .
g 9.8 m/s 2

b g
(c) Now Eq. 2-16, in the form v12  v02  2a y1  y0 , leads to

v1  2 gy1  2(9.8 m/s 2 )(50 m)  31.3 m/s.

(d) The time at which it reaches the halfway point is (using Eq. 2-15)

2 y1 2(50 m)
t1    3.19 s .
g 9.8 m/s 2

7. (a) Using the fact that the area of a triangle is 1

2 (base) (height) (and the fact that the integral
corresponds to the area under the curve) we find, from t = 0 through t = 5 s, the integral of v with
respect to t is 30 m. Since we are told that x0 = 0 then we conclude that x = 30 m when t = 5.0 s.

(b) We see directly from the graph that v = 4.0 m/s when t = 5.0 s.

(c) Since a = dv/dt = slope of the graph, we find that the acceleration during the interval 4 < t < 6
is uniformly equal to –4.0 m/s2.

(d) Thinking of x(t) in terms of accumulated area (on the graph), we note that x(1) = 1 m; using
this and the value found in part (a), Eq. 2-2 produces

x(5)  x(1) 30 m  2 m
vavg    7.0 m/s.
5 1 4s

(e) From Eq. 2-7 and the values v(t) we read directly from the graph, we find
 6 Chapter 2

v(5)  v (1) 4 m/s  4 m/s

aavg    0.
5 1 4s

8. During Tr the velocity v0 is constant (in the direction we choose as +x) and obeys v0 = Dr/Tr
where we note that in SI units the velocity is v0 = 240(1000/3600) = 66.7 m/s. During Tb the
acceleration is opposite to the direction of v0 (hence, for us, a < 0) until the car is stopped (v = 0).

(a) Using Eq. 2-16 (with xb = 174 m) we find

v02
v  v  2a xb
2 2
0  a
2xb

which yields |a| = 12.8 m/s2.

(b) We express this as a multiple of g by setting up a ratio:

 12.8 m/s 2 
a  2 
g  1.30 g .
 9.8 m/s 

(c) We use Eq. 2-17 to obtain the braking time:

1 2 174 m 
xb   v0  v  Tb  Tb   5.22 s .
2 66.7 m/s

(d) We express our result for Tb as a multiple of the reaction time Tr by setting up a ratio:

 5.22 s 
Tb   3  Tr  13.0Tr .
 400  10 s 

(e) Since Tb > Tr, most of the full time required to stop is spent in braking.
 7 Chapter 2

(f) We are only asked what the increase in distance D is, due to Tr = 0.100 s, so we simply
have

D  v0 Tr   66.7 m/s  0.100 s   6.67 m .

9. We separate the motion into two parts and take the direction of motion to be positive. In part
1, the vehicle accelerates from rest to its highest speed; we are given v0 = 0; v = 31 m/s and a =
2.6 m/s2. In part 2, the vehicle decelerates from its highest speed to a halt; we are given v0 = 31
m/s; v = 0 and a = –1.4 m/s2 (negative because the acceleration vector points opposite to the
direction of motion).

(a) From Table 2-1, we find t1 (the duration of part 1) from v = v0 + at. In this way, 31  0  2.6t1
yields t1 = 11.9 s. We obtain the duration t2 of part 2 from the same equation. Thus,
0 = 31 + (–1.4)t2
leads to t2 = 22.1 s, and the total is t = t1 + t2 = 34 s.

(b) For part 1, taking x0 = 0, we use the equation v2 = v20 + 2a(x – x0) from Table 2-1 and find

v 2  v02 (31 m/s)2  (0) 2

x   184.8 m .
2a 2(2.6 m/s 2 )

This position is then the initial position for part 2, so that when the same equation is used in part
2 we obtain

v 2  v02 (0)2  (31 m/s)2

x  184.8 m   .
2a 2(1.4 m/s 2 )

Thus, the final position is x = 528 m. That this is also the total distance traveled should be
evident (the vehicle did not "backtrack" or reverse its direction of motion).

10. The displacement ( x ) for each train is the “area” in the graph (since the displacement is the
integral of the velocity). Each area is triangular, and the area of a triangle is 1/2(base) × (height).
Thus, the (absolute value of the) displacement for one train (1/2)(60 m/s)(5 s) = 150 m, and that
of the other train is (1/2)(45 m/s)(4 s) = 90 m. The initial “gap” between the trains was 320 m, and
according to our displacement computations, the gap has narrowed by 240 m. Thus, the answer is
320 – 240 = 80 m.
 8 Chapter 2

11. To find the “launch” velocity of the rock, we apply Eq. 2-11 to the maximum height (where
the speed is momentarily zero)

v  v0  gt  0  v0   9.8 m/s 2   3.00 s 

so that v0 = 29.40 m/s (with +y up). Now we use Eq. 2-15 to find the height of the tower (taking
y0 = 0 at the ground level)

1 2 1
at  y  0   29.40 m/s 1.70 s    9.8 m/s 2  1.70 s  .
2
y  y0  v0t 
2 2

Thus, we obtain y = 35.8 m.

12. We neglect air resistance, which justifies setting a = –g = –9.8 m/s2 (taking down as the –y
direction) for the duration of the motion. We are allowed to use Table 2-1 (with ∆y replacing ∆x)
because this is constant acceleration motion. The ground level is taken to correspond to y = 0.

(a) With y0 = h and v0 replaced with –v0, Eq. 2-16 leads to

v  ( v0 ) 2  2 g (y  y0 )  v02  2 gh
= (10.0 m/s) 2  2(9.8 m/s 2 )(15 m)  19.9 m/s

The problem asks for the speed (the magnitude of the velocity).

(b) We use the quadratic formula to solve Eq. 2-15 for t, with v0 replaced with –v0,

1 2 v0  (v0 ) 2  2 g y
y   v0t  gt  t 
2 g
 9 Chapter 2

where the positive root is chosen to yield t > 0. With y = 0 and y0 = h, this becomes

v02  2 gh  v0
t
g
(10 m/s) 2  2(9.8 m/s 2 )(15 m)  10 m/s
  1.01 s.
9.8 m/s 2

(c) If it were thrown upward with that speed from height h then (in the absence of air friction) it
would return to height h with that same downward speed and would therefore yield the same
final speed (before hitting the ground) as in part (a). An important perspective related to this is
treated later in the book (in the context of energy conservation).

