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Operating System L 2

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Ajit Mahato
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3 views

Operating System L 2

Uploaded by

Ajit Mahato
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System

Dr.Sohail Saif
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Applications
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
Process Concept
An operating system executes a variety of programs:
Batch system – jobs
Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
Textbook uses the terms job and process almost interchangeably
Process – a program in execution; process execution must progress in sequential fashion
Processes can be described as either:
I/O-bound process – spends more time doing I/O than computations, many short CPU
bursts
CPU-bound process – spends more time doing computations; few very long CPU bursts
Process in Memory

Multiple parts
The program code, also called text section
Current activity including program counter, processor
registers
Stack containing temporary data
Function parameters, return addresses, local variables
Data section containing global variables
Heap containing memory dynamically allocated during run
time
Process State
As a process executes, it changes state
new: The process is being created
running: Instructions are being executed
waiting: The process is waiting for some event to occur
ready: The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor
terminated: The process has finished execution
Process State Diagram
Schedulers
Short-term scheduler (or CPU scheduler) – selects which process
should be executed next and allocates CPU
Sometimes the only scheduler in a system
Short-term scheduler is invoked frequently (milliseconds)  (must be
fast)
Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler) – selects which processes
should be brought into the ready queue
Long-term scheduler is invoked infrequently (seconds, minutes)  (may
be slow)
The long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming
Long-term scheduler strives for good process mix
Process Control Block (PCB)
Information associated with each process
(also called task control block)
Process state – running, waiting, etc
Program counter – location of instruction to next
execute
CPU registers – contents of all process-centric
registers
CPU scheduling information- priorities, scheduling
queue pointers
Memory-management information – memory
allocated to the process
Accounting information – CPU used, clock time
elapsed since start, time limits
I/O status information – I/O devices allocated to
process, list of open files
CPU Switching
Process Creation
Parent process create children processes, which, in turn create other
processes, forming a tree of processes
Generally, process identified and managed via a process identifier (pid)
Resource sharing options
Parent and children share all resources
Children share subset of parent’s resources
Parent and child share no resources
Execution options
Parent and children execute concurrently
Parent waits until children terminate
A Tree of Processes in Linux
init
pid = 1

login kthreadd sshd


pid = 8415 pid = 2 pid = 3028

bash khelper pdflush sshd


pid = 8416 pid = 6 pid = 200 pid = 3610

emacs tcsch
ps
pid = 9204 pid = 4005
pid = 9298

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