LESSON 3 film had two types of time.

film had two types of time. The first is the actual right shooting techniques that best tell the
FUNCTION AND ELEMENTS FILM length or duration of the film, for example, a run story.
time of 90 minutes. The other type of time is
FUNCTION OF FILMS called diegetic time or time that is the result of 14 BASIC CINEMATOGRAPHY & FILM
Film has many important functions. It allows the story or narrative. TECHNIQUES
us:
a. To explore the complexities of the Extreme Long Shot
human situation. MOTION The extreme long shot captures a very wide
b. To teach is the motion that we see while we watch a film area to show the scale of subjects in relation to
c. To work out our emotions. or video. Since everything moves it would be their environment, like tiny birds in a forest. It
d. To provide an escape difficult to shoot a truly still shot with a film or is typically used as an establishing shot when
e. To explore different lives and places and video camera. There is always some motion changing from one big area or city to another.
things somewhere. Medium Shot
f. To tap into the ancient art of storytelling The medium shot allows viewers to move in a
g. To tell us something about who we are SOUND lot closer, but in a more informative way than
as human being, and is one of the most powerful aspects in film that emotional. The frame typically features a
h. Film is a cultural artifact. has three components to it. Sound in film has person from the waist up, and are used for
sound effects, dialogue and music. Music general group scenes with dialogues and
Film making is the most recent of art. Since usually shapes the feelings and perceptions of interviews.
filmmaking is a unique art form, it has its own a scene in a film to the audience. Dialogue and
set of elements and principles. sound effects go together in a way that they are
essential to help and bring us to the world of
ELEMENTS OF FILMS the film itself.
Mise- en-scène
from the French phrase “put into the scene”, a. Diegetic sound – includes any voice, Bird’s eye shot
this aspect of film form includes everything that musical passage or sound effect represented Like the extreme long shot, the bird’s eye shot
appears before the camera within a shot. It can as originating within the film’s world. shows massive scale but from a much higher
include planned elements like various props, angle, to the point where land starts to show
lighting, costuming, make-up, staged body b. Non-diegetic sound - would include mood abstract shapes and lines out of roads,
motions and facial expressions, the actor music or narrator’s commentary represented buildings, and trees. It is also typically used as
themselves, and CGI as well as unplanned as coming from outside the space of the an establishing shot for introductions and
elements like passing traffic and insects flying narrative. scene transitions. Close Up Shot
through the frame. The close up shot features just the entire head
EDITING up to the chin or neck to allow viewers to feel
Cinematography is the linking of two different pieces of film. After more engaged and affected by the character’s
this is a general term for all the manipulations filming is complete, the editing process begins. emotions. By framing less of the background
of the film strip by the camera in the shooting The editor and director together will decide the and more of just the face, you are able to
phase. It also includes processes that occur in length and order of the shots and piece them create impact with the character’s facial
the laboratory after shooting. There are three together to create a sequence. expressions.
general aspects of cinematography to keep in
mind: Camera Angle, Camera Distance and LESSON 4
Camera Movement. TECHNIQUES OF CINEMA

a. Frame – is the single photographic exposure From the Ancient Greek word kínēma which
on film or video of the image. Frames are means movement and gráphein which means The Long Shot
combined to create a shot. A frame is in to write, draw, paint, etc. The long, full, or wide shot is a significantly
actuality a still photo image. It doesn’t record closer shot of an area where viewers can have
motion; it records light and the result of a single CINEMATOGRAPHY a better look of what’s going on, but still not
frame is the same as a still photograph. From the Ancient Greek word kínēma which close enough to actually be emotionally
means movement and gráphein which means involved in the scene. Subjects are also closer
b. Lighting – is the deliberate use of light to to write, draw, paint, etc. to the camera but far enough to have their
achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting whole bodies in view. It can be used to make Extreme close up shot
includes the use of both artificial light sources It is all about the art of visual storytelling. Aside your viewers feel like a casual bystander, such An extreme close up shot is used sparingly and
as well as natural illumination by capturing from skillfully operating a camera and setting as when your leading actors are shown walking saved for moments when you need to increase
daylight. up the lighting for every scene, it involves hand in hand while crossing the street. the emotional intensity of a scene. You can do
controlling what the viewer sees and how the this by really zooming in on the character’s
TIME image is presented to them — by choosing the face, sometimes just on the eyes, or even the
hands. It works just as well for objects, like the
ticking hands of a clock or brush strokes. While Tilt Shot Point of View Shot
these shots greatly lack context, it’s great for The tilt shot is as easy as it sounds, but the Finally, another important shot that you can
setting the mood or adding drama and best way to turn this simple technique into an make use is the point-of-view (POV) or first-
intimacy. elegant shot is to carefully coordinate the person shot. Your camera can either be steady
careful upward or downward camera or moving along its axis, as long as it shows
movement with some action within the scene. how and where viewers should look at or scan
It can be used as an establishing shot of a the scene and make them feel like they’re in
wide-angle view or for slowly revealing the movie. You can also accomplish this by
something at the end. fitting your subject with a camera mount.

Dutch angle shot Crane Shot

To execute the Dutch angle shot, you simply The crane shot captures vertical translational
need to rotate the camera to either side until
motion by moving the camera up or down by a
verticals (like people and buildings) are tilted couple of feet. It used to be achieved with huge
and the horizon is no longer parallel with the and expensive cranes, but it can now be
bottom of the frame. It’s another shot that’s
Panning Shot replicated with drone cameras. Fortunately, it’s
used sparingly in narrative filmmaking, usually a shot that doesn’t always have to be in every
to portray uneasiness and disorientation. You The panning shot is the horizontal equivalent
of the tilt shot. They can be used simply to film. However, it adds production value to your
can use this to show a character’s unstable
show the surroundings. However, you can work. LESSON 13
emotional or mental state. Or, it can add an
unsettling feeling to a particular scene. achieve truly professional results with it by COMMUNITY ACTION INITIATIVES
keeping the panning smooth and accurate,
especially when there’s action and a carefully Community Action Initiatives are way for the
composed final frame involved. Remember, government, along with the other organization,
such movements should be well-executed to to cater to the needs of communities. In a
look very natural and almost unnoticeable so community action initiative, the members of the
as not to distract the viewers from the story. community and organizations become
channels for change.

