Computer Organization & Assembly Language

Lab 02
Topics:
1. Details of Registers
2. Assembly Instructions
3. Addressing Modes
4. ASCII codes
5. Assembler Directives
6. Variables and Strings
7. Declaration of variables in data segment

Registers:
● Temporary storage of data
● Fastest storage area
● Quickly accessible by CPU
● Built into CPU
● Optimization of processing time
Assembly Instructions:
● There are different kinds of assembly instructions
● In order to pass any data to registers we use mov instruction
● To perform addition and subtraction of numbers, keywords, ADD and SUB are
used
● Keywords INC and DEC are used
Addressing Modes:
● Register Addressing: In register addressing, both the operands are registers
● Immediate Addressing: In Immediate addressing, one of the operand is register
and the other one is immediate value.
● Memory Addressing: In Memory addressing, one of the operands is register and
the other access static data directly i.e (Store address of the memory)
Assembler Directives:
● .MODEL directive
● .STACK directive
● .DATA directive
● .CODE directive
Variables:

What are variables?

• Variables are used to store values.

 • The values of variable can be changed.

Where to initialize variables in assembly program?

• Variables are defined in .data directive of program structure.

Naming Conventions for Variables:

• Do not use reserved keywords for variable names.

• Reserved keywords are

• Operands (ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, MOV, POP, PUSH)

• Registers (AX, BX, CX, DX, DS, CS etc)

Initializing a Variable:

Variable name Variable Initializer Initializing value

Initializer directive defines the size of data. It is also known as Data type directive.
Initializing value is the value assigned to the variable.

Example:

VAR1 DB 49; Declare a byte, referred to as location Var1, containing the value 49

VAR2 DB ‘A’; Declare a byte, referred to as location Var1, containing the value 65

VAR3 DB ?; Declare an uninitialized byte, referred to as location Var3

Initializer Directives (Data Types)

NAME STAND FOR SIZE

DB Define Byte 1 Byte/8 Bits

Variable Declaration in Program:

Example Code:

.DATA
 VAR DB 49

.CODE

MOV AL, VAR

Strings:

Syntax: str1 db “HELLO”,’$’

String Operations:

● Offset: Returns distance of a variable from the beginning of its segment

● Type: Returns an integer representing size of a variable. E.g., TYPE of word is 2
● Lengthof: Counts number of individual elements in a variable that has been
defined
● Sizeof: It determines the total bytes occupied by a variable
● DUP: Allows a sequence of storage locations to be defined or reserved

String Declaration in Program:

Example Code:

.DATA

STR1 DB “Lab 3”, ‘$’

.CODE

MOV DX, offset str1

Code Structure:
.386
.model flat,stdcall
.stack 4096

.code
main PROC
; Move the values into the registers
mov al, 97
mov ax, 2
mov bx, 3
mov cx, 1
mov dx, 5
add ax, bx ; 5
 add cx, dx ;6
sub ax, cx ; The result is FFFFFFFF

main ENDP
END main

Tasks:
1. Write an assembly language program to Addition and Subtraction any value stored in
the registers in memory. The add register will be ax or cx and subtract register will be
bx, dx. Also try these on al, ah, bl, bh, cl, ch, dl, dh. Write down values of each
registers in comments and also add screen shots of the watch.
2. Write an assembly language program to Addition and Subtraction any value stored in
the registers in memory. The add register will be ax or cx and subtract register will be
bx, dx. Also try these on al, ah, bl, bh, cl, ch, dl, dh. Those students whose roll
number end on even number add and subtract value by 8 and for odd one add and
subtract by 5. Write down values of each registers in comments and also add screen
shots of the watch.
3. Write an assembly language program to ADD two values and see the values in
memory. And Move one value to ax and other value to bx and watch the value of al,
ah, ax ,bx, bh, bl. Note down each memory addressing and note down in comments.
Write down values of each registers in comments and also add screen shots of the
watch.
4. Write an assembly language program to add two values and see the values in memory.
The two values must be one of you last 4 digits of roll number and the other must be
yours friend. And Move one value to cx and other value to dx and watch the value of
cl, ch, cx ,dx, dh, dl. Write down values of each registers in comments and also add
screen shots of the watch.
5. Write an assembly language program to subtract two values and see the values in
memory. The values must be one of the current year and the other one would your
birth year. And Move one value to cx and other value to dx and watch the value of cl,
ch, cx ,dx, dh, dl. Write down values of each registers in comments and also add
screen shots of the watch.
6. Write assembly language to add two binaries number
7. Write assembly language to add two hex number
8. Write an assembly language program to add two numbers in registers. Store any value
in these registers. The Register must be ax and bl. Please justify rather these add or
not please specify what cause the issue along with the screenshot.
9. Write an assembly language program to add two numbers in registers. One number is
binary and the other one is hex. Please justify rather these add or not please specify
what cause the issue along with the screenshot.
10. Write an assembly language program to add two numbers in registers. One number is
binary and the other one is octal. Please justify rather these add or not please specify
what cause the issue along with the screenshot.
11. Write an assembly language program to add two numbers in registers. One number is
hex and the other one is octal. Please justify rather these add or not please specify
what cause the issue along with the screenshot.
12. Write Assembly program to add two numbers using variables.
13. Write Assembly program to subtract two numbers using variables.
14. Declare and initialize string of your choice and store its length, size and type in
separate variables.