LESSON 3 film had two types of time.

The first is the choosing the right shooting techniques that

FUNCTION AND ELEMENTS FILM actual length or duration of the film, for best tell the story.
example, a run time of 90 minutes. The other
FUNCTION OF FILMS type of time is called diegetic time or time that 14 BASIC CINEMATOGRAPHY & FILM
Film has many important functions. It allows is the result of the story or narrative. TECHNIQUES
us:
a. To explore the complexities of the Extreme Long Shot
human situation. MOTION The extreme long shot captures a very wide
b. To teach is the motion that we see while we watch a area to show the scale of subjects in relation
c. To work out our emotions. film or video. Since everything moves it would to their environment, like tiny birds in a forest.
d. To provide an escape be difficult to shoot a truly still shot with a film It is typically used as an establishing shot
e. To explore different lives and places or video camera. There is always some when changing from one big area or city to
and things motion somewhere. another. Medium Shot
f. To tap into the ancient art of storytelling The medium shot allows viewers to move in a
g. To tell us something about who we are SOUND lot closer, but in a more informative way than
as human being, and is one of the most powerful aspects in film emotional. The frame typically features a
h. Film is a cultural artifact. that has three components to it. Sound in film person from the waist up, and are used for
has sound effects, dialogue and music. Music general group scenes with dialogues and
Film making is the most recent of art. Since usually shapes the feelings and perceptions interviews.
filmmaking is a unique art form, it has its own of a scene in a film to the audience. Dialogue
set of elements and principles. and sound effects go together in a way that
they are essential to help and bring us to the
ELEMENTS OF FILMS world of the film itself.
Mise- en-scène
from the French phrase “put into the scene”, a. Diegetic sound – includes any voice,
this aspect of film form includes everything musical passage or sound effect represented Bird’s eye shot
that appears before the camera within a shot. as originating within the film’s world. Like the extreme long shot, the bird’s eye shot
It can include planned elements like various shows massive scale but from a much higher
props, lighting, costuming, make-up, staged b. Non-diegetic sound - would include mood angle, to the point where land starts to show
body motions and facial expressions, the music or narrator’s commentary represented abstract shapes and lines out of roads,
actor themselves, and CGI as well as as coming from outside the space of the buildings, and trees. It is also typically used
unplanned elements like passing traffic and narrative. as an establishing shot for introductions and Close Up Shot
insects flying through the frame. scene transitions. The close up shot features just the entire
EDITING head up to the chin or neck to allow viewers
Cinematography is the linking of two different pieces of film. to feel more engaged and affected by the
this is a general term for all the manipulations After filming is complete, the editing process character’s emotions. By framing less of the
of the film strip by the camera in the shooting begins. The editor and director together will background and more of just the face, you are
phase. It also includes processes that occur in decide the length and order of the shots and able to create impact with the character’s
the laboratory after shooting. There are three piece them together to create a sequence. facial expressions.
general aspects of cinematography to keep in
mind: Camera Angle, Camera Distance and LESSON 4
Camera Movement. TECHNIQUES OF CINEMA

a. Frame – is the single photographic From the Ancient Greek word kínēma which
exposure on film or video of the image. means movement and gráphein which means
Frames are combined to create a shot. A to write, draw, paint, etc. The Long Shot
frame is in actuality a still photo image. It The long, full, or wide shot is a significantly
doesn’t record motion; it records light and the CINEMATOGRAPHY closer shot of an area where viewers can
result of a single frame is the same as a still From the Ancient Greek word kínēma which have a better look of what’s going on, but still
photograph. means movement and gráphein which means not close enough to actually be emotionally
to write, draw, paint, etc. involved in the scene. Subjects are also
b. Lighting – is the deliberate use of light to closer to the camera but far enough to have Extreme close up shot
achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting It is all about the art of visual storytelling. their whole bodies in view. It can be used to An extreme close up shot is used sparingly
includes the use of both artificial light sources Aside from skillfully operating a camera and make your viewers feel like a casual and saved for moments when you need to
as well as natural illumination by capturing setting up the lighting for every scene, it bystander, such as when your leading actors increase the emotional intensity of a scene.
daylight. involves controlling what the viewer sees and are shown walking hand in hand while You can do this by really zooming in on the
how the image is presented to them — by crossing the street. character’s face, sometimes just on the eyes,
TIME or even the hands. It works just as well for
objects, like the ticking hands of a clock or Tilt Shot Point of View Shot
brush strokes. While these shots greatly lack The tilt shot is as easy as it sounds, but the Finally, another important shot that you can
context, it’s great for setting the mood or best way to turn this simple technique into an make use is the point-of-view (POV) or first-
adding drama and intimacy. elegant shot is to carefully coordinate the person shot. Your camera can either be
careful upward or downward camera steady or moving along its axis, as long as it
movement with some action within the scene. shows how and where viewers should look at
It can be used as an establishing shot of a or scan the scene and make them feel like
wide-angle view or for slowly revealing they’re in the movie. You can also accomplish
something at the end. this by fitting your subject with a camera
mount.

Dutch angle shot

Crane Shot
To execute the Dutch angle shot, you simply
The crane shot captures vertical translational
need to rotate the camera to either side until
motion by moving the camera up or down by
verticals (like people and buildings) are tilted
a couple of feet. It used to be achieved with
and the horizon is no longer parallel with the
huge and expensive cranes, but it can now be
bottom of the frame. It’s another shot that’s
Panning Shot replicated with drone cameras. Fortunately,
used sparingly in narrative filmmaking, usually
The panning shot is the horizontal equivalent it’s a shot that doesn’t always have to be in
to portray uneasiness and disorientation. You
of the tilt shot. They can be used simply to every film. However, it adds production value
can use this to show a character’s unstable
show the surroundings. However, you can to your work.
emotional or mental state. Or, it can add an
unsettling feeling to a particular scene. achieve truly professional results with it by LESSON 13
keeping the panning smooth and accurate, COMMUNITY ACTION INITIATIVES
especially when there’s action and a carefully
composed final frame involved. Remember, Community Action Initiatives are way for
such movements should be well-executed to the government, along with the other
look very natural and almost unnoticeable so organization, to cater to the needs of
as not to distract the viewers from the story. communities. In a community action initiative,
the members of the community and
organizations become channels for change.