Philippine Open Government Partnership

Tracking Shot National Action Plan
You can very well do without a crane shot, but The Homeless People's Federation
Over-the-shoulder shot Philippines, Inc. (HPFPI) is a network of
As the name suggests, the over-the-shoulder you’ll probably have to include tracking shots
to your film at some point. An important tool for organizations all over the Philippines. It has
shot shows an out-of-focus shoulder and head helped communities in the country, including
in the foreground. Meanwhile, there is another this type of shot is a dolly, or a wheeled cart
that moves along a rail track. This look can also those victimized by devastating calamities and
person, object, or the background in focus. It’s incidents throughout the years.
one of the most essential cinematography be achieved with a Steadicam and other
techniques for use in narrative filmmaking. It innovative motion control gear. You may even
use a drone—specifically one with a tracking The Community Disaster Intervention
not only adds that much-needed depth to a Projects of the HPFPI
shot but also aids in making conversational flight mode that allows you to choose a subject
for the aircraft to follow. In 2001, the Philippines became one of the
scenes look as natural to the viewer as Zoom Shot founding members of the Open Government
possible. The use of the zoom shot has evolved over Partnership (OGP), a worldwide initiative that
time — from being jerky, fast, and cheesy to aims to empower people and improve
being a lot slower and smoother to create a governments around the world. As a member
more natural zoom effect that doesn’t distract of the OGP, the Philippine government has
viewers. Needless to say, it increases the focus sought to fulfil and formalize initiatives in
on a scene, an object, or a character. reforming the government.

Community Action Extension Programs in

State Colleges and Universities
Higher education institutions in the Philippines
such as state colleges and universities (SCU's)
offer promising platforms towards extension
programs where activities related to 26,000 years due to gravitational pull of
community action are conducted. both sun and moon on the planet. GEOCENTRISM and HELIOCENTRISM
• As civilization flourished, several other
Comprehensive Community Initiatives MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE models were proposed. These models
Involve partnerships that take part in several • Early Universe can be grouped under two categories:
interrelated activities occurring • Geocentrism and Heliocentrism GEOCENTRIC and HELIOCENTRIC.
simultaneously. These initiatives involve • Modern Universe • Geocentric models assume that Earth is
collaborative planning, documentation of the the center of the universe.
activities implemented, the assessment of the EARLY UNIVERSE • Heliocentric models assume that the Sun
targeted community's capacity and ability to • THALES is the center of the universe.
adapt, and the promotion or dissemination of • ANAXIMANDER
the objectives of the project.
THALES
LESSON 14 • He proposed that Earth is a disk floating
HUMAN RIGHTS on water.

What are Human Rights? • First known person to use natural

Define as the civil and political rights of a explanations for natural phenomena
person. This was introduced in the 1987 rather than turning to supernatural world.
Philippines constitution. Human rights • He believed that "everything comes out of PLATO MODEL
embrace the moral standards of any member water and that EARTH FLOATS ON • He viewed the universe as perfect and
of a community. The principles of human rights WATER." unchanging.
enshrined in the Philippine Constitution are • He reasoned the most perfect orbit of
adopted from the 1948 Universal Declaration planet would be circular and its motion is
of Human Rights prepared by the United constant like star.
Nations. • Plato’s problem:“saving the appearance”

Department of Justice EUDOXUS MODEL

The principal law agency of the Philippines. • Eudoxus was a student of Plato that uses
a series of concentric spheres on which
Commission on Human Rights the sun, the moon, and the planets moved
Independent office provided for on the in perfect circular motion while the earth
Philippine Constitution to investigate all forms GEOCENTRIC MODELS is fixed at the center.
of human rights violations involving the civil • PYTHAGORAS
and political rights of the Philippines. • EUDOXUS
• ARISTOTLE
Department of Labor and Employment • PTOLEMY
Aims to protect and promote the welfare of
Filipino workers both in the country and PYTHAGOREAN MODEL (PYTHAGORAS)
abroad. ANAXIMANDER • Pythagoras was the first to assert that
• He suggested that Earth is a cylinder and Earth is round and that heavenly bodies
LESSON 1 & 2 that its surface is curved. move in circles.
ASTRONOMY • He also considered that the motions of
• Refined the ideas of Thales the planets were mathematically related
to musical sounds and numbers called ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
• It is a natural Science that deals with the • He proposed that "a cylindrical Earth is at • The Aristotelian model used buffering
study of celestial objects and phenomena. rest in the center of the universe, THE MUSIC OF THE SPHERES.
spheres between the celestial sphere of
• It uses Mathematics, Physics, and surrounded by air, and by one or more Eudoxus and an outermost sphere that
Chemistry in order to explain their origin and spherical shells with holes in them. was the domain of the PRIME MOVER.
evolution. • The prime mover rotated this outermost
GREEK’S VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE sphere with constant angular speed,
Three types of terrestrial motion: causing the other spheres to rotate as
• Diurnal-types of motion caused by the well.
daily rotation of earth on its axis.
• Annual motion - these phenomena are
due to the yearly revolution of earth
around the sun.
• Precession of equinoxes - this was the
effect of wobbling of the earth every
 PHILOLAUS’ MODEL • Venus has phases similar to those of the
• He believed that neither Earth nor the Sun moon.
was at the center of the universe. • Many stars too faint to be seen by the
• Planets and heavenly bodies were naked eye.
supposed to move around a “fire” located
at the center of the universe. JOHANNES KEPLER
• His model was called Pyrocentric Model. • He served as an assistant to Brahe. He
inherited numerous data on planetary
motion when Brahe died.
• Three Laws of Planetary Motion:
• Law of Ellipses
• Law of Equal Areas
• Law of Harmonies