(d) Having to travel up before it starts its descent certainly requires more time than in part (b).
The calculation is quite similar, however, except for now having +v0 in the equation where we
had put in –v0 in part (b). The details follow:

1 v0  v02  2 g y
y  v0t  gt 2  t
2 g

with the positive root again chosen to yield t > 0. With y = 0 and y0 = h, we obtain

v02  2 gh  v0
t
g
(10 m/s)2  2(9.8 m/s 2 )(15 m)  10 m/s
  3.05 s.
9.8 m/s 2

13. The object, once it is dropped (v0 = 0) is in free fall (a = –g = –9.8 m/s2 if we take down as
the –y direction), and we use Eq. 2-15 repeatedly.

(a) The (positive) distance D from the lower dot to the mark corresponding to a certain reaction
time t is given by y   D   21 gt 2 , or D = gt2/2. Thus, for t1  50.0 ms ,
 10 Chapter 2

D 
c9.8 m / s hc50.0  10 sh 0.0123 m = 1.23 cm.
1
2 3 2

 9.8 m/s   100  10 s 

2 3 2

(b) For t2 = 100 ms, D2   0.049 m = 4 D1.

2

 9.8 m/s   150  10 s 

2 3 2

(c) For t3 = 150 ms, D3   0.11m = 9 D1.

2

 9.8 m/s   200  10 s 

2 3 2

(d) For t4 = 200 ms, D4   0.196 m =16 D1.

2

(e) For t = 250 ms, D 

4 5
c9.8 m / s hc250  10 sh 0.306 m = 25D .
2 3 2

1
2

14. We adopt the convention frequently used in the text: that "up" is the positive y direction.

(a) At the highest point in the trajectory v = 0. Thus, with t = 1.12 s, the equation
v = v0 – gt yields v0 = 10.97 m/s  11.0 m/s.

1
(b) One equation that is not dependent on our result from part (a) is y – y0 = vt – 2gt2; this readily
gives ymax – y0 = 6.14 m for the highest ("max") point measured relative to where it started (the
top of the building).

1
(c) Now we use our result from part (a) and plug into y - ∆y0 = v0t – 2gt2 with t = 6.00 s and y = 0
(the ground level). Thus, we have
 11 Chapter 2

1
0 – y0 = (10.97 m/s)(6.00 s) – 2 (9.8 m/s2)(6.00 s)2.

Therefore, y0 (the height of the building) is equal to 111 m.

15. We assume constant velocity motion and use Eq. 2-2 (with vavg = v > 0). Therefore,

 km  1000 m/km  
x  vt   303  
h  3600 s/h  
120  10 s   10.1 m.
3

16. We neglect air resistance, which justifies setting a = –g = –9.8 m/s2 (taking down as the –y
direction) for the duration of the stone’s motion. We are allowed to use Table 2-1 (with x
replaced by y) because the ball has constant acceleration motion (and we choose y0 = 0).

(a) We apply Eq. 2-16 to both measurements, with SI units understood.

2
1 
v  v  2 gy B
2
B
2
0   v   2 g  y A  4   v02
2 
v A2  v02  2 gy A  v 2  2 gy A  v02

We equate the two expressions that each equal v02 and obtain

1 2 3 2
v  2 gy A  2 g  4   v 2  2 gy A  2g  4  v
4 4

which yields v  2 g 16 / 3  10.2 m/s.

(b) An object moving upward at A with speed v = 10.2 m/s will reach a maximum height y – yA =
v2/2g = 5.33 m above point A (this is again a consequence of Eq. 2-16, now with the “final”
velocity set to zero to indicate the highest point). Thus, the top of its motion is 1.33 m above
point B.
 12 Chapter 2

17. We denote the required time as t, assuming the light turns green when the clock reads zero.
By this time, the distances traveled by the two vehicles must be the same.

(a) Denoting the acceleration of the automobile as a and the (constant) speed of the truck as v
then

F1 I
x 
H2 at JK  bg
G 2
vt truck
car

which leads to

2v 2  7.30 m/s 
t   8.11s .
a 1.80 m/s 2

Therefore,

x  vt   7.30 m/s 8.11s   59.2 m .

(b) The speed of the car at that moment is

vcar  at  1.80 m/s 2   8.11 s   14.6 m/s .

18. (a) Let the height of the diving board be h. We choose down as the +y direction and set the
coordinate origin at the point where it was dropped (which is when we start the clock). Thus, y =
h designates the location where the ball strikes the water. Let the depth of the lake be D, and the
total time for the ball to descend be T. The speed of the ball as it reaches the surface of the lake is
then v = 2gh (from Eq. 2-16), and the time for the ball to fall from the board to the lake surface
is t1 = 2h / g (from Eq. 2-15). Now, the time it spends descending in the lake (at constant
velocity v) is
D D
t2   .
v 2 gh
 13 Chapter 2

2h D
Thus, T = t1 + t2 = + , which gives
g 2 gh

D  T 2 gh  2h   4.00 s   2   9.80 m/s2   7.00 m   2  7.00 m   32.85 m  32.9 m .

(b) Using Eq. 2-2, the magnitude of the average velocity is

D  h 38.1 m  7.00 m
vavg    9.96 m/s
T 4.00 s

(c) In our coordinate choices, a positive sign for vavg means that the ball is going downward. If,
however, upward had been chosen as the positive direction, then this answer in (b) would turn
out negative-valued.

(d) We find v0 from y  v0t  12 gt 2 with t = T and y = h + D. Thus,

h  D gT 7.00 m  32.85 m  9.8 m/s   4.00 s 

2

v0       9.64 m/s
T 2 4.00 s 2

(e) Here in our coordinate choices the negative sign means that the ball is being thrown upward.

19. (a) A constant velocity is equal to the ratio of displacement to elapsed time. Thus, for the
vehicle to be traveling at a constant speed v p over a distance D23 , the time delay should be
t  D23 / v p  (200 m)/(14.0 m/s)  14.3 s.

(b) The time required for the car to accelerate from rest to a cruising speed v p is t0  v p / a .
During this time interval, the distance traveled is x0  at02 / 2  v 2p / 2a. The car then moves at a
constant speed v p over a distance D12  x0  d to reach intersection 2, and the time elapsed is
t1  ( D12  x0  d ) / v p . Thus, the time delay at intersection 2 should be set to
 14 Chapter 2

vp D12  x0  d v p D12  (v 2p / 2a )  d

ttotal  tr  t0  t1  tr    tr  
a vp a vp
1 v p D12  d
 tr  
2 a vp
1 14.0 300  20
 0.500    21.9 s.
2 5.00 14.0

20. THINK In this problem a package is dropped from a hot-air balloon which is ascending
vertically upward. We analyze the motion of the package under the influence of gravity.