Tracking Shot Philippine Open Government Partnership

You can very well do without a crane shot, but National Action Plan
Over-the-shoulder shot The Homeless People's Federation
As the name suggests, the over-the-shoulder you’ll probably have to include tracking shots
to your film at some point. An important tool Philippines, Inc. (HPFPI) is a network of
shot shows an out-of-focus shoulder and organizations all over the Philippines. It has
head in the foreground. Meanwhile, there is for this type of shot is a dolly, or a wheeled
cart that moves along a rail track. This look helped communities in the country, including
another person, object, or the background in those victimized by devastating calamities
focus. It’s one of the most essential can also be achieved with a Steadicam and
other innovative motion control gear. You may and incidents throughout the years.
cinematography techniques for use in
narrative filmmaking. It not only adds that even use a drone—specifically one with a
tracking flight mode that allows you to choose The Community Disaster Intervention
much-needed depth to a shot but also aids in Projects of the HPFPI
making conversational scenes look as natural a subject for the aircraft to follow.
Zoom Shot In 2001, the Philippines became one of the
to the viewer as possible. The use of the zoom shot has evolved over founding members of the Open Government
time — from being jerky, fast, and cheesy to Partnership (OGP), a worldwide initiative that
being a lot slower and smoother to create a aims to empower people and improve
more natural zoom effect that doesn’t distract governments around the world. As a member
viewers. Needless to say, it increases the of the OGP, the Philippine government has
focus on a scene, an object, or a character. sought to fulfil and formalize initiatives in
reforming the government.

Community Action Extension Programs in

State Colleges and Universities
Higher education institutions in the Philippines
such as state colleges and universities
(SCU's) offer promising platforms towards • Precession of equinoxes - this was the
extension programs where activities related to effect of wobbling of the earth every
community action are conducted. 26,000 years due to gravitational pull of
both sun and moon on the planet.
Comprehensive Community Initiatives
Involve partnerships that take part in several MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE
interrelated activities occurring • Early Universe
simultaneously. These initiatives involve • Geocentrism and Heliocentrism
collaborative planning, documentation of the • Modern Universe
activities implemented, the assessment of the
targeted community's capacity and ability to EARLY UNIVERSE
adapt, and the promotion or dissemination of • THALES GEOCENTRISM and HELIOCENTRISM
the objectives of the project. • ANAXIMANDER • As civilization flourished, several other
models were proposed. These models
LESSON 14 THALES can be grouped under two categories:
HUMAN RIGHTS • He proposed that Earth is a disk floating GEOCENTRIC and HELIOCENTRIC.
on water. • Geocentric models assume that Earth is
What are Human Rights? the center of the universe.
Define as the civil and political rights of a • First known person to use natural • Heliocentric models assume that the Sun
is the center of the universe. PLATO MODEL
person. This was introduced in the 1987 explanations for natural phenomena
• He viewed the universe as perfect and
Philippines constitution. Human rights rather than turning to supernatural world.
unchanging.
embrace the moral standards of any member • He believed that "everything comes out
• He reasoned the most perfect orbit of
of a community. The principles of human of water and that EARTH FLOATS ON
planet would be circular and its motion is
rights enshrined in the Philippine Constitution WATER."
constant like star.
are adopted from the 1948 Universal
• Plato’s problem:“saving the appearance”
Declaration of Human Rights prepared by the
United Nations.
EUDOXUS MODEL
• Eudoxus was a student of Plato that
Department of Justice
uses a series of concentric spheres on
The principal law agency of the Philippines.
which the sun, the moon, and the
planets moved in perfect circular motion
Commission on Human Rights
while the earth is fixed at the center.
Independent office provided for on the
Philippine Constitution to investigate all forms
of human rights violations involving the civil
and political rights of the Philippines.

Department of Labor and Employment

Aims to protect and promote the welfare of
Filipino workers both in the country and
abroad.
ANAXIMANDER
LESSON 1 & 2 GEOCENTRIC MODELS
• He suggested that Earth is a cylinder
ASTRONOMY • PYTHAGORAS
and that its surface is curved. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
• EUDOXUS
• ARISTOTLE • The Aristotelian model used buffering
• It is a natural Science that deals with the • Refined the ideas of Thales spheres between the celestial sphere of
study of celestial objects and phenomena. • PTOLEMY
• He proposed that "a cylindrical Earth is Eudoxus and an outermost sphere that
• It uses Mathematics, Physics, and at rest in the center of the universe, was the domain of the PRIME MOVER.
Chemistry in order to explain their origin PYTHAGOREAN MODEL (PYTHAGORAS)
surrounded by air, and by one or more • The prime mover rotated this outermost
and evolution. • Pythagoras was the first to assert that
spherical shells with holes in them. sphere with constant angular speed,
GREEK’S VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE Earth is round and that heavenly bodies
move in circles. causing the other spheres to rotate as
Three types of terrestrial motion: well.
• Diurnal-types of motion caused by the • He also considered that the motions of
daily rotation of earth on its axis. the planets were mathematically related
• Annual motion - these phenomena are to musical sounds and numbers called
due to the yearly revolution of earth THE MUSIC OF THE SPHERES.
around the sun.
 PHILOLAUS’ MODEL • Venus has phases similar to those of the
• He believed that neither Earth nor the moon.
Sun was at the center of the universe. • Many stars too faint to be seen by the
• Planets and heavenly bodies were naked eye.
supposed to move around a “fire”
located at the center of the universe. JOHANNES KEPLER
• His model was called Pyrocentric Model. • He served as an assistant to Brahe. He
inherited numerous data on planetary
motion when Brahe died.
• Three Laws of Planetary Motion:
• Law of Ellipses
• Law of Equal Areas
• Law of Harmonies

