Data Quality Validation

Data Quality Validation

• Data validation is the process of ensuring that data input

meets predefined criteria and standards before it's
processed, acting as a crucial checkpoint for accuracy.

• On the other hand, data quality is a broader concept that

encompasses the overall completeness, consistency, and
reliability of data within a system
 Components of a Data Quality
Model in SDI
A comprehensive data quality model in SDI addresses the following
key components:
Quality Elements
According to ISO 19157 (Geographic information — Data quality),
data quality elements include:
• Completeness:
• Assesses the presence of missing data or excess information.
• Types:
• Omissions: Data that is expected but missing.
• Commissions: Data included but not required.
 Components of a Data Quality
Model in SDI
Logical Consistency:
• Measures adherence to defined data structures, formats, and rules.
• Types:
• Conceptual Consistency: Alignment with conceptual models.
• Topological Consistency: Correct spatial relationships (e.g., no
overlaps, correct adjacency).
• Format Consistency: Correctness of the file or database format.
 Components of a Data Quality
Model in SDI
Positional Accuracy:
• Evaluates the spatial accuracy of features in relation to their true
position.
• Types:
• Absolute Accuracy: Comparison to a global reference system.
• Relative Accuracy: Accuracy of features relative to each other.
 Components of a Data Quality
Model in SDI
• Thematic Accuracy:
• Assesses the correctness of attribute information.
• Examples: Land use classifications, population data.
• Temporal Accuracy:
• Measures how well temporal attributes (e.g., timestamps) align with
reality.
• Usability:
• Considers the dataset's suitability for specific applications.
 Quality Indicator

For each quality element, define measurable indicators.

Example:
• Completeness Indicator: Percentage of missing features.
• Positional Accuracy Indicator: Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE) of coordinates.
 Quality Levels

Define levels to categorize data quality, such as:

• High: Fully compliant with standards.
• Medium: Minor deviations but usable.
• Low: Significant quality issues affecting usability.
 Steps to Define a Data Quality
Model

Step 1: Establish Use Cases

• Define how the data will be used.
• Example: Urban planning, disaster management, transportation
analysis.
Step 2: Define Quality Requirements
• Based on use cases, specify the minimum acceptable thresholds
for quality.
• Example:
• Positional Accuracy: ±5 meters.
• Thematic Accuracy: 95% correct classifications.
 Steps to Define a Data Quality
Model

Step 3: Develop Metrics and Evaluation Methods

• Specify how each quality element will be measured:
• Metrics: Quantitative measures (e.g., RMSE, completeness ratio).
• Methods: Automated tools, manual checks, or hybrid approaches.
Step 4: Implement Standards and Guidelines
• Adopt international standards like ISO 19157 or OGC
standards.
• Establish internal guidelines for data producers and users.
 Steps to Define a Data Quality
Model

Step 5: Quality Control and Assurance

• Set up validation workflows for data ingestion, processing,
and distribution.
Step 6: Reporting
• Include quality information in metadata.
• Example: Metadata standard ISO 19115 includes data quality
reports.
 Tools for Data Quality Assessment

Software Tools
• QGIS:
• Plugins for data validation (e.g., Topology Checker).
• ArcGIS:
• Data Reviewer extension for automated quality checks.
• PostGIS:
• Geometric and topological validation in databases.
 Tools for Data Quality Assessment

Programming Libraries
•Python:
•Fiona, Shapely: Geometric validations.
•Geopandas: Attribute and spatial consistency checks.
•GDAL/OGR:
•Command-line tools for format validation and
transformation.
 Tools for Data Quality
Assessment
Automated Tools
• ETL Tools:
• Safe Software FME: For automated spatial data validation
and transformation.
Data Quality Frameworks
• OGC Quality Interoperability Framework: For
cross-platform quality assurance.
Challenges in Data Quality Modeling
 Best Practices for SDI Data Quality
Models
• Collaborative Framework:
• Engage stakeholders (data producers, users, policymakers) in defining
quality models.
• Iterative Improvements:
• Continuously refine the model based on evaluations and evolving
standards.
• Transparency:
• Document quality metrics and processes in metadata for end-users.
• Scalability:
• Ensure the model adapts to varying dataset sizes and complexities.
 Data Harmonization and
Transformation in SDI
• Data harmonization and data transformation are critical
processes in a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) to
integrate, standardize, and prepare geospatial datasets for
effective sharing, analysis, and interoperability across diverse
sources.
• These processes ensure that data from different formats,
coordinate systems, and schemas can be combined seamlessly.
 Data Harmonization