EXPRESS We neglect air resistance, which justifies setting a = –g = –9.8 m/s2 (taking down as
the –y direction) for the duration of the motion. This allows us to use Table 2-1 (with y
replacing x):
v  v0  gt (2  11)
1 2
y  y0  v0t  gt (2  15)
2
v 2  v02  2 g ( y  y0 ) (2  16)

We place the coordinate origin on the ground and note that the initial velocity of the package is
the same as the velocity of the balloon, v0 = +18 m/s and that its initial coordinate is y0 = +90 m.
The time it takes for the package to hit the ground can be found by solving Eq. 2-15 with y = 0.

ANALYZE (a) We solve 0  y  y0  v0t  12 gt 2 for time using the quadratic formula (choosing
the positive root to yield a positive value for t):

v0  v02  2 gy0 18 m/s  (18 m/s) 2  2  9.8 m/s 2   90 m 

t   6.50 s .
g 9.8 m/s 2

(b) The speed of the package when it hits the ground can be calculated using Eq. 2-11. The result
is
v  v0  gt  18 m/s  (9.8 m/s 2 )(6.50 s)  45.7 m/s .
 15 Chapter 2

Its final speed is 45.7 m/s.

LEARN Our answers can be readily verified by using Eq. 2-16 which was not used in either (a)
or (b). The equation leads to

v   v02  2 g ( y  y0 )   (18 m/s)2  2(9.8 m/s 2 )(0  90 m)  45.7 m/s

which agrees with that calculated in (b).

z
21. Since v  dx / dt (Eq. 2-4), then x  v dt , which corresponds to the area under the v vs t
graph. Dividing the total area A into rectangular (base  height) and triangular bbase  heightg
1
2

areas, we have
A  A0 t 2  A2 t 10  A10t 12  A12 t 16
1  1 
 (2)(12)  (8)(12)   (2)(6)  (2)(6)   (4)(6)
2  2 

with SI units understood. In this way, we obtain ∆x = 150 m.

22. THINK The rocket ship undergoes a constant acceleration from rest, and we want to know
the time elapsed and the distance traveled when the rocket reaches a certain speed.

EXPRESS Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the rocket can be
readily analyzed using the equations in Table 2-1:
v  v0  at (2  11)
1
x  x0  v0t  at 2 (2  15)
2
v 2  v02  2 a( x  x0 ) (2  16)
 16 Chapter 2

ANALYZE (a) Given that a  9.8 m/s2 , v0  0 and v  0.0010c  3.0 105 m/s , we can solve
v  v0  at for the time:

v  v0 3.0 105 m/s  0

t  2
 3.06  104 s  3.1 104 s .
a 9.8 m/s

(b) To calculate the distance traveled during this time interval, we evaluate x  x 0  v0 t  12 at 2 ,
with x0 = 0 and v0 = 0 . The result is

1
x
2
 9.8 m/s2  (3.06 104 s)2  4.6 109 m.
LEARN In solving parts (a) and (b), we did not use Eq. (2-16): v 2  v02  2a ( x  x0 ) . This equation
can be used to check our answers. The final velocity based on this equation is

v  v02  2a( x  x0 )  0  2(9.8 m/s 2 )(4.6 109 m  0)  3.0  105 m/s ,

which is what was given in the problem statement. So, we know the problems have been solved
correctly.

23. THINK In this one-dimensional kinematics problem, we’re given the speed of a particle at
two instants and asked to calculate its average acceleration.

EXPRESS We represent the initial direction of motion as the +x direction. The average
acceleration over a time interval t1  t  t2 is given by Eq. 2-7:

v v(t2 )  v(t1 )
aavg   .
t t2  t1

ANALYZE Let v1 = +16 m/s at t1  0 and v2 = –28 m/s at t2 = 5.2 s. Using Eq. 2-7 we find
v(t )  v(t1 ) (28 m/s)  (16 m/s)
aavg  2 
t2  t1 5.2 s  0 .
  8.46 m/s 2  8.5 m/s 2
 17 Chapter 2

LEARN The average acceleration has magnitude 8.5 m/s2 and is in the opposite direction to the
particle’s initial velocity. This makes sense because the velocity of the particle is decreasing over
the time interval. With t1  0 , the velocity of the particle as a function of time can be written as

v  v0  at  (16 m/s)  (8.5 m/s 2 )t .

24. Using the general property d

dx exp(bx )  b exp(bx ) , we write

dx  d (20t )  2t  de 2t 

v    e  (20t )    .
dt  dt   dt 
-
If a concern develops about the appearance of an argument of the exponential (–t) apparently
having units, then an explicit factor of 1/T where T = 1 second can be inserted and carried
through the computation (which does not change our answer). The result of this differentiation is

v  20(1  2t )e2t

with t and v in SI units (s and m/s, respectively). We see that this function is zero when t = 0.500
s. Now that we know when it stops, we find out where it stops by plugging our result t = 0.500
into the given function x = 20te–2t with x in meters. Therefore, we find x = 3.68 m.

25. THINK The car undergoes a constant negative acceleration to avoid impacting a barrier.
Given its initial speed, we want to know the distance it has traveled and the time elapsed prior to
the impact.
v  v0  at (2  11)
1
x  x0  v0t  at 2 (2  15)
2
v 2  v02  2 a( x  x0 ) (2  16)
 18 Chapter 2

We take x0 = 0 and v0 = 70.0 km/h = 19.44 m/s to be the initial position and speed of the car.
Solving Eq. 2-15 with t = 1.20 s gives the acceleration a. Once a is known, the speed of the car
upon impact can be found by using Eq. 2-11.
ANALYZE (a) Using Eq. 2-15, we find the acceleration to be

2( x  v0t ) 2  (20.0 m)  (19.44 m/s)(1.20 s) 

a    4.63 m/s 2 ,
t2 (1.20 s)2

or | a | 4.63 m/s 2 . The negative sign indicates that the acceleration is opposite to the direction of
motion of the car; the car is slowing down.