• LAW OF ELLIPSES – it states that

planets move in ellipses having a
common focus situated at the Sun.
ARISTARCHUS MODEL MODERN UNIVERSE • PERIHELION – closest point to the sun
PTOLEMY’S MODEL • He was the first one to have a • TYCHO BRAHE • APHELION – farthest point from the sun
• Ptolemy devised a more complex heliocentric model. • GALILEO GALILEE • LAW OF EQUAL AREAS – it states that
epicyclic model, and each planet has its • He gave a model of the universe with a • JOHANNES KEPLER planets cover the same area of space in
own epicycle and deferent. stationary Sun and planets rotating in the same amount of time no matter
• Epicycle is a circle on which a planet circular orbits around the Sun. TYCHO BRAHE where it is in its orbit.
moves. • Tycho Brahe accurately measured and • The planet moves fastest at the
• Deferent is the center of a small circle in recorded the positions of the Sun, the perihelion and slowest at the aphelion.
turn moves around Earth along a bigger Moon and the planets for 20 years using • LAW OF HARMONIES – it states that a
circular path. his astronomical observatory in Hven. planet’s orbital period is proportional to
• In his model, the Sun orbited around the size of its orbit.
Earth, while the other planets orbited the • PERIOD – it is the time it takes to make
Sun. one complete revolution around the Sun.

COPERNICUS’ MODEL EARTH’S ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

• Nicolaus Copernicus is considered as • Earth rotates on its axis. One rotation is
the father of modern Astronomy. equivalent to 23 hours, 56 minutes, and
• He asserted that Earth spins on its axis 4 seconds.
everyday and revolves around the Sun • Earth revolves around the Sun. One
just like other planets. revolution is equivalent to 365.25 days.
• His model was not initially accepted
GALILEO GALILEI
because of its inconsistencies with
• Galileo is the inventor of the telescope.
Aristotelian mechanics.
The following are some of Galileo’s
observations with the use of his telescope:
• The moon has mountains, valleys, and
craters.
HELIOCENTRIC MODELS • The surface of the Sun has some
• PHILOLAUS blemishes, called sunspots.
• ARISTARCHUS • Jupiter has four moons revolving around
• COPERNICUS it.
SOLAR SYSTEM  Violent motion is imposed caused by zero acceleration (constant speed
It is made up of zones: pushing or pulling. horizontally) and content vertical
• INNERMOST – it is occupied by  Aristotle classified any motion that acceleration.
terrestrial planets (rocky planets) required a force as a "violent motion",  By varying the ball's horizontal velocity
➙ Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars (He did not mean violent in the sense and vertical drop, Galileo was able to
• ASTEROID BELT – it is occupied by that is marked by the used of harmful or determine that the path of a projectile is
leftover rocks from the formation of destructive physical force.) parabolic.
planets
• REALM OF GIANT PLANETS – it is  He believed that a projectile is a
occupied by gaseous planets (Jovian combination of uniform motion in the
planets) horizontal direction and uniformly
➙ Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and accelerated motion in the vertical
Neptune  Also a stone dropped in the ocean will direction. If it is not impeded, it will
• KUIPER BELT – it is occupied by small sooner or later travel at a constant continue to move even without an
celestial bodies (dwarf planets) speed. applied force.
 For example, when you shoot a ball in a
LESSON 3 2. HORIZONTAL MOTION basketball ring, the ball does not need a
ARISTOTELIAN AND GALILEAN CONCEPT An object in motion, if unimpeded, will force to keep it moving.
OF MOTION continue to be in motion, and an external
3. PROJECTILE MOTION force is not necessary to maintain the motion.
Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of If the earth's surface is very flat and extended
MOTION
an object is parallel to the ground until it is the infinitely, objects that are pushed will not be
Motion is the action of changing location or
object's time to fall back into the ground. An impeded. Thus, the objects will continue to
position. Life is motion. From the coordination
impetus will be kept by the object until such move. This kind of motion, however, is not
of the muscles of our body which enables us
time that the initial force is forgotten, and the evident in nature.
to walk, run and dance to the pumping of our
object returns to its natural state to stop
hearts to deliver blood to the different parts of
moving and fall to the ground. For example, if a ball is pushed on am
the body are motion.
infinitely flat plane, the ball will continue to roll
 He viewed projectile motion as natural if unimpeded
Aristotle's Concept Of Vertical Motion,
and violent motion. He said that heavy
Horizontal Motion, And Projectile Motion
objects fall faster than light ones.
 The illustration shows an example of
1. VERTICAL MOTION
cannon fired which gives the cannonball
Vertical Motion is referred to as natural
an impetus.
motion. In a natural motion, the object will
move and will return to its natural state based
Galileo's Concept of Vertical Motion,
on the object's material or composition earth,
Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion 3. PROJECTILE MOTION
water, air, and fire.
 Galileo performed experiments on
1. VERTICAL MOTION uniformly accelerated motion using an
• For example, Aristotle believed that
In the absence of a resistance, objects would inclined plane, and used the same
because a ball fell when thrown upward,
fall not depending on their weight, but in the apparatus to study projectile motion.
its element was earth
time of fall. Also if the object encountered a  Galileo was credited for quantifying the
• Smoke goes up in the air because it
resistive force from a fluid equal or greater "rate of fall" by measurement of distance
seeks its natural space in the
than its weight, it will slow down and reaches and time and plotting it graphically. He
atmosphere.
a uniform motion until it reaches the bottom was able to slow down the fall using
• Aristotelian concept of natural motion is
and stops. ramps rather than viscous materials as
largely vertical motion
Aristotle did resulting to significantly
 For example, without any resistance, a 1 different conclusions related to the "rate
2. HORIZONTAL MOTION
kg object will be as fast as a 10 kg object of fall".
An object moving in a violent motion requires
when falling because they fall with the
push or pull to maintain horizontal motion.
same amount of time, given that they are  He correctly measured motion in two
Motion continues only so long as there is an
released from the same height. independent directions ( horizontal and
applied force to an object. When the force is
removed, motion stops vertical) and deduced that the "rate of
fall" is better measured in terms of
 The example at the right shows piled downward acceleration.
boxes of food donations. The boxes will  He used geometry to provide better
remain on the floor unless push or pull description (kinematics) of projectile
force is applied. motion whereby horizontal motion has
 LESSON 1 & 2 - Earth is at the center of the universe with the
GREEK VIEWS OF PLANETARY MOTION sun and the moon orbiting it. The other
AND ITS ORIGIN planets are orbiting the sun in the system.