Data harmonization involves standardizing datasets from

multiple sources to ensure consistency in structure, semantics,
and representation.
Objectives
• Enable seamless data integration and sharing.
• Improve data compatibility across different systems and applications.
• Reduce redundancy and resolve inconsistencies.
 Steps in Data Harmonization

• Schema Alignment:
• Standardize attribute names, data types, and data models.
• Example: Align land use classifications (e.g., "urban" vs. "residential").
• Coordinate System Standardization:
• Convert datasets to a common spatial reference system.
• Example: Transform all datasets to EPSG:4326 (WGS84).
 Steps in Data Harmonization

• Thematic Harmonization:
• Ensure consistency in thematic layers (e.g., vegetation, hydrology).
• Align terminology, classifications, and units.
• Metadata Standardization:
• Use standardized metadata schemas (e.g., ISO 19115, Dublin Core) to
describe datasets.
• Resolution and Scale Harmonization:
• Standardize spatial resolutions for raster data or geometric precision for
vector data.
 Data Transformation
Data transformation involves modifying geospatial data to
make it suitable for specific applications or analytical workflows.
This process often includes reprojection, reformatting, and
attribute manipulation.
Objectives
• Prepare data for analysis or visualization.
• Ensure compatibility with specific tools or models.
• Convert data to user-friendly formats.
 Data Transformation
Common Transformation Processes
• Spatial Reprojection:
• Convert datasets between coordinate systems.
• Tools: GDAL, QGIS, ArcGIS.
• Format Conversion:
• Change data formats to meet user needs or application
requirements.
• Examples:
• Shapefile to GeoJSON
 Data Transformation
• Attribute Transformation:
• Modify or derive new attributes based on existing data.
• Example: Converting temperature values from Celsius to Fahrenheit.
• Data Aggregation:
• Combine features or raster cells into larger units (e.g., polygons or
zones).
• Example: Aggregating population data by administrative regions.
 Data Transformation
• Geometry Simplification:
• Reduce feature complexity for faster rendering or analysis.
• Tools: PostGIS ST_Simplify, QGIS.
• Topological Cleaning:
• Fix overlaps, gaps, or invalid geometries in vector data.
• Tools: QGIS Topology Checker, PostGIS ST_MakeValid.
 Tools for Data Harmonization and
Transformation
Open-Source Tools
• GDAL/OGR:
• Library for raster and vector data processing.
• Supports a wide range of formats and transformations.
• QGIS:
• Desktop GIS with tools for re-projection, topology correction, and
data editing.
 Tools for Data Harmonization and
Transformation
PostGIS:
• Spatial extension for PostgreSQL, ideal for large-scale data
transformations.
• Example: Re-projecting and simplifying geometries:
SELECT ST_Transform(ST_Simplify(geom, 0.01), 4326) AS geom FROM
input_table;
• FME (Feature Manipulation Engine):
• Powerful ETL tool for complex data harmonization and transformation tasks.
 Tools for Data Harmonization and
Transformation
Proprietary Tools
• ArcGIS:
• Includes tools for schema alignment, reprojection, and format
conversion.
• Safe Software FME:
• User-friendly ETL platform for handling complex transformations
across various data formats.
Challenges and Solutions
Best Practices for Harmonization and
Transformation
• Adopt Standards:
• Follow international standards like ISO 19157, OGC GML, and INSPIRE.
• Document Processes:
• Record all transformation steps in metadata for transparency and reproducibility.
• Automate Workflows:
• Use ETL tools to automate repetitive tasks, ensuring consistency.
• Validate Outputs:
• Perform quality checks after harmonization and transformation to detect errors.
• Engage Stakeholders:
• Collaborate with data producers and users to align on harmonization goals.
 Example Workflow: Harmonizing
Land Cover Data
Input Datasets:
• Dataset A:
• Format: GeoTIFF, CRS: EPSG:32633 (UTM Zone 33N).
• Classification: "Urban", "Forest", "Water".
• Dataset B:
• Format: Shapefile, CRS: EPSG:4326 (WGS84).
• Classification: "Residential", "Green Areas", "Rivers".
 Steps