(b) The speed of the car at the instant of impact is

v  v0  at  19.44 m/s  ( 4.63 m/s 2 )(1.20 s)  13.9 m/s

which can also be converted to 50.0 km/h.

LEARN In solving parts (a) and (b), we did not use Eq. 1-16. This equation can be used as a
consistency check. The final velocity based on this equation is

v  v02  2a( x  x0 )  (19.44 m/s) 2  2(4.63 m/s 2 )(20 m  0)  13.9 m/s ,

which is what was calculated in (b). This indicates that the problems have been solved correctly.

26. There is no air resistance, which makes it quite accurate to set a = –g = –9.8 m/s2 (where
downward is the –y direction) for the duration of the fall. We are allowed to use Table 2-1 (with
y replacing x) because this is constant acceleration motion; in fact, when the acceleration
changes (during the process of catching the ball) we will again assume constant acceleration
conditions; in this case, we have a2 = +25g = 245 m/s2.

(a) The time of fall is given by Eq. 2-15 with v0 = 0 and y = 0. Thus,
 19 Chapter 2

2 y0 2(145 m)
t   5.44 s.
g 9.8 m/s 2

(b) The final velocity for its free-fall (which becomes the initial velocity during the catching
process) is found from Eq. 2-16 (other equations can be used but they would use the result from
part (a))

v   v02  2 g ( y  y0 )   2 gy0  53.3 m / s

where the negative root is chosen since this is a downward velocity. Thus, the speed is
| v | 53.3 m/s.

(c) For the catching process, the answer to part (b) plays the role of an initial velocity (v0 = –53.3
m/s) and the final velocity must become zero. Using Eq. 2-16, we find

v 2  v02 (53.3 m/s)2

y2    5.80 m ,
2a2 2(245 m/s 2 )

or | y2 |  5.80 m. The negative value of ∆y2 signifies that the distance traveled while arresting
its motion is downward.

27. We take the direction of motion as +x, take x0 = 0 and use SI units, so v = 1400(1000/3600) =
389 m/s.

(a) Equation 2-11 gives 389 = a(1.8) or a = 216 m/s2. We express this as a multiple of g by
setting up a ratio:

 216 m/s 2 
a  2 
g  22 g.
 9.8 m/s 
(b) Equation 2-17 readily yields
1 1
x  v0  v  t   389 m/s 1.8 s   350 m.
2 2
 20 Chapter 2

28. Direction of +x is implicit in the problem statement. The initial position (when the clock
starts) is x0 = 0 (where v0 = 0), the end of the speeding-up motion occurs at x1 = 1400/2 = 700 m,
and the subway train comes to a halt (v2 = 0) at x2 = 1400 m.

(a) Using Eq. 2-15, the subway train reaches x1 at

2 x1 2  700 m 
t1    34.16 s  34.2 s .
a1 1.2 m/s 2

The time interval t2 – t1 turns out to be the same value (most easily seen using Eq. 2-18 so the
total time is t2 = 2(34.2) = 68.3 s.

(b) Its maximum speed occurs at t1 and equals v1  v0  a1t1  41.0 m/s .

29. THINK This problem involves analyzing a plot describing the position of an iceboat as
function of time. The boat has a nonzero acceleration due to the wind.

EXPRESS Since we are told that the acceleration of the boat is constant, the equations of Table
2-1 can be applied. However, the challenge here is that v0, v, and a are not explicitly given. Our
strategy to deduce these values is to apply the kinematic equation x  x0  v0t  12 at 2 to a variety
of points on the graph and solve for the unknowns from the simultaneous equations.

ANALYZE (a) From the graph, we pick two points on the curve: (t , x)  (2.0 s,16 m) and
(3.0 s, 27 m) . The corresponding simultaneous equations are

1
16 m – 0 = v0(2.0 s) + a(2.0 s)2
2
1
27 m – 0 = v0(3.0 s) + a(3.0 s)2
2

Solving the equations lead to the values v0 = 6.0 m/s and a = 2.0 m/s2.
 21 Chapter 2

(b) From Table 2-1,

1 1
x – x0 = vt – 2at2  27 m – 0 = v(3.0 s) – 2 (2.0 m/s2)(3.0 s)2

which leads to v = 12 m/s.

1
(c) Assuming the wind continues during 3.0 ≤ t ≤ 6.0, we apply x – x0 = v0t + at2 to this interval
2
(where v0 = 12.0 m/s from part (b)) to obtain

1
x = (12.0 m/s)(4.0 s) + (2.0 m/s2)(4.0 s)2 = 64 m.
2

LEARN By using the results obtained in (a), the position and velocity of the iceboat as a
function of time can be written as

1
x(t )  (6.0 m/s)t  (2.0 m/s 2 )t 2 and v(t )  (6.0 m/s)  (2.0 m/s 2 )t.
2
One can readily verify that the same answers are obtained for (b) and (c) using the above
expressions for x(t ) and v(t ) .

30. Taking +y to be upward and placing the origin at the point from which the objects are
dropped, then the location of diamond 1 is given by y1   12 gt 2 and the location of diamond 2 is
b g 2
given by y2   21 g t  1 . We are starting the clock when the first object is dropped. We want
the time for which y2 – y1 = 5.0 m. Therefore,

1 1
 g  t  1  gt 2  5.0 t   5.0 / g   0.5  1.0 s.
2

2 2

31. Using Eq. 2-11, v  v0  at , we find the initial speed to be

v0  v  at  0  ( 3400)(9.8 m/s 2 )(6.5  10 3 s)  216.6 m/s

 22 Chapter 2

32. The acceleration is constant and we may use the equations in Table 2-1.

(a) Taking the first point as coordinate origin and time to be zero when the car is there, we apply
Eq. 2-17:
1 1
x  v  v0  t  15.0 m/s  v0   6.00 s  .
2 2

With x = 65.0 m (which takes the direction of motion as the +x direction) we solve for the initial
velocity: v0 = 6.67 m/s.

(b) Substituting v = 15.0 m/s, v0 = 6.67 m/s, and t = 6.00 s into a = (v – v0)/t (Eq. 2-11), we find a
= 1.39 m/s2.

(c) Substituting v = 0 in v 2  v02  2 ax and solving for x, we obtain

v02 (6.67 m/s) 2

x     16.0 m ,
2a 2 1.39 m/s 2 

or | x |  16.0 m .