• LAW OF ELLIPSES – it states that

planets move in ellipses having a
common focus situated at the Sun.
ARISTARCHUS MODEL MODERN UNIVERSE • PERIHELION – closest point to the sun
PTOLEMY’S MODEL • He was the first one to have a heliocentric • TYCHO BRAHE • APHELION – farthest point from the sun
• Ptolemy devised a more complex model. • GALILEO GALILEE • LAW OF EQUAL AREAS – it states that
epicyclic model, and each planet has its • He gave a model of the universe with a • JOHANNES KEPLER planets cover the same area of space in
own epicycle and deferent. stationary Sun and planets rotating in the same amount of time no matter where
• Epicycle is a circle on which a planet circular orbits around the Sun. TYCHO BRAHE it is in its orbit.
moves. • Tycho Brahe accurately measured and • The planet moves fastest at the perihelion
• Deferent is the center of a small circle in recorded the positions of the Sun, the and slowest at the aphelion.
turn moves around Earth along a bigger Moon and the planets for 20 years using • LAW OF HARMONIES – it states that a
circular path. his astronomical observatory in Hven. planet’s orbital period is proportional to
• In his model, the Sun orbited around the size of its orbit.
Earth, while the other planets orbited the • PERIOD – it is the time it takes to make
Sun. one complete revolution around the Sun.

COPERNICUS’ MODEL EARTH’S ROTATION AND REVOLUTION

• Nicolaus Copernicus is considered as the • Earth rotates on its axis. One rotation is
father of modern Astronomy. equivalent to 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4
• He asserted that Earth spins on its axis seconds.
everyday and revolves around the Sun • Earth revolves around the Sun. One
just like other planets. revolution is equivalent to 365.25 days.
• His model was not initially accepted GALILEO GALILEI
because of its inconsistencies with • Galileo is the inventor of the telescope.
Aristotelian mechanics.
The following are some of Galileo’s
observations with the use of his telescope:
• The moon has mountains, valleys, and
craters.
• The surface of the Sun has some
HELIOCENTRIC MODELS
blemishes, called sunspots.
• PHILOLAUS
• Jupiter has four moons revolving around
• ARISTARCHUS
it.
• COPERNICUS
SOLAR SYSTEM • Violent motion is imposed caused by horizontally) and content vertical
It is made up of zones: pushing or pulling. acceleration.
• INNERMOST – it is occupied by • Aristotle classified any motion that • By varying the ball's horizontal velocity
terrestrial planets (rocky planets) required a force as a "violent motion", (He and vertical drop, Galileo was able to
➙ Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars did not mean violent in the sense that is determine that the path of a projectile is
• ASTEROID BELT – it is occupied by marked by the used of harmful or parabolic.
leftover rocks from the formation of destructive physical force.)
planets • He believed that a projectile is a
• REALM OF GIANT PLANETS – it is combination of uniform motion in the
occupied by gaseous planets (Jovian horizontal direction and uniformly
planets) accelerated motion in the vertical
➙ Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and direction. If it is not impeded, it will
Neptune • Also a stone dropped in the ocean will continue to move even without an applied
• KUIPER BELT – it is occupied by small sooner or later travel at a constant speed. force.
celestial bodies (dwarf planets) • For example, when you shoot a ball in a
2. HORIZONTAL MOTION basketball ring, the ball does not need a
LESSON 3 An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue force to keep it moving.
ARISTOTELIAN AND GALILEAN CONCEPT to be in motion, and an external force is not
OF MOTION necessary to maintain the motion. If the earth's
3. PROJECTILE MOTION surface is very flat and extended
Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of infinitely, objects that are pushed will not be
MOTION an object is parallel to the ground until it is the
Motion is the action of changing location or impeded. Thus, the objects will continue to
object's time to fall back into the ground. An move. This kind of motion, however, is not
position. Life is motion. From the coordination impetus will be kept by the object until such
of the muscles of our body which enables us to evident in nature.
time that the initial force is forgotten, and the
walk, run and dance to the pumping of our object returns to its natural state to stop moving
hearts to deliver blood to the different parts of For example, if a ball is pushed on am infinitely
and fall to the ground. flat plane, the ball will continue to roll if
the body are motion.
unimpeded
• He viewed projectile motion as natural
Aristotle's Concept Of Vertical Motion, and violent motion. He said that heavy
Horizontal Motion, And Projectile Motion objects fall faster than light ones.
• The illustration shows an example of
1. VERTICAL MOTION
cannon fired which gives the cannonball
Vertical Motion is referred to as natural
an impetus.
motion. In a natural motion, the object will
move and will return to its natural state based
Galileo's Concept of Vertical Motion, 3. PROJECTILE MOTION
on the object's material or composition earth,
Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion • Galileo performed experiments on
water, air, and fire.
uniformly accelerated motion using an
1. VERTICAL MOTION inclined plane, and used the same
• For example, Aristotle believed that
In the absence of a resistance, objects would apparatus to study projectile motion.
because a ball fell when thrown upward,
fall not depending on their weight, but in the
its element was earth • Galileo was credited for quantifying the
time of fall. Also if the object encountered a
• Smoke goes up in the air because it "rate of fall" by measurement of distance
resistive force from a fluid equal or greater than
seeks its natural space in the and time and plotting it graphically. He
its weight, it will slow down and reaches a
atmosphere. was able to slow down the fall using
uniform motion until it reaches the bottom and
• Aristotelian concept of natural motion is ramps rather than viscous materials as
stops.
largely vertical motion Aristotle did resulting to significantly
different conclusions related to the "rate
• For example, without any resistance, a 1 of fall".
2. HORIZONTAL MOTION
kg object will be as fast as a 10 kg object
An object moving in a violent motion requires
when falling because they fall with the
push or pull to maintain horizontal motion. • He correctly measured motion in two
same amount of time, given that they are
Motion continues only so long as there is an independent directions ( horizontal and
released from the same height.
applied force to an object. When the force is vertical) and deduced that the "rate of fall"
removed, motion stops is better measured in terms of downward
acceleration.
• The example at the right shows piled • He used geometry to provide better
boxes of food donations. The boxes will description (kinematics) of projectile
remain on the floor unless push or pull motion whereby horizontal motion has
force is applied. zero acceleration (constant speed
 LESSON 1 & 2 ARISTARCHUS (240 BC)
GREEK VIEWS OF PLANETARY MOTION HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
AND ITS ORIGIN -The sun which is much bigger than the earth
is at the center of the universe. All the planets
THALES orbit the sun along circular paths. The moon
• First known person to use natural orbits the Earth which in turn spins on its axis.
explanations for natural phenomena
rather than turning to supernatural world. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1433-1542)
• He believed that "everything comes out HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
of water and that EARTH FLOATS ON - The sun is at rest at the center of the universe
WATER." and all other heavenly bodies revolve around it
in circular paths.
ANAXIMANDER
• Refined the ideas of Thales GALILEO GALILEI (1564- 1642)
• He proposed that "a cylindrical Earth is • was the first to use TELESCOPE to study
at rest in the center of the universe, heavens.
surrounded by air, and by one or more • made several observations that prove that
spherical shells with holes in them. the HELIOCENTRIC MODEL was
CORRECT and the PTOLEMAIC MODEL
PLATO was INCORRECT
• He viewed the universe as perfect and
unchanging. How do the planets move according to
• He reasoned that the most perfect orbit Kepler's Laws of Planetary motion?
of a planet would be circular and its
motion is constant like the stars. JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)
• The universe was also described as a • He used Tycho Brahe's data to come up
large spherical ball with the stars all at with his own heliocentric model of the
the edge and the Earth in the center. universe.
• "Saving the appearance" • He developed three laws of planetary
- EMPEDOCLES MOTIONS motion.