THALES ARISTARCHUS (240 BC)

 First known person to use natural HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
explanations for natural phenomena -The sun which is much bigger than the earth
rather than turning to supernatural is at the center of the universe. All the planets
world. orbit the sun along circular paths. The moon
 He believed that "everything comes out orbits the Earth which in turn spins on its axis.
of water and that EARTH FLOATS ON
WATER." NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1433-1542)
HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
ANAXIMANDER - The sun is at rest at the center of the
 Refined the ideas of Thales universe and all other heavenly bodies
 He proposed that "a cylindrical Earth is revolve around it in circular paths.
at rest in the center of the universe,
surrounded by air, and by one or more GALILEO GALILEI (1564- 1642)
spherical shells with holes in them.  was the first to use TELESCOPE to study
heavens.
PLATO  made several observations that prove that
 He viewed the universe as perfect and the HELIOCENTRIC MODEL was
unchanging. CORRECT and the PTOLEMAIC MODEL
 He reasoned that the most perfect orbit was INCORRECT
of a planet would be circular and its
motion is constant like the stars. How do the planets move according to
 The universe was also described as a Kepler's Laws of Planetary motion?
large spherical ball with the stars all at
the edge and the Earth in the center. JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)
 "Saving the appearance"  He used Tycho Brahe's data to come up
- EMPEDOCLES MOTIONS with his own heliocentric model of the
universe.
EUDOXUS (408-355 BC)  He developed three laws of planetary
HOMOCENTRIC MODEL motion.
- The model used three concentric spheres
arranged in such a way that a planet attached Laws of Planetary Motion
to one of the spheres, travels around a 1. The orbits of planets are ellipses with the
common center making periodic retrograde sun at one focus.
motions. 2.
3. The squares of the periods of the planets
ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) are proportional to the cubes of their average
GEOCENTRIC MODEL distance from the sun.
- The spherical earth was at the center of the
universe where the sun, moon and the Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion show:
planets all revolve around it. - Orbits of the planets are elliptical.
- Planets move faster when closer to the
PTOLEMY (AD 140) sun and slower when further from the sun
THE EPICYCLE AND DEFERENT AND TE - The period for a planet to orbit the sun
ECCENTRIC MODEL OF PLANETARY increases rapidly with the radius of the
ORBITS orbit.
- All celestial objects including the planets,
sun, moon and stars orbited in epicycles
around the stationary earth which is at the
center.

TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601)

