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User Inputs

C++ supports “cout” and “cin” for displaying outputs

and for taking inputs from users, respectively. The
cout uses the iteration operator (<<), and cin uses
(>>).
For example:

int x; // declaring a variable

cout << "Type a number: "; // Type any num
ber and hit enter
cin >> x; // Get user input from the keybo
ard
cout << "Your number is: " << x; // Displa
y the value

Strings

A string is a collection or sequence of characters

enclosed within double-quotes.
For example:

string str= "Hello";

To use string within your code, you must include the

string library using this code line:

#include <string>

C++ will then allow you to perform various functions

to manipulate strings. The following table describes
the function names and their descriptions:

Function Description

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int compare(const Compare two string

string& str) objects

Finds the length of the

int length()
string

Swaps the values of two

void swap(string& str)
string objects

string substr(int pos, int Creates a new string

n) object of n characters

Return the length of the

int size()
string in terms of bytes

Resizes the length of the

void resize(int n)
string up to n characters

Replaces the portion of

string& replace(int pos, the string beginning at
int len, string& str) character position pos
and spans len characters

Adds a new character

Login at
string& append(const
the end of another string
string& str)
object

Accesses an individual
char& at(int pos) character at specified
position pos

int find(string& str, int Finds a string specified

pos, int n) in the parameter

Find the first occurrence

int find_first_of(string&
of the specified
str, int pos, int n)
sequence

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Searches for the string

int for the first character
find_first_not_of(string& that does not match with
str, int pos, int n ) any of the characters
specified in the string

Searches for the string

int find_last_of(string&
for the last character of
str, int pos, int n)
a specified sequence

Searches for the last

int
character that does not
find_last_not_of(string&
match with the specified
str, int pos)
sequence

Inserts a new character

before the character
string& insert()
indicated by the position
pos

Finds the maximum

int max_size()
length of the string

Adds a new character ch

void push_back(char ch)
at the end of the string

Removes the last

void pop_back()
character of the string

Assigns new value to the

string& assign()
string

Copies the contents of

int copy(string& str)
string into another

Removes all the

void clear()
elements from the string

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const_reverse_iterator Points to the last

crbegin() character of the string

Copies the characters of

const_char* data()
string into an array

Checks whether the

bool empty()
string is empty or not

Removes the characters

string& erase()
as specified

Returns a reference of
char& front()
the first character

Appends a new
string& operator+=() character at the end of
the string

Assigns a new value to

string& operator=()
the string

Retrieves a character at
char operator[](pos)
specified position pos

Searches for the last

int rfind()
occurrence of the string

Refers to the last

iterator end()
character of the string

Points to the first

reverse_iterator rend()
character of the string

Reduces the capacity

void shrink_to_fit() and makes it equal to the
size of the string

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Returns pointer to an
array containing a null
char* c_str()
terminated sequence of
characters

Requests a change in
void reserve(inr len)
capacity

Returns the allocated

allocator_type
object associated with
get_allocator();
the string

Operators

C++ supports different types of operators to add

logic to your code and perform operations on
variables and their respective values. Here are the
C++ operator types:

1. Arithmetic Operators
You can perform common mathematical operations
with arithmetic operators.

Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y

% Modulus x%y

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