• Reproject Dataset A to EPSG:4326:

• gdalwarp -t_srs EPSG:4326 input_A.tif
output_A_reprojected.tif
• Unify Classifications:
• Map classifications to a common scheme:
• Urban = Residential
• Forest = Green Areas
• Water = Rivers.
 Steps

• Format Conversion:
• Convert both datasets to GeoPackage
• ogr2ogr -f "GPKG" output_B.gpkg input_B.shp
• Validate Geometry:
• Check and fix geometry errors in Dataset B
• UPDATE dataset_b SET geom = ST_MakeValid(geom);
• Merge and Export:
• Merge datasets into a unified GeoPackage.
 Data Classification and Storage in SDI

• In the context of a Spatial Data Infrastructure

(SDI), data classification and storage are foundational
components that organize and manage geospatial datasets
for efficient access, security, and scalability.
• Proper classification ensures data is categorized based on its
use, sensitivity, and type, while storage solutions safeguard
data integrity and accessibility.
 Data Classification in SDI

• Data classification is the process of organizing datasets

into categories based on their characteristics, usage, and
importance.
Objectives
• Improve data discoverability and usability.
• Enhance data security and access control.
• Align datasets with relevant policies or standards.
 Classification Criteria

• Data Type:
• Vector: Points, lines, polygons (e.g., road networks,
administrative boundaries).
• Raster: Gridded data (e.g., satellite imagery, digital elevation
models).
• Metadata: Documentation describing datasets.
 Classification Criteria

• Sensitivity:
• Public: Non-sensitive, accessible to all (e.g., topographic maps).
• Restricted: Limited access due to legal or policy constraints (e.g.,
cadastral data).
• Confidential: Sensitive information requiring strict control (e.g.,
defense data).
 Classification Criteria

• Scale and Resolution:

• Large-scale: Detailed data for local areas (e.g., 1:1,000 city maps).
• Small-scale: Broad data for regional/national analysis (e.g., 1:1,000,000
maps).
• Data Lifecycle Stage:
• Raw: Unprocessed data (e.g., raw satellite imagery).
• Processed: Cleaned and analyzed datasets (e.g., classified land cover maps).
• Archived: Historical datasets stored for future use.
• Thematic Area:
• Categories such as hydrology, land use, transportation, or population.
 Data Storage in SDI

• Data storage refers to the infrastructure and practices used

to store, manage, and retrieve geospatial data.
• Ensure data integrity, reliability, and security.
• Provide scalable storage solutions for growing datasets.
• Support efficient access and sharing across platforms.
 Steps to Prepare Data
Classification and Storage
• Step 1: Define Classification Schema
• Identify key criteria based on organizational needs (e.g., sensitivity,
usage).
• Develop a standardized taxonomy for categories.
• Step 2: Categorize Existing Datasets
• Audit all datasets to identify their type, sensitivity, and relevance.
• Assign categories based on the defined schema.
 Steps to Prepare Data
Classification and Storage
• Step 3: Choose Storage Architecture
• Determine the appropriate storage system based on:
• Data Volume: Small, medium, or large datasets.
• Access Requirements: Frequency of access (hot vs. cold storage).
• Step 4: Implement Metadata Standards
• Use standards like ISO 19115 to document datasets.
• Include classification details in metadata for easier discovery.
 Steps to Prepare Data
Classification and Storage
• Step 5: Design Access Controls
• Assign user roles and permissions based on data sensitivity.
• Implement encryption for sensitive data.
 Storage Infrastructure Options
On-Premises Storage
• Local servers and hardware for data storage.
• Advantages:
• Full control over infrastructure.
• Faster local access.
• Disadvantages:
• High initial costs and maintenance.
• Limited scalability.
• Examples:
• NAS (Network-Attached Storage).
• SAN (Storage Area Network).
 Storage Infrastructure Options
Cloud Storage
• Cloud platforms offering scalable, distributed storage.
• Advantages:
• Elastic scalability.
• Reduced infrastructure costs.
• Disadvantages:
• Dependency on internet connectivity.
• Potential data sovereignty concerns.
• Examples:
• AWS S3: With lifecycle policies for archiving.
• Google Cloud Storage: For scalable geospatial data.
• Azure Blob Storage: For unstructured data.
 Storage Infrastructure Options