 LESSON 15 CORE VALUES AND PRINCIPLE OF  It is known that individuals in a 2nd Law: Law of Acceleration
CORE VALUES AND PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNITY ACTION INITIATIVES community have unique roles that are The acceleration of an object as produced by
COMMUNITY ACTION INITIATIVES 1. HUMAN RIGHTS being played, also, aside from the said a net force is directly proportional to the
(HUMAN RIGHTS) 2. SOCIAL EQUITY roles; they also have unique needs that magnitude of the net force, in the same
3. GENDER EQUALITY must be answered. There are gender direction as the net force, and inversely
Why Actions and Initiatives happen? 4. PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT differences between the roles played by proportional to the mass of the object.
 Community issues and problems arise women and men and their unique needs
 argument and discussion of people Natural Rights - the liberty and the pursuit of and responses to a community issue.
 seeking solutions for undesirable happiness  Not including a certain gender group
conditions experienced by people. Civil Rights - privacy, property, religion, may mean a different set of priorities that
expression, contract and movement would become a possible condition of a
Actions and Initiatives Political Rights - assembly, petition, non- holistic approach in the issues and
 Due to the "realities" in the community, suffrage, direct and indirect participation, self- problem solving.
action and initiatives from members determination, self-government and election
are relevant and needed. Thus, put into to public office LESSON 4
action. NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
 Being a member of the community, you LESSON 16
should take part in the initiative to SOCIAL EQUITY Inertia and Mass
address issues and problems.  Inertia is the resistance an object has to
 Aim: to make community life better for all What is the difference between equity and a change in its state of motion.
member of the community. equality?  The greater the mass, the greater inertia
Social equity focuses on social justice and an object has.
Values of Community Action Initiatives fairness. It accepts that each person is
1. Community Engagement – a exposed to different conditions due to race,
collaborative working process among gender, income, sexual orientation, religion, or
affiliated groups or individuals. ability. Social equity requires a set of unique,
2. Community Initiatives - a network of specific resources to reach an equal outcome.
individuals and partner organizations
dedicated to improve the welfare of a Social equality, on the other hand, doesn't
community. take into account these discrepancies and is
3. People's Organization - the Filipino rarely concerned with the impact of structural
equivalent of what in other countries oppression. Institutions that practice social
are commonly called community-based equality distribute the exact same resources
organizations. and opportunities to everyone-irrespective of 1st Law: Law of Inertia
4. Civil Societies - this group in the their circumstances. An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
Philippines comes from the Filipino object in motion tends to stay in motion with
concepts od "pakikipagkapwa" What is Social Equity? the same speed and in the same direction
5. Multinational Corporation - is an  Is the fair access to opportunities, like unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
organization that owns or controls education, livelihood and resources.
production of goods or services in one  Involves participation in cultural and
or more countries other than their home political practices in the community like
country. the social justice, nut social equity
emphasizes more on institutions and
What are Core Values? how people can access it, especially
 Core values are principles or beliefs that those who need it most.
a person organization views as being of
central importance. LESSON 17
 Are the fundamental beliefs of a person GENDER EQUALITY
or organization.
 Guiding principles dictate the behavior What is Gender Equality?
and can help people understand the  The equal rights, responsibilities, and
difference between right and wrong. opportunities of women and men, girls
 Help to determine if they are on the right and boys.
path and fulfilling their goals by creating  It does not mean that both genders are
an unwavering guide. the same but emphasize the equality of
men and women, with equal rights,
values, treatment, and opportunities.
 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 6. Status
SWIMMING EQUIPMENT AND SWIMMING INTRODUCTION TO RECREATIONAL 7. Roles Norms
STROKES ACTIVITIES Refers to what we perceive as normal, or
Becoming a Member of Society what we think should be normal, regardless of
Swimming equipment Recreation whether it actually is.
Swimming cup  Activity done for enjoyment when one is “THE HUMAN MIND AT BIRTH IS NOTHING
Goggles not working. BUT A BLANK STATE, OR TABULA RASA” Values
Nose clip  Relaxing of mind and the body - JOHN LOCKE Culturally defined standards that people use
Ear plug  Universal needs of man to decide what is desirable, good, and
Kick board SOCIALIZATION beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines
Poll Bovy 2 Classifications of Recreational Activities Lifelong process of social interaction through for social living.
Swimming Fins SPECTATOR TYPE which people acquire their identities and
Hand Paddle People spend their time watching the event. necessary survival skills in society. Status and Roles