EUDOXUS (408-355 BC) Laws of Planetary Motion

HOMOCENTRIC MODEL 1. The orbits of planets are ellipses with the
- The model used three concentric spheres sun at one focus.
arranged in such a way that a planet attached 2.
to one of the spheres, travels around a 3. The squares of the periods of the planets are
common center making periodic retrograde proportional to the cubes of their average
motions. distance from the sun.

ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion show:

GEOCENTRIC MODEL - Orbits of the planets are elliptical.
- The spherical earth was at the center of the - Planets move faster when closer to the sun
universe where the sun, moon and the planets and slower when further from the sun
all revolve around it. - The period for a planet to orbit the sun
increases rapidly with the radius of the
PTOLEMY (AD 140) orbit.
THE EPICYCLE AND DEFERENT AND TE
ECCENTRIC MODEL OF PLANETARY
ORBITS
- All celestial objects including the planets, sun,
moon and stars orbited in epicycles around the
stationary earth which is at the center.

TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601)

- Earth is at the center of the universe with the
sun and the moon orbiting it. The other planets
are orbiting the sun in the system.
 LESSON 15 CORE VALUES AND PRINCIPLE OF • It is known that individuals in a community 2nd Law: Law of Acceleration
CORE VALUES AND PRINCIPLE OF COMMUNITY ACTION INITIATIVES have unique roles that are being played, The acceleration of an object as produced by
COMMUNITY ACTION INITIATIVES 1. HUMAN RIGHTS also, aside from the said roles; they also a net force is directly proportional to the
(HUMAN RIGHTS) 2. SOCIAL EQUITY have unique needs that must be magnitude of the net force, in the same
3. GENDER EQUALITY answered. There are gender differences direction as the net force, and inversely
Why Actions and Initiatives happen? 4. PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT between the roles played by women and proportional to the mass of the object.
• Community issues and problems arise men and their unique needs and
• argument and discussion of people Natural Rights - the liberty and the pursuit of responses to a community issue.
• seeking solutions for undesirable happiness • Not including a certain gender group may
conditions experienced by people. Civil Rights - privacy, property, religion, mean a different set of priorities that
expression, contract and movement would become a possible condition of a
Actions and Initiatives Political Rights - assembly, petition, suffrage, non- holistic approach in the issues and
• Due to the "realities" in the community, direct and indirect participation, self- problem solving.
action and initiatives from members are determination, self-government and election to
relevant and needed. Thus, put into public office LESSON 4
action. NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
• Being a member of the community, you LESSON 16
should take part in the initiative to address SOCIAL EQUITY Inertia and Mass
issues and problems. • Inertia is the resistance an object has to a
• Aim: to make community life better for all What is the difference between equity and change in its state of motion.
member of the community. equality? • The greater the mass, the greater inertia
Social equity focuses on social justice and an object has.
Values of Community Action Initiatives fairness. It accepts that each person is
1. Community Engagement – a exposed to different conditions due to race,
collaborative working process among gender, income, sexual orientation, religion, or
affiliated groups or individuals. ability. Social equity requires a set of unique,
2. Community Initiatives - a network of specific resources to reach an equal outcome.
individuals and partner organizations
dedicated to improve the welfare of a Social equality, on the other hand, doesn't
community. take into account these discrepancies and is
3. People's Organization - the Filipino rarely concerned with the impact of structural
equivalent of what in other countries are oppression. Institutions that practice social
commonly called community-based equality distribute the exact same resources
organizations. and opportunities to everyone-irrespective of 1st Law: Law of Inertia
4. Civil Societies - this group in the their circumstances. An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
Philippines comes from the Filipino object in motion tends to stay in motion with the
concepts od "pakikipagkapwa" What is Social Equity? same speed and in the same direction unless
5. Multinational Corporation - is an • Is the fair access to opportunities, like acted upon by an unbalanced force.
organization that owns or controls education, livelihood and resources.
production of goods or services in one or • Involves participation in cultural and
more countries other than their home political practices in the community like
country. the social justice, nut social equity
emphasizes more on institutions and how
What are Core Values? people can access it, especially those
• Core values are principles or beliefs that who need it most.
a person organization views as being of
central importance. LESSON 17
• Are the fundamental beliefs of a person or GENDER EQUALITY
organization.
• Guiding principles dictate the behavior What is Gender Equality?
and can help people understand the • The equal rights, responsibilities, and
difference between right and wrong. opportunities of women and men, girls
• Help to determine if they are on the right and boys.
path and fulfilling their goals by creating • It does not mean that both genders are
an unwavering guide. the same but emphasize the equality of
men and women, with equal rights,
values, treatment, and opportunities.
 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 6. Status
SWIMMING EQUIPMENT AND SWIMMING INTRODUCTION TO RECREATIONAL 7. Roles Norms
STROKES ACTIVITIES Refers to what we perceive as normal, or what
Becoming a Member of Society we think should be normal, regardless of
Swimming equipment Recreation whether it actually is.
Swimming cup • Activity done for enjoyment when one is “THE HUMAN MIND AT BIRTH IS NOTHING
Goggles not working. BUT A BLANK STATE, OR TABULA RASA” Values
Nose clip • Relaxing of mind and the body - JOHN LOCKE Culturally defined standards that people use to
Ear plug • Universal needs of man decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful
Kick board SOCIALIZATION and that serve as broad guidelines for social
Poll Bovy 2 Classifications of Recreational Activities Lifelong process of social interaction through living.
Swimming Fins SPECTATOR TYPE which people acquire their identities and
Hand Paddle People spend their time watching the event. necessary survival skills in society. Status and Roles