33. If the plane (with velocity v) maintains its present course, and if the terrain continues its
upward slope of 4.3°, then the plane will strike the ground after traveling

h 35 m
x    4655
. m  0.465 km.
tan  tan 4.3

This corresponds to a time of flight found from Eq. 2-2 (with v = vavg since it is constant)
x 0.465 km
t   4.227 104 h  1.52 s.
v 1100 km/h

This, then, estimates the time available to the pilot to make his correction.
 23 Chapter 2

1
34. The y coordinate of Piton 1 obeys y – y01 = – 2 g t2 where y = 0 when t = 3.0 s. This allows us
to solve for yo1, and we find y01 = 44.1 m. The graph for the coordinate of Piton 2 (which is
thrown apparently at t = 1.0 s with velocity v1) is

1
y – y02 = v1(t–1.0) – 2 g (t – 1.0)2

where y02 = y01 + 15 = 59.1 m and where (again) y = 0 when t = 3.0 s. Thus, we obtain |v1| = 20
m/s.

35. (a) With upward chosen as the +y direction, we use Eq. 2-11 to find the initial velocity of the
package:

v = vo + at  0 = vo – (9.8 m/s2)(2.0 s)

which leads to vo = 19.6 m/s. Now we use Eq. 2-15:

1
y = (19.6 m/s)(2.0 s) + 2 (–9.8 m/s2)(2.0 s)2  20 m .

We note that the “2.0 s” in this second computation refers to the time interval 2 < t < 4 in the
graph (whereas the “2.0 s” in the first computation referred to the 0 < t < 2 time interval shown
in the graph).

(b) In our computation for part (b), the time interval (“6.0 s”) refers to the 2 < t < 8 portion of the
graph:

1
∆y = (19.6 m/s)(6.0 s) + 2 (–9.8 m/s2)(6.0 s)2  –59 m ,
 24 Chapter 2

or | y | 59 m .

36. Recognizing that the gap between the trains is closing at a constant rate of 80 km/h, the total
time that elapses before they crash is t = (60 km)/(80 km/h) = 0.75 h. During this time, the bird
travels a distance of x = vt = (52 km/h)(0.75 h) = 39.0 km.

37. (a) Let d be the distance traveled. The average speed with and without wings set as sails are
vs  d / ts and vns  d / tns , respectively. Thus, the ratio of the two speeds is

vs d / t s tns 24.0 s
    3.29
vns d / tns ts 7.3 s

(b) The difference in time expressed in terms of vs is

d d d d d (1.5 m) 3.4 m
t  tns  t s      2.29  2.29 
vns vs (vs / 3.29) vs vs vs vs

38. We take +x in the direction of motion, so v0 = +30 m/s, v1 = +15 m/s and a < 0. The
acceleration is found from Eq. 2-11: a = (v1 – v0)/t1 where t1 = 5.0 s. This gives a = –3.0 m/s2.
The displacement (which in this situation is the same as the distance traveled) to the point it
stops (v2 = 0) is, using Eq. 2-16,

(30 m/s)2
v22  v02  2ax  x   150 m.
2(3.0 m/s 2 )

39. Average speed, as opposed to average velocity, relates to the total distance, as opposed to the
net displacement. The distance D up the hill is, of course, the same as the distance down the hill,
and since the speed is constant (during each stage of the motion) we have speed = D/t. Thus, the
average speed is
 25 Chapter 2

Dup  Ddown 2D

t up  t down D D

v up vdown

which, after canceling D and plugging in vup = 45.0 km/h and vdown = 70.0 km/h, yields 54.8
km/h for the average speed.

40. During free fall, we ignore the air resistance and set a = –g = –9.8 m/s2 where we are
choosing down to be the –y direction. The initial velocity is zero so that Eq. 2-15 becomes
y   21 gt 2 where ∆y represents the negative of the distance d she has fallen. Thus, we can
write the equation as d  21 gt 2 for simplicity.

(a) The time t1 during which the parachutist is in free fall is (using Eq. 2-15) given by

1 2 1
d1  40 m = gt1   9.80 m/s 2  t12
2 2

which yields t1 = 2.86 s. The speed of the parachutist just before he opens the parachute is given
by the positive root v12  2 gd1 , or

v1  2 gh1   2  9.80 m/s2   40 m   28 m/s.

If the final speed is v2, then the time interval t2 between the opening of the parachute and the
arrival of the parachutist at the ground level is

v1  v2 28 m/s  3.0 m/s

t2    16.7 s.
a 1.5 m/s 2

This is a result of Eq. 2-11 where speeds are used instead of the (negative-valued) velocities (so
that final-velocity minus initial-velocity turns out to equal initial-speed minus final-speed); we
also note that the acceleration vector for this part of the motion is positive since it points upward
 26 Chapter 2

(opposite to the direction of motion — which makes it a deceleration). The total time of flight is
therefore t1 + t2 = 19.5 s.

(b) The distance through which the parachutist falls after the parachute is opened is given by

v 2  v22  28 m/s    3.0 m/s 

2 2

d 1   258 m.
2a  2  1.5 m/s 2 

In the computation, we have used Eq. 2-16 with both sides multiplied by –1 (which changes the
negative-valued y into the positive d on the left-hand side, and switches the order of v1 and v2
on the right-hand side). Thus the fall begins at a height of h = 40 + d ≈ 298 m.

41. THINK The particle undergoes a non-constant acceleration along the +x-axis. An integration
is required to calculate velocity.

EXPRESS With a non-constant acceleration a(t )  dv / dt , the velocity of the particle at time t1
t1
is given by Eq. 2-27: v1  v0   a (t ) dt , where v0 is the velocity at time t0. In our situation, we
t0

have a  8.0t. In addition, we also know that v0  17 m/s at t0  2.0 s.