Hybrid Storage
• Combines local storage with cloud-based solutions.
• Advantages:
• Balances cost and scalability.
• Local storage for frequently accessed data, cloud for backups.
• Disadvantages:
• Complexity in managing dual systems.
 Data Storage Best Practices

Backup and Redundancy

• Implement regular backups to prevent data loss.
• Use redundancy (e.g., RAID configurations or cloud replication).
Data Tiering
• Hot Storage: Frequently accessed data stored on high-performance
systems.
• Cold Storage: Infrequently accessed data archived in low-cost systems
(e.g., AWS Glacier)
 Data Storage Best Practices

Optimize Formats
• Use efficient, standardized formats to save space and ensure
compatibility:
• Vector: GeoJSON, GPKG, Shapefiles.
• Raster: GeoTIFF, Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF (COG).
Implement Data Lifecycle Management
• Automate archiving and deletion policies for datasets based on
their lifecycle stage.
Example Workflow
 Tools for Classification and
Storage

Tools for Classification

• QGIS:
• Organize and tag datasets with attributes for classification.
• ArcGIS:
• Use layers and metadata tools to manage classification.
• Catalog Tools:
• GeoNetwork: Metadata catalog for classification and
discovery.
 Tools for Classification and
Storage

• Tools for Storage

• Cloud Platforms:
• AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud for scalable storage.
• Database Solutions:
• PostGIS: For spatial data storage in relational databases.
• MongoDB with GeoJSON: For NoSQL spatial data.
Challenges and Solutions
 Manage SDI Data Accessibility

• Effective data accessibility management is critical for

a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) to ensure that
geospatial data is available to the right users at the right
time, while maintaining security, interoperability, and ease of
use.
• This involves implementing policies, technologies, and
workflows to provide controlled, efficient, and scalable
access to geospatial datasets.
 Objectives of SDI Data Accessibility
Management

• Facilitate Data Sharing: Ensure users can easily discover

and access relevant geospatial data.
• Control Access: Restrict sensitive or confidential data based
on roles and permissions.
• Enhance Usability: Provide intuitive interfaces for accessing
and querying datasets.
• Ensure Compliance: Adhere to standards and legal
frameworks governing data access.
 Key Principles of Data
Accessibility
Open Access vs. Controlled Access
• Open Access:
• Datasets are freely available to all users.
• Best for non-sensitive data (e.g., public maps, environmental data).
• Controlled Access:
• Access is restricted based on user roles or permissions.
• Suitable for sensitive datasets (e.g., cadastral or defense data).
 Key Principles of Data
Accessibility
Interoperability
• Ensure compatibility across platforms by adhering to open
standards:
• OGC Standards: WMS (Web Map Service), WFS (Web Feature
Service), WMTS (Web Map Tile Service).
• ISO Standards: ISO 19115 (Metadata), ISO 19139 (Metadata
XML).
 Key Principles of Data
Accessibility
User-Centric Design
• Provide multiple access methods tailored to user needs:
• Web portals for visualization and basic queries.
• APIs for developers requiring programmatic access.
• Direct database connections for advanced users.
Steps to Manage Data Accessibility