Swimming Strokes PARTICIPANT TYPE Agents of Socialization Status

People do not gain enjoyment merely by Are the sources from which we learn about Ascribed status
BACK STROKE watching: they do so by joining the activity. society and ourselves. Achieved Status
As its name suggests; backstroke is swum on
the back. It uses alternating circular arm Types of Recreation Family Role
movements and an above water recovery. The ACTIVE TYPE School Role Strain
legs execute a flutter kick similar to the one Active recreation is leisure time physical Peers Role Manipulation
used in freestyle. activity undertaken outside of structured, Mass media
competition sport. It is a set of activities within Religion LESSON 12
BREAST STROKE the wider range of physical activity options that Conformity and Deviance
Is the most popular swim stroke of all. In also include active living, active transport and ENCULTURATION
breaststroke, both arms execute half-circular sport. Process of being socialized into a specific Conformity - Group standards, majority
arm movements at the same time under water culture. Individuals learn cultural symbols, favors, group consensus
in front of the swimmer. The arm recovery also PASSIVE TYPE norms, values, and language by observing and
occurs under water. The legs simultaneously • A passive person seeks to avoid interacting with family, friends, and the rest of Deviance - Exists in all Societies, a behavior
execute a whip kick. confrontrontation. society. which others disapproved
• Passive people may come across as
BUTTERFLY STROKE easygoing, nonchalant, or shy. George Herbert Mead Characteristics of Deviance
Butterfly stroke stands out among the Mead and Development of the Social Mind Understood within its social context –
competitive strokes because of its unique and Types of Recreation (Self) Ex. A woman wearing a mini-skirt or
spectacular technique. It uses a symmetrical Public Type - It involves the general public. “shorts” while attending a mass
arm stroke with an above water recovery. It Feral Child
also uses a wave-like body undulation and a Commercial Type Endorsing products which He is regarded as one of the founders of social Deviance may change overtime –
dolphin kick. are open to everybody. psychology and of what has come to be Ex. Gambling is not a deviance when no
referred to as the Chicago sociological law prohibits it
FREESTYLE Private Type Confined to people working in a tradition.
The freestyle stroke, also known as front crawl, private companies. Deviance depends upon the status and role a
is the fastest and most efficient of the Four-stage process of self-development person holds-
competitive swimming strokes. (Flutter Kick) Imitation Ex. A Christian Filipino man who marries
(Windmill Arm Movement). Benefits of Recreational Activities Play twice is a deviance
• Decrease stress Game
SIDE STROKE • Provides over all fitness The Generalized Other Deviance depends on the audience norms
The sidestroke is an old swim stroke swum on Ex. A minor who is drinking alcohol is a
• Improves self-esteem and alertness
the side that uses a scissor kick and Self-Concept deviant but not in the case of adult who do the
• Physical and mental aspects are
asymmetrical under water arm movement. Components: same.
developed
Physical
400x100 Medley Relay/ 200m Individual Psychological 2 Forms of Deviant Behavior
LESSON 11
Medley Social attributes A. According to Violation of a Societal Norm
Back Stroke Cultural Identity
Key Terms:
Breast Stroke Ethnic Identity 1. Primary and Secondary Deviance
1. Socialization
Butterfly Stroke National Identity The individual disagrees with the prescribed
2. Enculturation
Freestyle Religious Identity norms, but is tolerated by others or his
3. Identity Formation
behaviour is successfully concealed from
4. Norms
others.
5. Values
 The era of globalization certainly contributed in LESSON D. Conduct of plebiscite to amend a
Ex. Cheating in the examination changing the landscape of the world and its DEMOCRATIC INTERVENTION constitutional provision.
Throwing pieces of papers on the floor inhabitants. • The constitution embodies the
Throwing garbage on the street What is Democracy? fundamental laws of the land from which
Smoking in a smoke-free area Amid this growth and advancement in Democracy is a form of government in which all other laws should be in accord with.
Urinating in a no-urinating zone technology, the environment seems to bear the supreme power is vested in the people and • The change in a provision of the
and suffer the consequences. exercised directly by them or by their elected constitution, such as increasing the
In Secondary deviance, the individual is agents under free electoral system or a state number of years of term of the official of
labeled as criminal or deviant because of his The issue on climate change is one concrete of society characterized by formal equality of the president, cannot be carried without
previous behavior. manifestation and realization that the age of rights and privileges. approval of the people or general
Labeling act is carried on throughout a globalization has taken its toll on the natural constituencies in a process called
person’s life. environment. plebiscite.
It originates from the Greek word DEMOS, • A plebiscite is an electoral process for
2. Individual and Group Deviation PLANETARY NETWORKS which means “people” and KRATOS, which approving or rejecting a change or
In the individual deviance it refers to the interconnections and means “strength or power” amendment in the Constitution.
interrelations among the various elements in
The person commits a deviant behavior of his the natural environment enveloping and What is Democratic Practices? IMPORTANCE OF PARTICIPATION IN
own group or sub-culture. affecting earth as well as beyond the earth Democratic Practice is a set of principles and DEMOCRACY