ANALYZE Integrating (from t = 2 s to variable t = 4 s) the acceleration to get the velocity and
using the values given in the problem, leads to

t t 1
v  v0   a dt  v0   (8.0t )dt  v0  (8.0)(t 2  t02 )
t0 t0 2
1
= 17 + (8.0)(52 – 22) = 101 m/s.
2

LEARN The velocity of the particle as a function of t is

1 1
v(t )  v0  (8.0)(t 2  t02 )  17  (8.0)(t 2  4)  1  4.0t 2
2 2
in SI units (m/s). Since the acceleration is linear in t, we expect the velocity to be quadratic in t,
and the displacement to be cubic in t.
 27 Chapter 2

42. We denote tr as the reaction time and tb as the braking time. The motion during tr is of the
constant-velocity (call it v0) type. Then the position of the car is given by

1 2
x  v0 t r  v 0 t b  atb
2

where v0 is the initial velocity and a is the acceleration (which we expect to be negative-valued
since we are taking the velocity in the positive direction and we know the car is decelerating).
After the brakes are applied the velocity of the car is given by v = v0 + atb. Using this equation,
with v = 0, we eliminate tb from the first equation and obtain

v02 1 v02  v02

x  v0 t r    v0 t r  .
a 2 a 2 a

We write this equation for each of the initial velocities:

2 2
1 v01 1 v02
x1  v01tr  , x2  v02tr  .
2 a 2 a

Solving these equations simultaneously for tr and a we get

2
v02 x1  v01
2
x2
tr 
b
v01v02 v02  v01 g
and
2
1 v02 v01  v01v02
2
a .
2 v02 x1  v01 x2

(a) Substituting x1 = 63.4 m, v01 = 80.5 km/h = 22.36 m/s, x2 = 28.9 m and v02 = 48.3 km/h =
13.42 m/s, we find
 28 Chapter 2

2
v02 x1  v01
2
x2 (13.42 m/s) 2 (63.4 m)  (22.36 m/s) 2 (28.9 m)
tr  
v01v02 (v02  v01 ) (22.36 m/s)(13.42 m/s)(13.42 m/s  22.36 m/s)
 1.15 s.

(b) Similarly, substituting x1 = 63.4 m, v01 = 80.5 km/h = 22.36 m/s, x2 = 28.9 m, and v02 = 48.3
km/h = 13.42 m/s gives

2
1 v02v01  v01v02
2
1 (13.42 m/s)(22.36 m/s) 2  (22.36 m/s)(13.42 m/s) 2
a 
2 v02 x1  v01 x2 2 (13.42 m/s)(63.4 m)  (22.36 m/s)(28.9 m)
 6.68 m/s 2 .

The magnitude of the deceleration is therefore 6.68 m/s2.

43. Taking the +y direction downward and y0 = 0, we have y  v0t  21 gt 2 , which (with v0 = 0)
yields t  2 y / g .

2(60 m)
(a) For this part of the motion, y1 = 50 m so that t1   3.499 s  3.5 s .
9.8 m/s 2

(b) For this next part of the motion, we note that the total displacement is y2 = 120 m. Therefore,
the total time is

2(120 m)
t2   4.949 s  5.0 s .
9.8 m/s 2

The difference between this and the answer to part (a) is the time required to fall through that
second 50 m distance:  t  t2  t1  4.949 s – 3.499 s = 1.45 s.

44. (a) Differentiating y(t )  (4.0 cm) sin( t / 4) with respect to t, we obtain
 29 Chapter 2

dy
v y (t )    cm/s  cos( t / 4)
dt
The average velocity between t = 0 and t = 2.0 s is

1 2 1 2  t 
vavg   v y dt    cm/s   cos   dt
(2.0 s) 0 (2.0 s) 0
 4
1  /2
  4 cm  0 cos x dx  2.0 cm/s
(2.0 s)

(b) The instantaneous velocities of the particle at t = 0, 1.0 s, and 2.0 s are, respectively,

v y (0)   cm/s  cos(0)  3.1 cm/s

v y (1.0 s)   cm/s  cos( / 4)  2.2 cm/s
v y (2.0 s)   cm/s  cos( / 2)  0

(c) Differentiating v y (t ) with respect to t, we obtain the following expression for acceleration:

dv y  2 
a y (t )    cm/s 2  sin( t / 4)
dt  4 

The average acceleration between t = 0 and t = 2.0 s is

1 2 1  2  2  t 
aavg 
(2.0 s)  0
a y dt  
(2.0 s)  4
cm/s 2   sin   dt
 0  4 
1  /2 1
   cm/s  0 sin x dx    cm/s   1.6 cm/s2
(2.0 s) (2.0 s)

(d) The instantaneous accelerations of the particle at t = 0, 1.0 s, and 2.0 s are, respectively,
 30 Chapter 2

 2 
a y (0)    cm/s2  sin(0)  0
 4 
  2

a y (1.0 s)    cm/s 2  sin( / 4)  1.7 cm/s 2
 4 
 2 
a y (2.0 s)    cm/s 2  sin( / 2)  2.5 cm/s 2
 4 

45. In this solution, we make use of the notation x(t) for the value of x at a particular t. Thus, x(t)
= 50t + 10t2 with SI units (meters and seconds) understood.

(a) The average velocity during the first 3 s is given by

x (3)  x (0) (50)(3)  (10)(3) 2  0

v avg    80 m / s.
t 3

(b) The instantaneous velocity at time t is given by v = dx/dt = 50 + 20t, in SI units. At t = 3.0 s,
v = 50 + (20)(3.0) = 110 m/s.

(c) The instantaneous acceleration at time t is given by a = dv/dt = 20 m/s2. It is constant, so the
acceleration at any time is 20 m/s2.

(d) and (e) The graphs that follow show the coordinate x and velocity v as functions of time, with
SI units understood. The dashed line marked (a) in the first graph runs from t = 0, x = 0 to t =
3.0s, x = 240 m. Its slope is the average velocity during the first 3s of motion. The dashed line
marked (b) is tangent to the x curve at t = 3.0 s. Its slope is the instantaneous velocity at t = 3.0 s.
 31 Chapter 2

46. The total time elapsed is t  2 h 41 min  161 min and the center point is displaced by
x  3.90 m  390 cm. Thus, the average velocity of the center point is

x 390 cm
vavg    2.42 cm/min.
t 161 min

47. THINK In this problem we’re given two different speeds, and asked to find the difference in
their travel times.

EXPRESS The time is takes to travel a distance d with a speed v1 is t1  d / v1 . Similarly, with a
speed v2 the time would be t2  d / v2 . The two speeds in this problem are
1609 m/mi
v1  65 mi/h  (65 mi/h)  29.05 m/s
3600 s/h
1609 m/mi
v2  70 mi/h  (70 mi/h)  31.29 m/s
3600 s/h
ANALYZE With d  700 km  7.0 105 m , the time difference between the two is

1 1  1 1 
t  t1  t2  d     (7.0  105 m)     1725 s
 v1 v2   29.05 m/s 31.29 m/s 
 29 min

or about 0.50 h.
 32 Chapter 2

48. The time required is found from Eq. 2-11 (or, suitably interpreted, Eq. 2-7). First, we convert
the velocity change to SI units:

 1000 m/km 
v  (80 km/h)    22.2 m/s .
 3600 s/h 
Thus, ∆t = ∆v/a = 22.2/50 = 0.444 s.