Swimming Strokes PARTICIPANT TYPE Agents of Socialization Status

People do not gain enjoyment merely by Are the sources from which we learn about Ascribed status
BACK STROKE watching: they do so by joining the activity. society and ourselves. Achieved Status
As its name suggests; backstroke is swum on
the back. It uses alternating circular arm Types of Recreation Family Role
movements and an above water recovery. ACTIVE TYPE School Role Strain
The legs execute a flutter kick similar to the Active recreation is leisure time physical Peers Role Manipulation
one used in freestyle. activity undertaken outside of structured, Mass media
competition sport. It is a set of activities within Religion LESSON 12
BREAST STROKE the wider range of physical activity options Conformity and Deviance
Is the most popular swim stroke of all. In that also include active living, active transport ENCULTURATION
breaststroke, both arms execute half-circular and sport. Process of being socialized into a specific Conformity - Group standards, majority
arm movements at the same time under water culture. Individuals learn cultural symbols, favors, group consensus
in front of the swimmer. The arm recovery PASSIVE TYPE norms, values, and language by observing
also occurs under water. The legs  A passive person seeks to avoid and interacting with family, friends, and the Deviance - Exists in all Societies, a behavior
simultaneously execute a whip kick. confrontrontation. rest of society. which others disapproved
 Passive people may come across as
BUTTERFLY STROKE easygoing, nonchalant, or shy. George Herbert Mead Characteristics of Deviance
Butterfly stroke stands out among the Mead and Development of the Social Mind Understood within its social context –
competitive strokes because of its unique and Types of Recreation (Self) Ex. A woman wearing a mini-skirt or
spectacular technique. It uses a symmetrical Public Type - It involves the general public. “shorts” while attending a mass
arm stroke with an above water recovery. It Feral Child
also uses a wave-like body undulation and a Commercial Type Endorsing products which He is regarded as one of the founders of Deviance may change overtime –
dolphin kick. are open to everybody. social psychology and of what has come to be Ex. Gambling is not a deviance when no
referred to as the Chicago sociological law prohibits it
FREESTYLE Private Type Confined to people working in a tradition.
The freestyle stroke, also known as front private companies. Deviance depends upon the status and role a
crawl, is the fastest and most efficient of the Four-stage process of self-development person holds-
competitive swimming strokes. (Flutter Kick) Imitation Ex. A Christian Filipino man who marries
(Windmill Arm Movement). Benefits of Recreational Activities Play twice is a deviance
 Decrease stress Game
SIDE STROKE  Provides over all fitness The Generalized Other Deviance depends on the audience norms
The sidestroke is an old swim stroke swum on  Improves self-esteem and alertness Ex. A minor who is drinking alcohol is a
the side that uses a scissor kick and  Physical and mental aspects are Self-Concept deviant but not in the case of adult who do the
asymmetrical under water arm movement. developed Components: same.
Physical
400x100 Medley Relay/ 200m Individual LESSON 11 Psychological 2 Forms of Deviant Behavior
Medley Social attributes A. According to Violation of a Societal
Back Stroke Key Terms: Cultural Identity Norm
Breast Stroke 1. Socialization Ethnic Identity
Butterfly Stroke 2. Enculturation National Identity 1. Primary and Secondary Deviance
Freestyle 3. Identity Formation Religious Identity The individual disagrees with the prescribed
4. Norms norms, but is tolerated by others or his
5. Values
behaviour is successfully concealed from D. Conduct of plebiscite to amend a
others. The era of globalization certainly contributed LESSON constitutional provision.
in changing the landscape of the world and its DEMOCRATIC INTERVENTION • The constitution embodies the
Ex. Cheating in the examination inhabitants. fundamental laws of the land from which
Throwing pieces of papers on the floor What is Democracy? all other laws should be in accord with.
Throwing garbage on the street Amid this growth and advancement in Democracy is a form of government in which • The change in a provision of the
Smoking in a smoke-free area technology, the environment seems to bear the supreme power is vested in the people constitution, such as increasing the
Urinating in a no-urinating zone and suffer the consequences. and exercised directly by them or by their number of years of term of the official of
elected agents under free electoral system or the president, cannot be carried without
In Secondary deviance, the individual is The issue on climate change is one concrete a state of society characterized by formal approval of the people or general
labeled as criminal or deviant because of his manifestation and realization that the age of equality of rights and privileges. constituencies in a process called
previous behavior. globalization has taken its toll on the natural plebiscite.
Labeling act is carried on throughout a environment. • A plebiscite is an electoral process for
person’s life. It originates from the Greek word DEMOS, approving or rejecting a change or
PLANETARY NETWORKS which means “people” and KRATOS, which amendment in the Constitution.
2. Individual and Group Deviation it refers to the interconnections and means “strength or power”
In the individual deviance interrelations among the various elements in IMPORTANCE OF PARTICIPATION IN
the natural environment enveloping and What is Democratic Practices? DEMOCRACY
The person commits a deviant behavior of his affecting earth as well as beyond the earth Democratic Practice is a set of principles 1. Democracy provides equality and
own group or sub-culture. surface. and practices that guide how people interact admission to opportunities for all its
and work together everyday to improve their citizen in the government;
Ex. A member of the group who does not GLOBAL WARMING community and create a more just society. 2. Checks and Balances the government to
have a police record is not a real man. this is a phenomenon which refers to the prevent possible abuse of political power
rising of global average temperature on What are some democratic practices? from the officials;
B. According to Acceptance of the Goal earth's surface due to the thinning of the 3. Allows citizens to influences and suggest
ozone layer in earth's atmosphere. A. Suffrage or the right to vote policies and laws through plebiscite in
1.Conformity - The conforming individual • It gives the people the opportunity to selecting delegates or representatives.
uses positive and legitimate means of OZONE LAYER exercise sovereignty by choosing the 4. Allows the popular majority to oust a
achieving the goal of success. The ozone stays high up in the atmosphere candidates who will govern and serve representative or a politician who hold
where it is formed, and its huge quantity is them. too much power and abuses it.
2. Innovation - The individual resorts to enough to form shield for earth against the • Eligible voters have the rights to elect
deviance as illegitimate means of using new sun's untraviolet (UV) rays. the government of his/her country by
idea or new process which are more effective secret vote.
in reaching his goal. He rejects the use of ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RAYS • It is only fair that they have a direct hand
socially accepted means to achieve success. Ultraviolet rays can cause cornea damage in choosing the officials
and skin cancer; stunt the growth and food
3. Ritualism - the individual rejects traditional manufacturing process of green plants and B. Public Assembly and Consultation
cultural goals but still adheres to usual steps destroy the floating microorganisms at the • “The Public Assembly Act of 1985”
to obtain those goals as a conscientious and base of the ocean food chain. makes sure that the people’s exercise
diligent person. their right to a peaceful assembly.
CLIMATE CHANGE • Citizens have a set of rights and
4. Retreatism - The individual withdraws from It refers to long-term shifts in temperature and responsibilities, including the right to
society and does not care about success weather patterns, primarily caused by human participate in decisions that affect public
goals nor work for his success. activities like burning fossil fuels that releases welfare.
dioxide and alternative greenhouse gases into
5. Rebellion - The individual rejects and the air. • This act stipulates that rallies,
attempts to change the goals and means demonstrations, marches, public
approved by the society. He tries to overthrow meeting, processions, or parades
the existing social system and Attempt to ( collectively referred to as public
establish a new social system because he assembly) can be held in public places
believes that the existing social order is unfair to express opinion, to protect , or to air
and unjust to him. grievances on certain issues.

LESSON C. Majority rule and Minority rights.