surface. practices that guide how people interact and 1. Democracy provides equality and
Ex. A member of the group who does not have work together everyday to improve their admission to opportunities for all its
a police record is not a real man. GLOBAL WARMING community and create a more just society. citizen in the government;
this is a phenomenon which refers to the rising 2. Checks and Balances the government to
B. According to Acceptance of the Goal of global average temperature on earth's What are some democratic practices? prevent possible abuse of political power
surface due to the thinning of the ozone layer from the officials;
1.Conformity - The conforming individual in earth's atmosphere. A. Suffrage or the right to vote 3. Allows citizens to influences and suggest
uses positive and legitimate means of • It gives the people the opportunity to policies and laws through plebiscite in
achieving the goal of success. OZONE LAYER exercise sovereignty by choosing the selecting delegates or representatives.
The ozone stays high up in the atmosphere candidates who will govern and serve 4. Allows the popular majority to oust a
2. Innovation - The individual resorts to where it is formed, and its huge quantity is them. representative or a politician who hold too
deviance as illegitimate means of using new enough to form shield for earth against the • Eligible voters have the rights to elect the much power and abuses it.
idea or new process which are more effective sun's untraviolet (UV) rays. government of his/her country by secret
in reaching his goal. He rejects the use of vote.
socially accepted means to achieve success. ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RAYS • It is only fair that they have a direct hand
Ultraviolet rays can cause cornea damage and in choosing the officials
3. Ritualism - the individual rejects traditional skin cancer; stunt the growth and food
cultural goals but still adheres to usual steps manufacturing process of green plants and B. Public Assembly and Consultation
to obtain those goals as a conscientious and destroy the floating microorganisms at the • “The Public Assembly Act of 1985” makes
diligent person. base of the ocean food chain. sure that the people’s exercise their right
to a peaceful assembly.
4. Retreatism - The individual withdraws from CLIMATE CHANGE • Citizens have a set of rights and
society and does not care about success goals It refers to long-term shifts in temperature and responsibilities, including the right to
nor work for his success. weather patterns, primarily caused by human participate in decisions that affect public
activities like burning fossil fuels that releases welfare.
5. Rebellion - The individual rejects and dioxide and alternative greenhouse gases into
attempts to change the goals and means the air.
• This act stipulates that rallies,
approved by the society. He tries to overthrow demonstrations, marches, public
meeting, processions, or parades (
the existing social system and Attempt to
collectively referred to as public
establish a new social system because he
believes that the existing social order is unfair assembly) can be held in public places to
express opinion, to protect , or to air
and unjust to him.
grievances on certain issues.
LESSON
C. Majority rule and Minority rights.
UNDERSTANDING THE CONSEQUENCES
OF PERSONAL AND LOCAL ACTION TO • it is the making if binding decision by a
GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CLIMATE vote of more than one-half of all persons
CHANGE. who participate in an election.
 LESSON 6 methods and depend instead on proved
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 5. Industrial Architecture procedures or when the need for the
The Industrial Revolution radically changed observance of tradition. for the communication
how buildings were constructed with the of ideas, or for elegance and display is best
The history of architecture is a fascinating advent of iron and steel architecture, which fulfilled by familiar forms.
journey that dates back to the dawn of allowed for the construction of skyscrapers and
civilisation. As early as the Neolithic period, suspension bridges. An example of this type of
humans developed architecture by building architecture is the Crystal Palace in Madrid.
stable dwellings and ceremonial enclosures.
6. MODERN ARCHITECTURE
As societies grew, more complex architectural The 20th century brought revolutionary
systems emerged. One of the earliest architectural movements such as Modernism
documented architectural elements is the and Functionalism, which prioritised
ziggurats, stepped temples that served as functionality and simplicity in design. Architects
religious and administrative centres in ancient used the new building techniques of concrete,
Mesopotamia. The majestic pyramids of steel, glass and wood, with Le Corbusier and
Ancient Egypt followed these. Frank Lloyd Wright being some leading
exponents.
Later, the Greeks and Romans laid the
foundations of classical architecture and left a 7. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
legacy that can still be admired throughout the Contemporary architecture is a broad and
Mediterranean world: perfectly proportioned diverse movement from the late 20th century
columns, aqueducts, amphitheatres and to the present day. One of its distinguishing
triumphal arches, among others. features is its focus on sustainability and its
ability to incorporate new technologies and
MAIN TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE innovative building materials. Some influential
contemporary architects include Zaha Hadid,
1. Gothic architecture known for her fluid and organic designs, and
With the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe Frank Gehry, famous for his asymmetrical
entered the Middle Ages, and religious structures.