Step 1: Define Accessibility Policies

• Identify data sensitivity levels (e.g., public, restricted,
confidential).
• Set access permissions for user roles (e.g., public,
government, research institutions).
• Establish data-sharing agreements and licensing terms.
Steps to Manage Data Accessibility

Step 2: Enable Metadata-Driven Discovery

• Create comprehensive metadata using standards like ISO
19115 or Dublin Core.
• Publish metadata in a catalog system (e.g., GeoNetwork,
CKAN) to allow data discovery.
• Include access constraints and usage rights in metadata.
Steps to Manage Data Accessibility

Step 3: Implement Access Control Mechanisms

• Authentication:
• Verify user identities using credentials (e.g., usernames, passwords).
• Use Single Sign-On (SSO) or OAuth for seamless access.
• Authorization:
• Assign roles and permissions (e.g., read-only, editor, admin).
• Use Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to enforce policies.
Steps to Manage Data Accessibility

Step 4: Provide Multi-Channel Access

• Web Portals:
• Deploy user-friendly platforms for browsing and downloading data (e.g.,
GeoNode, ArcGIS Hub).
• APIs:
• Publish APIs for accessing datasets programmatically (e.g., RESTful endpoints,
OGC services).
• Download Services:
• Offer bulk downloads for datasets in commonly used formats (e.g., GeoTIFF,
Shapefile).
Steps to Manage Data Accessibility

• Step 5: Monitor and Optimize Usage

o Track usage metrics to identify popular datasets and access
bottlenecks.
o Optimize server and network resources for high-demand datasets.
o Collect user feedback to improve accessibility features.
 Tools for Managing Data
Accessibility
Cataloging and Discovery Tools
• GeoNetwork:
• Open-source catalog for metadata management and data discovery.
• ArcGIS Hub:
• Centralized portal for sharing and managing datasets.
• CKAN:
• Open-source data portal for publishing and accessing datasets.
• .
 Access Control Tools

• GeoServer:
• Allows role-based access control for WMS, WFS, and other OGC
services.
• MapServer:
• Configurable for managing access to geospatial services.
 APIs for Data Access

• OGC Services:
• Web Map Service (WMS): For map rendering.
• Web Feature Service (WFS): For vector data queries.
• Web Coverage Service (WCS): For raster data retrieval.
• Custom REST APIs:
• Build APIs tailored to specific datasets or applications.
 Best Practices for SDI Data
Accessibility

Adopt FAIR Principles

• Findable: Use metadata catalogs for easy data discovery.
• Accessible: Provide clear pathways for accessing datasets.
• Interoperable: Adhere to open standards to ensure cross-platform
compatibility.
• Reusable: Provide clear licensing and usage information.
 Best Practices for SDI Data
Accessibility

Provide Scalable Infrastructure

• Use cloud-based services to handle peak demands (e.g., AWS, Azure).
• Implement load balancing for high-traffic services.
Maintain Data Security
• Encrypt sensitive datasets both in transit (SSL/TLS) and at rest.
• Regularly audit access logs to identify unauthorized access attempts.
 Best Practices for SDI Data
Accessibility

Enhance User Experience

• Offer tutorials, documentation, and training for accessing SDI
services.
• Provide multilingual support for international users.
Facilitate Data Sharing Agreements
• Formalize agreements with stakeholders to define terms for data
sharing and access.
Example Workflow for Data
Accessibility Management
Challenges and Solutions
 Benefits of Effective Data
Accessibility Management
• Increases the utility of SDI by enabling diverse user groups
to access data.
• Supports collaboration between government, academia, and
private sectors.
• Enhances decision-making through timely access to high-
quality geospatial data.
• Ensures compliance with legal, ethical, and security
standards.
 Steps in Data Discovery

Step 4: Preview and Access Data

• Use visualization tools like WMS or WMTS to preview data
layers.
• Download or connect to datasets via WFS, WCS, APIs, or
file downloads.
QUESTIONS