UNDERSTANDING THE CONSEQUENCES • it is the making if binding decision by a
OF PERSONAL AND LOCAL ACTION TO vote of more than one-half of all persons
GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CLIMATE who participate in an election.
CHANGE.
 LESSON 6 of this architectural style is the United States 2. Expressive - the desire to produce
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Capitol in Washington, D.C. meaningful form. Techniques remain static
when architects avoid the risk of pioneering
5. Industrial Architecture with untried and possibly unsuccessful
The history of architecture is a fascinating The Industrial Revolution radically changed methods and depend instead on proved
journey that dates back to the dawn of how buildings were constructed with the procedures or when the need for the
civilisation. As early as the Neolithic period, advent of iron and steel architecture, which observance of tradition. for the
humans developed architecture by building allowed for the construction of skyscrapers communication of ideas, or for elegance and
stable dwellings and ceremonial enclosures. and suspension bridges. An example of this display is best fulfilled by familiar forms.
type of architecture is the Crystal Palace in
As societies grew, more complex architectural Madrid.
systems emerged. One of the earliest
documented architectural elements is the 6. MODERN ARCHITECTURE
ziggurats, stepped temples that served as The 20th century brought revolutionary
religious and administrative centres in ancient architectural movements such as Modernism
Mesopotamia. The majestic pyramids of and Functionalism, which prioritised
Ancient Egypt followed these. functionality and simplicity in design.
Architects used the new building techniques
Later, the Greeks and Romans laid the of concrete, steel, glass and wood, with Le
foundations of classical architecture and left a Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright being some
legacy that can still be admired throughout the leading exponents.
Mediterranean world: perfectly proportioned
columns, aqueducts, amphitheatres and 7. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
triumphal arches, among others. Contemporary architecture is a broad and
diverse movement from the late 20th century
MAIN TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE to the present day. One of its distinguishing
features is its focus on sustainability and its
1. Gothic architecture ability to incorporate new technologies and
With the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe innovative building materials. Some influential
entered the Middle Ages, and religious contemporary architects include Zaha Hadid,
architecture took centre stage. Gothic known for her fluid and organic designs, and
cathedrals, such as Chartres Cathedral in Frank Gehry, famous for his asymmetrical
France, are outstanding examples of this structures.
period.
TECHNIQUES IN ARCHITECTURE
2. Renaissance Architecture The techniques of architecture in the sense
The Renaissance brought a return to classical that they will be considered here are simply
Greek and Roman aesthetics, with a strong the methods by which structures are formed
Italianate influence and a focus on symmetry from particular materials. These methods are
and proportion. It is embodied in works such influenced not only by the availability and
as Filipo Brunelleschi's iconic Florence character of materials but also by the total
Cathedral. technological development of society, for
architecture depends on an organized labor
3. Baroque Architecture force and upon the existence of the tools and
In the Baroque period, which flourished in skills necessary to secure, manufacture,
Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, transport, and work durable materials.
architecture became more ornate and
theatrical, as seen in the Palace of Versailles The evolution of techniques is conditioned
in France. by two forces.
1. Economic - the search for a maximum of
4. Neoclassical Architecture stability and durability in building with a
In the 18th and 19th centuries, neoclassical minimum of materials and labor. Techniques
architecture emerged due to the excessive evolve rapidly when economic requirements
ornamentation of the Baroque and Rococo suggest new expressive forms or when the
styles. This style sought to recover classical conception of new forms demands new
architecture's principles of simplicity, procedures.
symmetry, and proportion. A notable example
 LESSON 18 youth, and families. SWOT analysis, force
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT field analysis and focus group discussion are
important tools in conducting the community
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT needs assessment.
 Its objective is to engage the
marginalized group in programs and BUILDING PARTNERSHIP
activities that will benefit them. Based on the study of Snow, partnership is
 Advocacies to enable the marginalized related to other terms such as collaboration,
groups to promote their rights. coalition, network, task group, work group,
 More participation from the community, cooperation, and other which used to describe
the higher is the possible success and a wide variety of relationships and structures.
sustainability of the programs and However, partnership refers to a group of
projects. organizations which a common interest who
 It will empower a certain sector that will agree to work together towards a common
benefit from the community initiatives goal.
through participatory development.
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
LESSON 19 Is a process where we identify the resources
METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES OF essential for the development,
COMMUNITY ACTIONS AND implementation, and continuation of works for
INVOLVEMENTS ACROSS DISCIPLINES achieving the organization's mission.
Resource mobilization is not just about funds
 Human is part of the community. and raising funds, but it is focused on the
 We are made to live, protect, and work relationships with resource providers, the
together to achieve a common goal for the skills, knowledge, and capacity for proper use
common good. of resources.
 We should participate in the different
activities and projects in our own LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT/
community. PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
Is another important part of the community
METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES OF action, leaders emanate from selected group,
COMMUNITY ACTIONS AND volunteers, or individuals known as the core
INVOLVEMENTS ACROSS DISCIPLINES working group. The leaders ensure that the
1. Partnership building with local groups essential task, roles/responsibility, goals, and
2. Community profiling objectives are accompanied. On the other
3. Needs assessment hand, participatory planning is an approach to
4. Working with a core group of designing active, livable cities which makes
leaders/leadership development urban planning accessible, community driven,
Participatory action planning and fun. It is grounded in the belief that
5. Resource mobilization blending local knowledge and expert
6. Social action knowledge lead to strong outcomes.
7. Evaluation
SOCIAL ACTION
COMMUNITY PROFILE It can be done by one or more person in such
Is the process of developing an understanding a manner that his/her action is intended to
of the people and describing the detailed influence others and perform the action to act
picture of the target community. Profiles could or face some social situation.
include information that the diversity with the
community, their history, social and economic EVALUATION
characteristics, and what social and It is conducted in the middle and at the end of
infrastructure services are provided. the scheduled completion of the community
action plan to evaluate the effectivity and
COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT success of the project.
Is a systematic process for determining and
addressing needs or gaps between current
conditions or wants. It also measures the
strength and resources available in the
community to meet the needs of the children,
 LESSON 5 This type of architecture commemorates the
CONTEMPORARY past of a society.
PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM THE REGION
Shrines and sanctuaries
These are places of ceremonies and rituals
ARCHITECTURE binding a community together.
 comes from the Latin architectura and
from Greek "architecton" which means Walls and Forts
the "master builder". They serve as protection against attacks.
 the making of beautiful buildings
 the art of designing and constructing Shelters
buildings and other types of structures. They provide the basic protection against the
 often referred to as the "mother of the elements such as sun, rain, and wind.
arts" because it houses, serves as
background for, or occurs in relation to Homesteads
other fields of art such as painting, They provide an individual and ideal space to
sculpture, interior design, landscape raise your family.
architecture, and city planning.
PALACES
ARCHITECT These are the living and the working space for
is a person who practices architecture. rulers; a place where government meets the
people.
FUNCTIONS OF ARCHITECTURE
 Architecture is an art based on the Public Works
principles of utility and beauty where These are foundations of civilized life, such as
form follows function. windmills, roads, bridges, and terminals.
 its principle associated with modern
architecture and industrial design in the Mansions
20th century. They are large homesteads that include
 This means that the purpose of a servants.
building should be the starting point for
its design. Shops and Offices
These structures facilitate for distributing
The three principles goods or services.
Durability
Utility Amenities
Beauty They are places for community welfare and
recreation, such as hospitals, orphanages,
Things to consider and libraries.
Purpose or functions
Site/location
Climate
Materials

