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CHAPTER
Introduction to
8 Trigonometry

KEY POINTS A
• A branch of mathematics which deals
with the problems related to right angled H (hypotenuse)
triangles. It is the study of relationship (Perpendicular) P
between the sides and angles of a right
angled triangel. C
Note : For ∠A — Perpendicular is BC B B
base is AB. (base)
For ∠C, Perpendicualr is AB Base is BC.
Trigonometric Rations of an acute angle in a right angled triangle express the
relationship between the angle and the length of its sides.

Sine
P
H Cosine
Tangent B
P H
B

Trigonometric
Ratios
Secant
Co-tangent H
B B
P Cosecant
H
P

Mind Trick: To learn the relationship of sine, cosine and tangent follow this
sentences.
Some People Have Curly Brown Hair Through Proper Brushing

P B P
sin A = cos A = tan A =
H H B

Mathematics-X 103

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1. Trigonometric ratio : In ΔABC, ∠B = 90°. For ∠A,
C
Perpendicular Opposite side
sinA = =

Perpendicular
se
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse

eu
ten
po
Hy
Base adjacent side
cos A = =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse
θ
B
Perpendicular Opposite side A Base
tan A = =
Base adjacent side
Base adjacent side
cot A = =
Perpendicular opposite side
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse
sec A = =
Base adjacent side
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse
cosec A = =
Perpendicular Opposite side
2. Opposites

1 1
sin θ = , cosec θ =
cosec θ sin θ

1 1
cos θ = , sec θ =
sec θ cos θ

1 1
tan θ = , cot θ =
cot θ tan θ

sin θ cos θ
3. tan θ = , cot θ =
cos θ sin θ
4. Identities
sin2 θ + cos2 = 1 ⇒ sin2 θ = 1 – cos2 θ and cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ ⇒ tan2 θ = sec2 θ – 1 and sec2 θ – tan2 θ = 1
1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ ⇒ cot2 θ = cosec2 θ – 1 and cosec2 θ – cot2 θ = 1

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5. Trigonometric ratios of some specific angles
∠A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan A 0 1 3 Not defined
3
1
cot A Not defined 3 1 0
3
2
sec A 1 2 2 Not defined
3
2
cosec A Not defined 2 2 1
3
6. Trigonometric ratios of complimentary angles
sin (90° – θ) = cos θ
cos (90° – θ) = Sin θ
tan (90° – θ) = cot θ
cot (90° – θ) = tan θ
sec (90° – θ) = cosec θ
cosec (90° – θ) = sec θ

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. If Sin θ = cos θ, find the value of θ
2. If tan θ = cot (30° + θ), find the value of θ
3. If Sin θ = cos (θ – 6°), find the value of θ
7
4. If cos A = , find the value of tan A + cot A
25

4 sin θ +cos θ
5. If tan θ = then find the value of
3 sin θ – cos θ

Mathematics-X 105

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 3
6. If 3x = cosec θ and = cot θ then find
x
7. If x = a sin θ and y = a cos θ then find the value of x2 + y2
8. Find the value of cosec 70° – sec 20°
5
9. If 5x = sec θ and = tan θ then find the value of
x
10. Find the value of 9 sec2 A – 9 tan2 A
11. Express sec θ in terms of cot θ
12. Find the value of cos θ cos (90° – θ) – sin θ sin (90° – θ)
13. If sin (20° + θ) = cos 30° then find the value of θ.

1 + tan 2 θ
14. Find the value of
1 + cot 2 θ

sin θ
15. Find the value of
1–sin 2 θ

1 cosec2θ − sec2 θ
16. Given tan θ = , find the value of . (CBSE, 2010)
3 cosec2θ + sec2 θ

17. If θ = 45°, then find the vlaue of cosec2 θ . (CBSE, 2010)

2
18. If cos θ = , then find the value of 2 sec2 θ + 2 tan2 θ – 7. (CBSE, 2011)
3
19. Find the value of 6 tan2 θ – 6 sec2 θ
20. Express cosec 48° + tan 88° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angle between
0° and 45°.