49. With +y upward, we have y0 = 45.0 m and y = 11.8 m. Therefore, using Eq. 2-18 (the last
equation in Table 2-1), we find

y  y0  vt  1
2 gt 2  v   26.4 m/s

at t = 2.00 s. The term speed refers to the magnitude of the velocity vector, so the answer is |v| =
26.4 m/s.

50. THINK In this problem we explore the connection between the maximum height an object
reaches under the influence of gravity and the total amount of time it stays in air.

EXPRESS Neglecting air resistance and setting a = –g = –9.8 m/s2 (taking down as the –y
direction) for the duration of the motion, we analyze the motion of the ball using Table 2-1 (with
∆y replacing ∆ x). We set y0 = 0. Upon reaching the maximum height H, the speed of the ball is
momentarily zero (v = 0). Therefore, we can relate its initial speed v0 to H via the equation

0  v 2  v02  2 gH  v0  2 gH .

The time it takes for the ball to reach maximum height is given by v  v0  gt  0 , or
t  v0 / g  2 H / g .

ANALYZE If we want the ball to spend twice as much time in air as before, i.e., t   1.5t , then
the new maximum height H  it must reach is such that t   2 H  / g . Solving for H  we obtain
 33 Chapter 2

1 2 1 1 
H  gt   g (1.5t ) 2  1.52  gt 2   2.25 H .
2 2 2 

51. We take the moment of applying brakes to be t = 0. The deceleration is constant so that Table
2-1 can be used. Our primed variables (such as v0  72 km/h = 20 m/s ) refer to one train (moving
in the +x direction and located at the origin when t = 0) and unprimed variables refer to the other
(moving in the –x direction and located at x0 = +950 m when t = 0). We note that the acceleration
vector of the unprimed train points in the positive direction, even though the train is slowing
down; its initial velocity is v0 = –160 km/h = –44.4 m/s. Since the primed train has the lower
initial speed, it should stop sooner than the other train would (were it not for the collision). Using
Eq 2-16, it should stop (meaning v  0 ) at

 v    v0 
2 2
0  (20 m/s) 2
x    200 m .
2a 2 m/s2

The speed of the other train, when it reaches that location, is

 44.4 m/s   2 1.0 m/s 2   200 m  950 m 

2
v  v02  2a x 
 22 m/s

using Eq 2-16 again. Specifically, its velocity at that moment would be –22 m/s since it is still
traveling in the –x direction when it crashes. If the computation of v had failed (meaning that a
negative number would have been inside the square root) then we would have looked at the
possibility that there was no collision and examined how far apart they finally were. A concern
that can be brought up is whether the primed train collides before it comes to rest; this can be
studied by computing the time it stops (Eq. 2-11 yields t = 20 s) and seeing where the unprimed
train is at that moment (Eq. 2-18 yields x = 270 m, still a good distance away from contact).
52. This problem consists of two parts: part 1 with constant acceleration (so that the equations in
Table 2-1 apply), v0 = 0, v = 11.0 m/s, x = 12.0 m, and x0 = 0 (adopting the starting line as the
coordinate origin); and, part 2 with constant velocity (so that x – x0 = vt applies) with v = 11.0
m/s, x0 = 12.0, and x = 100.0 m.
 34 Chapter 2

(a) We obtain the time for part 1 from Eq. 2-17

x  x0 
1
2
b g 1
b
v0  v t1  12.0  0  0  110
2
. t1 g

so that t1 = 2.2 s, and we find the time for part 2 simply from 88.0 = (11.0)t2  t2 = 8.0 s.
Therefore, the total time is t1 + t2 = 10.2 s.

(b) Here, the total time is required to be 10.0 s, and we are to locate the point xp where the runner
switches from accelerating to proceeding at constant speed. The equations for parts 1 and 2, used
above, therefore become

xp  0   0  11.0 m/s  t1
1
2

100.0 m  x p  11.0 m/s  9.90 s  t1 

where in the latter equation, we use the fact that t2 = 10.0 – t1. Solving the equations for the two
unknowns, we find that t1 = 1.618 s and xp = 8.90 m.

53. Assuming the horizontal velocity of the ball is constant, the horizontal displacement is
x  v t , where x is the horizontal distance traveled, t is the time, and v is the (horizontal)
velocity. Converting v to meters per second, we have 169.1 km/h = 46.97 m/s. Thus
x 18.4 m
t    0.392 s.
v 46.97 m/s

The velocity-unit conversion implemented above can be figured “from basics” (1000 m = 1 km,
3600 s = 1 h) or found in Appendix D.

6
54. The velocity v at t = 6 (SI units and two significant figures understood) is vgiven   adt . A
2

1
quick way to implement this is to recall the area of a triangle ( base × height). The result is v =
2
11 m/s + 32 m/s = 43 m/s.
 35 Chapter 2

55. Converting to SI units, we have v = 3400(1000/3600) = 944 m/s (presumed constant) and ∆t
= 0.12 s. Thus, ∆x = v ∆t = 113 m.

56. Let d be the 230 m distance between the cars at t = 0, and v1 be the 20 km/h = 50/9 m/s speed
(corresponding to a passing point of x1 = 44.5 m) and v2 be the 40 km/h =100/9 m/s speed
(corresponding to a passing point of x2 = 76.6 m) of the red car. We have two equations (based
on Eq. 2-17):

1
d – x1 = vo t1 + a t12 where t1 = x1  v1
2

1
d – x2 = vo t2 + 2 a t22 where t2 = x2  v2

We simultaneously solve these equations and obtain the following results:

(a) The initial velocity of the green car is vo = -16.6 m/s, or roughly -60 km/h (the negative sign
means that it’s along the –x direction).

(b) The corresponding acceleration of the car is a = -1.6 m/s2 (the negative sign means that it’s
along the –x direction).
57. The bullet starts at rest (v0 = 0) and after traveling the length of the barrel ( x  1.2 m )
emerges with the given velocity (v = 530 m/s), where the direction of motion is the positive
direction. Turning to the constant acceleration equations in Table 2-1, we use x  12 (v0  v) t .
Thus, we find t = 0.00453 s (or 4.53 ms).