The characteristics that distinguish a work

of architecture from other built structures
1. the suitability of the work to use by
human beings in general and the
adaptability of it to particular human
activities,
2. the stability and permanence of the
work's construction, and
3. the communication of experience and
ideas through its form.

Types of Architecture
Monuments or Tombs
 type. The most familiar glass forms are - In 18th century natural philosophers begin
LESSON 7. Color fiberglass products that are being used for to trips to the Alps of Europe for scientific
UNDEMOCRATIC PRACTICES It is a constant feature of architecture. It insulation and translucent panels, transparent observation.
includes pigments which usually preserve the blocks, and windows. Another is glass - Genovese Scientist: Horace Benedict De
 Practices that affect the society and texture of the original surface and veneers of insulation, and it is typically installed as loose Saussure saw Mt. Blanc and he challenge
government in many different ways, usually wood entirely alter the surface and a variety of particles blown into cavities and ceilings used his self to reach the peak of the mountain
denying the people's rights for freedom of manufactured product that character. as specialized equipment. and that time mountaineering begin.
expression, property ownership, religious
practices, etc 8. Environment 6. Plaster THESE ARE THE FOLLOWING TOOLS IN
 It is a doctrine that is against or in The architect aims to create harmonies with is a building material used for coating, MOUNTAINEERING:
disagreement with democracy. preexisting elements townscape. The natural protecting and decorating internal walls and Crampons
environment is at once a hindrance and a ceilings. It can also be used to create Footwear
Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting help, and the architect seeks both to invite its architectural moldings such as ceiling roses, Harness
if the composition of the electorate is altered. aid and to repel its in the landscape and cornices, corbels, and so on. The most Ropes
The legality of this type of manipulation varies attacks. common types of plaster are a composition of Ice Axe
across jurisdictions. Deliberate manipulation gypsum, lime or cement with water and sand. Belay Device
of election outcomes is widely considered a 9. Form
violation of the principles of democracy Form is not only the physical shape, size, and 7. Iron and Steel BASIC ESSENTIAL MUST HAVE IN
(Wayback Machine, 2007). mass of a work, but also all the elements that The development of construction methods in MOUNTAINEERING:
contribute to the work's aesthetic structure iron and steel was the most Important Food and water
UNDEMOCRATIC PRACTICES and composition. innovation in architecture since ancient times. Binocular
Vote-buying These methods provide far stronger and taller First aid kit
Drug war ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS structures with less expenditure of material Mountaineering tents
Extrajudicial killing 1. Clay and Brick than stone, brick, or wood and can produce Sleeping bags
Gender Inequality In building, clay is used to make bricks, tiles greater unsupported spans over openings and
Racism and plasters, as well as the low-impact natural interior or exterior spaces.
building materials adobe, cob, rammed earth
LESSON 7 and wattle and daub. Bricks can be fired or 8. Concrete
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE unfired. Tiles can be used on roofs, floors, or plays a crucial role in foundation design due
walls. Clay plasters can come in different to its numerous attributes. Its compressive
1. Content textures, colors and finishes. strength makes it ideal for bearing heavy
This element is the subject matter of loads, a fundamental requirement for
architecture. 2. STONE AND ROCKS foundations. The material's durability ensures
Stone, or rock, is a natural substance that is the longevity of the structure, given the
2. Space and mass quarried and mined from the earth and used foundation's constant exposure to soil and
Architecture is primarily an art of space. in a variety of applications in construction, moisture.
including: Masonry, including decorative
3. Composition elements such as pillars, swags and porticos. LESSON 5
The organization of the whole out. Floor and wall tiles and cladding. MOUNTAINEERING

4. Scale and Proportion 3. SAND MOUNTAINEERING

Both have to do with size. Scale means size is critical ingredient in the construction of the Also called: Mountain climbing
in relation refers to size relationships to a urban environment. Sand, mixed with cement - is a sports of climbing a mountain that
standard size. Proportion between parts of a and aggregate, makes concrete. Melted sand combines climbing and hiking up to the
whole or between two or more items is transformed into glass. mountain.
perceived as a unit. - It is also a sport of attaining and
4. Wood attempting to attain high points in
5. Light is easier to acquire, transport and work than mountain region mainly for the pleasure of
It is a necessity for sight and utility. Light is other natural materials. All parts of a building a climb.
also a powerful vehicle of expression. can be efficiently constructed of wood except
foundations; its disadvantage is susceptibility MOUNTAINEERS
6. Texture to fire, mold and termites. describes a person who lives in a high country
It refers to the way objects feel to the touch. or as climbers of mountains.
Texture plays a dual role in architecture, it 5. Glass
expresses something of the quality of A glass is described as a transparent, How did mountaineering begin as an
materials and it gives a particular quality to sparkling, delicate, and illustrative material. activity?
light. Glass is used in various methods during
construction projects with an exact form and