5 sin θ − 4 sin θ
21. If 5 tan θ – 4 = 0, then value of is
5 sin θ + 4 cos θ

5 5 1
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d)
3 6 6

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22. If A and B are complementary angles, then
(a) sin A = sin B(b) cos A = cosB(c) tan A = tan B (d) sec A = cosec B
23. In Fig. if AD = 4 cm, BD = 3 cm and CB = 12 cm. then cot θ =
12 5
(a) (b) A
5 12

13 12
(c) (d)
12 13 D
θ
24. The value of tan 1°, tan 2°, tan 3° ______ tan 89° is. C
B
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
25. If θ and 2θ – 45° are acute angles such that sin θ = cos (2θ – 45°) then tan θ is
1
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 3 (d)
3

SHORT ANSWER TYPE (I) QUESTIONS

Prove that :
26. sec4 θ – sec2 θ = tan4 θ + tan2 θ

1 + sin θ
27. = tan θ + Sec θ
1 – sin θ

28. If x = p sec θ + q tan θ & y = p tan θ + q sec θ then prove that x2 – y2 = p2 – q2

1
29. If 7 sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ = 4 then show that tan θ =
3
1 1
30. If Sin (A – B) = , cos (A + B) = then find the value of A and B.
2 2

cos 2 20° + cos 2 70°

31. Find the value of .
sin 2 59° + sin 2 31°
32. Prove that : tan 1° tan 11° tan 21° tan 69° tan 79° tan 89° = 1
33. If sec 4 A = cosec (A – 20°) then find the value of A.

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 Cosec 2 A + 1
34. If 3 cot A = 4, find the value of .
Cosec 2 A – 1

35. If tan (3x – 15°) = 1 then find the value of x.

 A + B  C
36. If A, B, C are interior angles of ΔABC, the prove that cos ec   = sec   .
2 2
(CBSE 2011)
37. In ΔABC, right angled at B, AB = 5 cm and ∠ACB = 30°. Find BC and AC.
38. If tan θ = cot (30° + θ), Find the value of θ. (CBSE, 2012)
1 − sin 60°
39. Show that : = 2 − 3. (CBSE, 2014)
cos 60°
cos θ cos θ
40. Find the value of θ, if + = 4 , θ ≤ 90°. (CBSE, 2014)
1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Prove that :
tan A + Sec A – 1 1+Sin A
41. tan A – Sec A+1 = Cos A
1 1 1 1
42. – = –
sec x – tan x cos x cos x sec x + tan x
tan θ cot θ
43. + =1+ tan θ + cot θ = sec θ cosec θ +1
1– cot θ 1 – tan θ
44. (sin θ + cosec θ)2 + (cos θ + sec θ)2 = 7 + tan2 θ + cot2 θ
45. sec A (1 – sin A) (sec A + tan A) = 1
46. If tan θ + sin θ = m, tan θ – sin θ = n then show that m2 – n2 = 4 mn .
1 1
47. If sec θ = x + , prove that sec θ + tan θ = 2x or
4x 2x
48. If sin θ + sin2 θ = 1, prove that cos2 θ + cos4 θ = 1
49. Without using trigonometric table, the value of
cot θ tan (90° – θ) – sec (90° – θ) cosec θ + sin2 65° + sin2 25° + 3 tan 5°
tan 85°.

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 cot (90° – θ) cosec(90° – θ) sin θ
50. Prove that : + = sec2 θ
tan θ tan (90° – θ)
51. Find the value of :

cos 20° + cos 2 70°

+ 2 Cosec2 58° – 2 Cot 58° tan 32° – 4 tan 13° tan 37° tan
sec2 50° – cot 2 40
77° tan 45° tan 53°.

52. If A, B, C are the angles of ΔABC then prove that cosec2

sin 15°cos 75° +cos 15° sin 75°

53. Find the value of sec2 10° – cot2 80° + .
cos θ sin (90° – θ) + sin θ cos (90° – θ)
tan θ – cot θ
54. Prove that : = tan 2 θ – cot 2θ . (CBSE 2012)
sin θ cos θ
55. If cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos q, then show that cos θ – sin θ = 2 sin θ.
sin 30° + tan 45° − cosec 60°
56. Evaulate : 4 − (CBSE, 2012)
sec 30° + cos 60° + cos 45°

sin A sin (90° − A)

57. Prove that : 1 − = sin 2 A (CBSE, 2012)
cot (90° − A)
58. If a cos θ = b sin θ = m and a sin θ – b cos θ = n (CBSE, 2001 C)
Prove that : a2 + b2 = m2 + n2