architecture took centre stage. Gothic
cathedrals, such as Chartres Cathedral in TECHNIQUES IN ARCHITECTURE
France, are outstanding examples of this The techniques of architecture in the sense
period. that they will be considered here are simply the
methods by which structures are formed from
2. Renaissance Architecture particular materials. These methods are
The Renaissance brought a return to classical influenced not only by the availability and
Greek and Roman aesthetics, with a strong character of materials but also by the total
Italianate influence and a focus on symmetry technological development of society, for
and proportion. It is embodied in works such as architecture depends on an organized labor
Filipo Brunelleschi's iconic Florence Cathedral. force and upon the existence of the tools and
skills necessary to secure, manufacture,
3. Baroque Architecture transport, and work durable materials.
In the Baroque period, which flourished in
Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, The evolution of techniques is conditioned
architecture became more ornate and by two forces.
theatrical, as seen in the Palace of Versailles 1. Economic - the search for a maximum of
in France. stability and durability in building with a
minimum of materials and labor. Techniques
4. Neoclassical Architecture evolve rapidly when economic requirements
In the 18th and 19th centuries, neoclassical suggest new expressive forms or when the
architecture emerged due to the excessive conception of new forms demands new
ornamentation of the Baroque and Rococo procedures.
styles. This style sought to recover classical
architecture's principles of simplicity, 2. Expressive - the desire to produce
symmetry, and proportion. A notable example meaningful form. Techniques remain static
of this architectural style is the United States when architects avoid the risk of pioneering
Capitol in Washington, D.C. with untried and possibly unsuccessful
 LESSON 18 youth, and families. SWOT analysis, force field
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT analysis and focus group discussion are
important tools in conducting the community
PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT needs assessment.
• Its objective is to engage the marginalized
group in programs and activities that will BUILDING PARTNERSHIP
benefit them. Based on the study of Snow, partnership is
• Advocacies to enable the marginalized related to other terms such as collaboration,
groups to promote their rights. coalition, network, task group, work group,
• More participation from the community, cooperation, and other which used to describe
the higher is the possible success and a wide variety of relationships and structures.
sustainability of the programs and However, partnership refers to a group of
projects. organizations which a common interest who
• It will empower a certain sector that will agree to work together towards a common
benefit from the community initiatives goal.
through participatory development.
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION
LESSON 19 Is a process where we identify the resources
METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES OF essential for the development, implementation,
COMMUNITY ACTIONS AND and continuation of works for achieving the
INVOLVEMENTS ACROSS DISCIPLINES organization's mission. Resource mobilization
is not just about funds and raising funds, but it
• Human is part of the community. is focused on the relationships with resource
• We are made to live, protect, and work providers, the skills, knowledge, and capacity
together to achieve a common goal for the for proper use of resources.
common good.
• We should participate in the different LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT/
activities and projects in our own PARTICIPATORY PLANNING
community. Is another important part of the community
action, leaders emanate from selected group,
METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES OF volunteers, or individuals known as the core
COMMUNITY ACTIONS AND working group. The leaders ensure that the
INVOLVEMENTS ACROSS DISCIPLINES essential task, roles/responsibility, goals, and
1. Partnership building with local groups objectives are accompanied. On the other
2. Community profiling hand, participatory planning is an approach to
3. Needs assessment designing active, livable cities which makes
4. Working with a core group of urban planning accessible, community driven,
leaders/leadership development and fun. It is grounded in the belief that
Participatory action planning blending local knowledge and expert
5. Resource mobilization knowledge lead to strong outcomes.
6. Social action
7. Evaluation SOCIAL ACTION
It can be done by one or more person in such
COMMUNITY PROFILE a manner that his/her action is intended to
Is the process of developing an understanding influence others and perform the action to act
of the people and describing the detailed or face some social situation.
picture of the target community. Profiles could
include information that the diversity with the EVALUATION
community, their history, social and economic It is conducted in the middle and at the end of
characteristics, and what social and the scheduled completion of the community
infrastructure services are provided. action plan to evaluate the effectivity and
success of the project.
COMMUNITY NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Is a systematic process for determining and
addressing needs or gaps between current
conditions or wants. It also measures the
strength and resources available in the
community to meet the needs of the children,
 LESSON 5 Shrines and sanctuaries
CONTEMPORARY These are places of ceremonies and rituals
PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM THE REGION binding a community together.