58. The problem consists of two constant-acceleration parts: part 1 with v0 = 0, v = 6.0 m/s, x =
2.1 m, and x0 = 0 (if we take its original position to be the coordinate origin); and, part 2 with v0
= 6.0 m/s, v = 0, and a2 = –3.0 m/s2 (negative because we are taking the positive direction to be
the direction of motion).

(a) We can use Eq. 2-17 to find the time for the first part
 36 Chapter 2

1 1
x – x0 = 2(v0 + v) t1  2.1 m – 0 = 2(0 + 6.0 m/s) t1

so that t1 = 0.70 s. And Eq. 2-11 is used to obtain the time for the second part

v  v0  a2 t2  0 = 6.0 m/s + (–3.0 m/s2)t2

from which t2 = 2.0 s is computed. Thus, the total time is t1 + t2 = 2.7 s.

(b) We already know the distance for part 1. We could find the distance for part 2 from several of
the equations, but the one that makes no use of our part (a) results is Eq. 2-16

v 2  v02  2 a2 x2  0 = (6.0 m/s)2 + 2(–3.0 m/s2)x2

which leads to x2 = 6.0 m. Therefore, the total distance traveled by the shuffleboard disk is (2.1
+ 6.0) m = 8.1 m.

59. THINK The speed of the racer changes due to a nonzero acceleration.

EXPRESS Since the problem involves constant acceleration, the motion of the racer can be
readily analyzed using the equations given in Table 2-1. We take +x to be in the direction of
motion, so

b
v  60 km / h gF
1000 m / km I
G
H3600 s / h JK  16.7 m / s

and a > 0. The location where the racer starts from rest (v0 = 0) is taken to be x0 = 0.

ANALYZE (a) Using Eq. 2-7, we find the average acceleration to be

 37 Chapter 2

v v  v0 16.7 m/s  0
aavg     3.48 m/s 2 .
t t  t 0 4.8 s  0

(b) Assuming constant acceleration a  aavg  3.48 m/s2 , the total distance traveled during the 4.8
s time interval is
1 1
x  x0  v0t  at 2  0  0  (3.48 m/s 2 )(4.80 s)2  40.08  40.1 m
2 2

(c) Using Eq. 2-15, the time required to travel a distance of x = 250 m is:

1 2x 2  250 m 
x  at 2  t    12.0 s
2 a 3.48 m/s2

LEARN The displacement of the racer as a function of time can be written as

1
x(t )  (3.48 m/s 2 )t 2 . Note that we could have chosen Eq. 2-17 to solve for (b):
2
1 1
x  v0  v  t  16.7 m/s  4.80 s   40 m.
2 2

60. Let D be the distance up the hill. Then

total distance traveled 2D

average speed = =  20 km/h .
total time of travel D D

15 km/h 30 km/h

61. We neglect air resistance, which justifies setting a = –g = –9.8 m/s2 (taking down as the –y
direction) for the duration of the motion. We are allowed to use Table 2-1 (with y replacing
x) because this is constant acceleration motion. The ground level is taken to correspond to the
origin of the y-axis. The total time of fall can be computed from Eq. 2-15 (using the quadratic
formula).
 38 Chapter 2

1 v  v02  2 gy
y  v0t  gt 2  t  0
2 g

with the positive root chosen. With y = 0, v0 = 0, and y0 = h = 60 m, we obtain

2 gh 2h
t   35
. s.
g g

Thus, “1.6 s earlier” means we are examining where the rock is at t = 1.9 s:

1
y  h  v0 (1.9 s)  g (1.9 s)2  y  42 m
2

where we again use the fact that h = 60 m and v0 = 0.

62. We obtain the velocity by integration of the acceleration:

t
v  v0   (5.0  1.2t ) dt  .
0

Lengths are in meters and times are in seconds. The student is encouraged to look at the
discussion in Section 2-7 to better understand the manipulations here.

(a) The result of the above calculation is v  v0  5.0t  0.6 t 2 , where the problem states that v0 =
2.7 m/s. The maximum of this function is found by knowing when its derivative (the
acceleration) is zero (a = 0 when t = 5.0/1.2 = 4.17 s) and plugging that value of t into the
velocity equation above. Thus, we find v  13 m/s .

(b) We integrate again to find x as a function of t:

t t
x  x0   v dt    (v0  5.0 t   0.6 t 2 ) dt   v0t  2.50 t 2  0.2 t 3 .
0 0
 39 Chapter 2

We obtain x  63 m for t = 6.

63. From Table 2-1, v 2  v02  2a x is used to solve for a. Its minimum value is

v2  v02 (360 km/h)2

amin    3.24  104 km/h 2
2xmax 2(2.0 km)

which converts to 2.50 m/s2.

64. The total number of days walked is (including the first and the last day, and leap year)
N  340  365  365  366  365  365  261  2427

Thus, the average speed of the walk is

d 3.06  107 m
savg    0.146 m/s.
t (2427 days)(86400 s/day)

65. We use Eq. 2-16,

vB2 = vA2 + 2a(yB – yA),

1
with a = –9.8 m/s2, yB – yA = 0.65 m, and vB = 3 vA. It is then straightforward to solve: vA = 3.79
m/s, approximately.

66. THINK This problem involves two objects: a key dropped from a bridge, and a boat moving
at a constant speed. We look for conditions such that the key will fall into the boat.

EXPRESS The speed of the boat is constant, given by vb = d/t, where d is the distance of the
boat from the bridge when the key is dropped (14 m) and t is the time the key takes in falling.
 40 Chapter 2

To calculate t, we take the time to be zero at the instant the key is dropped, we compute the time
t when y = 0 using y  y0  v0 t  21 gt 2 , with y0  40 m. Once t is known, the speed of the boat
can be readily calculated.

ANALYZE Since the initial velocity of the key is zero, the coordinate of the key is given by
y0  12 gt 2 . Thus, the time it takes for the key to drop into the boat is

2 y0 2(40 m)
t   2.857 s .
g 9.8 m/s 2

14 m
Therefore, the speed of the boat is vb   4.9 m/s.
2.857 s

d d g
LEARN From the general expression vb   d , we see that vb : 1/ y0 .
t 2 y0 / g 2 y0
This agrees with our intuition that the lower the height from which the key is dropped, the
greater the speed of the boat in order to catch it.