SELF-PACED LEARNING

MODULE
College
 INFORMATION SHEET FN-2.1.1
“C Strings”

The string in C programming language is actually a one-dimensional array of characters which is

terminated by a null character '\0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise
the string followed by a null.
The following declaration and initialization create a string consisting of the word "Hello". To hold
the null character at the end of the array, the size of the character array containing the string is one
more than the number of characters in the word "Hello".

If you follow the rule of array initialization then you can write the above statement as follows:

Following is the memory presentation of above-defined string in C/C++:

Actually, you do not place the null character at the end of a string constant. The C compiler
automatically places the '\0' at the end of the string when it initializes the array. Let us try to print above
mentioned string:

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces result something as follows:

C supports a wide range of functions that manipulate null-terminated strings:

Following example makes use of few of the above-mentioned functions:

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces result something as follows:
strcpy( str3, str1) : Hello
strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld
 strlen(str1) : 10

Note: You can find a complete list of C string related functions in C Standard Library.

INFORMATION SHEET FN-2.2.1

“C Structures”

C arrays allow you to define type of variables that can hold several data items of the same kind
but structure is another user defined data type available in C programming, which allows you to
combine data items of different kinds.
Structures are used to represent a record, suppose you want to keep track of your books in a
library. You might want to track the following attributes about each book:
 Title
 Author
 Subject
 Book ID

Defining a Structure
To define a structure, you must use the struct statement. The struct statement defines a new
data type, with more than one member for your program. The format of the struct statement is this:

The structure tag is optional and each member definition is a normal variable definition, such as int i; or
float f; or any other valid variable definition. At the end of the structure's definition, before the final
semicolon, you can specify one or more structure variables but it is optional. Here is the way you would
declare the Book structure:
struct Books
{
char title[50];
char author[50];
char subject[100];
int book_id;
} book;
Accessing Structure Members
To access any member of a structure, we use the member access operator (.). The member
access operator is coded as a period between the structure variable name and the structure member
that we wish to access. You would use struct keyword to define variables of structure type. Following is
the example to explain usage of structure:

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Structures as Function Arguments
You can pass a structure as a function argument in very similar way as you pass any other variable or
pointer. You would access structure variables in the similar way as you have accessed in the above
example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct Books
{
char title[50];
char author[50];
char subject[100];
int book_id;
};
/* function declaration */
void printBook( struct Books book );
int main( )
{
struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */
/* book 1 specification */
strcpy( Book1.title, "C Programming");
strcpy( Book1.author, "Nuha Ali");
strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming Tutorial");
Book1.book_id = 6495407;
/* book 2 specification */
strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing");
strcpy( Book2.author, "Zara Ali");
strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom Billing Tutorial");
Book2.book_id = 6495700;
/* print Book1 info */
printBook( Book1 );
/* Print Book2 info */
 printBook( Book2 );
return 0;
}
void printBook( struct Books book )
{
printf( "Book title : %s\n", book.title);
printf( "Book author : %s\n", book.author);
printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book.subject);
printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book.book_id);
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Book title : C Programming
Book author : Nuha Ali
Book subject : C Programming Tutorial
Book book_id : 6495407
Book title : Telecom Billing
Book author : Zara Ali
Book subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial
Book book_id : 6495700

Pointers to Structures
You can define pointers to structures in very similar way as you define pointer to any other variable as
follows:
struct Books *struct_pointer;

Now, you can store the address of a structure variable in the above defined pointer variable. To find the
address of a structure variable, place the & operator before the structure's name as follows:
struct_pointer = &Book1;

To access the members of a structure using a pointer to that structure, you must use the -> operator as
follows:
struct_pointer->title;
Let us re-write above example using structure pointer, hope this will be easy for you to understand the
concept:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct Books
{
char title[50];
char author[50];
char subject[100];
int book_id;
};
/* function declaration */
void printBook( struct Books *book );
int main( )
{
struct Books Book1; /* Declare Book1 of type Book */
struct Books Book2; /* Declare Book2 of type Book */
/* book 1 specification */
strcpy( Book1.title, "C Programming");
strcpy( Book1.author, "Nuha Ali");
strcpy( Book1.subject, "C Programming Tutorial");
Book1.book_id = 6495407;
/* book 2 specification */
strcpy( Book2.title, "Telecom Billing");
strcpy( Book2.author, "Zara Ali");
strcpy( Book2.subject, "Telecom Billing Tutorial");
Book2.book_id = 6495700;
/* print Book1 info by passing address of Book1 */
printBook( &Book1 );
/* print Book2 info by passing address of Book2 */
printBook( &Book2 );
return 0;
}
void printBook( struct Books *book )
{
printf( "Book title : %s\n", book->title);
printf( "Book author : %s\n", book->author);
printf( "Book subject : %s\n", book->subject);
printf( "Book book_id : %d\n", book->book_id);
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Book title : C Programming
Book author : Nuha Ali
Book subject : C Programming Tutorial
Book book_id : 6495407
Book title : Telecom Billing
Book author : Zara Ali
Book subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial
Book book_id : 6495700

Reference: Workbook in C Programming Computer Programming 1 by Paulino H. Gatpandan, Azenith M. Rollan

https://www.unf.edu/~wkloster/2220/ppts/cprogramming..pdf
 SELF CHECK FN-2.1.1

A. What is the output of the following code?

 SELF CHECK ANSWER KEY FN-2.1.1

A.
strcpy( str3, str1) : Computer
strcat( str1, str2): ComputerScience
strlen(str1) : 15
STUDENT NAME: __________________________________ SECTION: __________________

PERFORMANCE TASK FN-2.1.1

PERFORMANCE TASK TITLE: C Program (String)

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE: The learners independently demonstrate core competencies about C

String
MATERIALS:
Computer / Android phone
Applications / Software:
Computer: TurboC2
Android phone: Coding C
Procedure:
Create a program of following problem.
(screenshot the output and code)
A. Write a program in C to find the length of a string without using library function.
B. Write a program in C to count the total number of words in a string

PRECAUTIONS:
 Undertake final inspections to ensure the program conform to requirements
ASSESSMENT METHOD: PERFORMANCE TASK CRITERIA CHECKLIST
STUDENT NAME: __________________________________ SECTION: __________________

PERFORMANCE TASK CRITERIA CHECK LIST FN-2.1-1

SCORING
CRITERIA
1 2 3 4 5
1. Quality of Work – the ability to follow procedures with precision and the
art, skill and finality of work
2. Speed – efficiency of work
3. Proper use of statement – the ability to apply proper statement for a
given task
TEACHER’S REMARKS:  QUIZ  RECITATION  PROJECT
GRADE:

5 - Excellently Performed
4 - Very Satisfactorily Performed
3 - Satisfactorily Performed
2 - Fairly Performed
1 - Poorly Performed

_________________________________
TEACHER

Date: ______________________