Walls and Forts

ARCHITECTURE They serve as protection against attacks.
• comes from the Latin architectura and
from Greek "architecton" which means Shelters
the "master builder". They provide the basic protection against the
• the making of beautiful buildings elements such as sun, rain, and wind.
• the art of designing and constructing
buildings and other types of structures. Homesteads
• often referred to as the "mother of the They provide an individual and ideal space to
arts" because it houses, serves as raise your family.
background for, or occurs in relation to
other fields of art such as painting, PALACES
sculpture, interior design, landscape These are the living and the working space for
architecture, and city planning. rulers; a place where government meets the
people.
ARCHITECT
is a person who practices architecture. Public Works
These are foundations of civilized life, such as
FUNCTIONS OF ARCHITECTURE windmills, roads, bridges, and terminals.
• Architecture is an art based on the
principles of utility and beauty where form Mansions
follows function. They are large homesteads that include
• its principle associated with modern servants.
architecture and industrial design in the
20th century. Shops and Offices
• This means that the purpose of a building These structures facilitate for distributing
should be the starting point for its design. goods or services.

The three principles Amenities

Durability They are places for community welfare and
Utility recreation, such as hospitals, orphanages, and
Beauty libraries.

Things to consider
Purpose or functions
Site/location
Climate
Materials

The characteristics that distinguish a work

of architecture from other built structures
1. the suitability of the work to use by human
beings in general and the adaptability of it
to particular human activities,
2. the stability and permanence of the
work's construction, and
3. the communication of experience and
ideas through its form.

Types of Architecture
Monuments or Tombs
This type of architecture commemorates the
past of a society.
 7. Color insulation and translucent panels, transparent his self to reach the peak of the mountain
LESSON It is a constant feature of architecture. It blocks, and windows. Another is glass and that time mountaineering begin.
UNDEMOCRATIC PRACTICES includes pigments which usually preserve the insulation, and it is typically installed as loose
texture of the original surface and veneers of particles blown into cavities and ceilings used THESE ARE THE FOLLOWING TOOLS IN
• Practices that affect the society and wood entirely alter the surface and a variety of as specialized equipment. MOUNTAINEERING:
government in many different ways, usually manufactured product that character. Crampons
denying the people's rights for freedom of 6. Plaster Footwear
expression, property ownership, religious 8. Environment is a building material used for coating, Harness
practices, etc The architect aims to create harmonies with protecting and decorating internal walls and Ropes
• It is a doctrine that is against or in preexisting elements townscape. The natural ceilings. It can also be used to create Ice Axe
disagreement with democracy. environment is at once a hindrance and a help, architectural moldings such as ceiling roses, Belay Device
and the architect seeks both to invite its aid and cornices, corbels, and so on. The most
Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting to repel its in the landscape and attacks. common types of plaster are a composition of BASIC ESSENTIAL MUST HAVE IN
if the composition of the electorate is altered. gypsum, lime or cement with water and sand. MOUNTAINEERING:
The legality of this type of manipulation varies 9. Form Food and water
across jurisdictions. Deliberate manipulation of Form is not only the physical shape, size, and 7. Iron and Steel Binocular
election outcomes is widely considered a mass of a work, but also all the elements that The development of construction methods in First aid kit
violation of the principles of democracy contribute to the work's aesthetic structure and iron and steel was the most Important Mountaineering tents
(Wayback Machine, 2007). composition. innovation in architecture since ancient times. Sleeping bags
These methods provide far stronger and taller
UNDEMOCRATIC PRACTICES ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS structures with less expenditure of material
Vote-buying 1. Clay and Brick than stone, brick, or wood and can produce
Drug war In building, clay is used to make bricks, tiles greater unsupported spans over openings and
Extrajudicial killing and plasters, as well as the low-impact natural interior or exterior spaces.
Gender Inequality building materials adobe, cob, rammed earth
Racism and wattle and daub. Bricks can be fired or 8. Concrete
unfired. Tiles can be used on roofs, floors, or plays a crucial role in foundation design due to
LESSON 7 walls. Clay plasters can come in different its numerous attributes. Its compressive
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE textures, colors and finishes. strength makes it ideal for bearing heavy loads,
a fundamental requirement for foundations.
1. Content 2. STONE AND ROCKS The material's durability ensures the longevity
This element is the subject matter of Stone, or rock, is a natural substance that is of the structure, given the foundation's
architecture. quarried and mined from the earth and used in constant exposure to soil and moisture.
a variety of applications in construction,
2. Space and mass including: Masonry, including decorative LESSON 5
Architecture is primarily an art of space. elements such as pillars, swags and porticos. MOUNTAINEERING
Floor and wall tiles and cladding.
3. Composition MOUNTAINEERING
The organization of the whole out. 3. SAND Also called: Mountain climbing
is critical ingredient in the construction of the - is a sports of climbing a mountain that
4. Scale and Proportion urban environment. Sand, mixed with cement combines climbing and hiking up to the
Both have to do with size. Scale means size in and aggregate, makes concrete. Melted sand mountain.
relation refers to size relationships to a is transformed into glass. - It is also a sport of attaining and attempting
standard size. Proportion between parts of a to attain high points in mountain region
whole or between two or more items perceived 4. Wood mainly for the pleasure of a climb.
as a unit. is easier to acquire, transport and work than
other natural materials. All parts of a building MOUNTAINEERS
5. Light can be efficiently constructed of wood except describes a person who lives in a high country
It is a necessity for sight and utility. Light is also foundations; its disadvantage is susceptibility or as climbers of mountains.
a powerful vehicle of expression. to fire, mold and termites.
How did mountaineering begin as an
6. Texture 5. Glass activity?
It refers to the way objects feel to the touch. A glass is described as a transparent, - In 18th century natural philosophers begin
Texture plays a dual role in architecture, it sparkling, delicate, and illustrative material. to trips to the Alps of Europe for scientific
expresses something of the quality of materials Glass is used in various methods during observation.
and it gives a particular quality to light. construction projects with an exact form and - Genovese Scientist: Horace Benedict De
type. The most familiar glass forms are Saussure saw Mt. Blanc and he challenge
fiberglass products that are being used for