59. If a cos θ – b sin θ = c prove that a sin θ + b cos θ = ± a 2 + b2 − c 2 .

(CBSE, 2001 C)
60. Without using trigonometric tablets, evaluate :
sec2 54° − cot 2 36°
2 2
+ 2 sin 2 38° sec2 52° − sin 2 45° (CBSE, 2005)
cosec 57° − tan 33°

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Prove That:
Sec θ + tan θ – 1 Cos θ
61. =
tan θ – Sec θ + 1 1 – Sin θ

Mathematics-X 109

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  1   1  1
62. 1 + 1 + Cot 2 θ  = Sin 2 θ – Sin 4 θ
 tan 2 θ 
63. 2 (sin6 θ + cos6 θ) – 3 (sin4 θ + cos4 θ) + 1 = 0
64. (1 + cot A + tan A) (sin A – cos A) = sin A tan A – cot A cos A
65. If Sin θ + Cos θ = m and Sec θ + Cosec θ = n then show that n(m2 – 1) = 2m
66. find the value of :

Cot (90° – θ) tan θ – Cosec (90° – θ)Sec θ Cos 2 (50° + θ) tan 2 (40° – θ)
+
Sin 12° Cos 15° Sec 78° Cosec75° tan 15° tan 37° tan 53° tan 75°

67. Prove that :

1 1 1 1
– = –
Cosec θ + Cot θ Sin θ Sin θ Cosec θ – Cot θ

Cos α Cos α
68. If = m and = n , then prove that (m2 + n2) Cos2 β = n2
Cos β Sin β

69. If tan θ + Sin θ = m. tan θ – sin θ = n, then prove that m2 – n2 = 4 mn

70. Prove that :

Sin 2 θ – 2Sin 4 θ
Sec2 θ – =1
2Cos4 θ – Cos2 θ

71. Cot θ tan (90° – θ) – Sec (90° – θ) Cosec θ + 3 tan 12° tan 60° tan 78° find its
value.
72. Find the value of —

Sec (90° – θ) Cosec θ – tan (90° – θ) Cot θ + Cos 2 25° + Cos 2 65°
3 tan 27° tan 63°

ANSWERS AND HINTS

1. 45° 2. 30°
625
3. 24° 4.
168

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 1
5. 7 6.
3
7. a 8. 0
1
9. 10. 9
5

11. 1 + Cos2 θ 12. 0°

Cot θ
13. 50° 14. tan2 θ
1
15. tan θ 16.
2
17. 2 18. 0
19. –6 20. sec 42° + cot 2°
21. (c) 22. (d)
23. (a) 24. (a)
25. (a) 26. —
27. — 28. —
29. — 30. A = 45°, B = 15°
31. 1 32. —
17
33. 22° 34.
8
35. 20° 36. Hint : A + B + C = 180°
37. AC = 10 cm, BC = 5 3 cm 38. 30°

40. 60° 49. 3

51. –1 53. 2

20 + 9 3 2+2 3
56. 60.
4+3 3 2
2
71. 2 72.
3

Mathematics-X 111

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 PRACTICE-TEST
Introduction to Trigonometry
Time : 1 Hrs. M.M.: 20
SECTION-A
4
1. If Sin θ = what is the value of cos θ. 1
5
2. Write the value of Sin (45° + θ) – Cos (45° – θ). 1
3. If cos 9α = sin α and 9α < 90°, then the value of tan 5α is 1
1
(a) (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
3
4. If sin A + sin2 A = 1, then the value of (cos2 A + cos4 A) is 1
1
(a) 1 (b) (c) 2 (d) 3
2
SECTION-B
5 Sin θ – 3Cos θ
5. If 5 tan θ = 4 then find the value of 2
5 Sin θ + 2Cos θ
6. Find the value of tan 35° tan 40° tan 45° tan 50° tan 55° 2
7. Prove that (sin α + cos α) (tan α + cot α) = sec α + cosec α 2

SECTION-C

Sin θ 1 + Cos θ
8. Prove that + = 2 Cosec θ 3
1 + Cos θ Sin θ

Cos A Sin 2 A
9. Prove that – = Sin A+ Cos A 3
1 – tan A Cos A – Sin A

SECTION-D

tan θ + Sec θ – 1 Cos θ

10. Prove that = . 4
tan θ – Sec θ + 1 1 – Sin θ
ppp

112 Mathematics-X

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