30l04

UNIT-1: LINEAR TRANSFORMATIDNS - 1

LDeterminants:
oMe thod of Co - factors
= ad bc

(n- order )

Prvoluct of Diagonal ele nment :

: A is a diagonal luppu triangular lowa trian
qulas matrix.
fup erations (or column )
Use

12 2 3
87 Copute the det. of A=
53

i) elementaey operations
ii) Ctate Me thod 2 |

2 2 2
2
B 3
A
2 -10
l3 -2y
Þ -2
2 o2

3
2X 3

2 2 2

3 4 -| (-)
(2 2 2
pOlos
AL: I x (-4)+2(36)+2(-16)+ 3(-2t) = - G2

- Campute IA| by
30
2
2 -4 :lementay rw opuations
) Co<actee method
-

lo -3 5 3
-2 2 oI - 2 2
O I 3I 3
0 - 22 -9l9
2
0-3 S 3

-2 2
|A =-2x| x 5X +9
3

5 <l2
-158
 Determinant Df large martrites
a13

An
mination.
OOpetati u (Ownt 04 de terminant ustng gauss eli
eRitije :for
step (n -k)division
Mutiplitations n each row
Multi plitation (n-k)
A total of (n-k) Multiplica iOns required
fn each ow
ly, (h-k) additions substractions are Fe9.
(n-k)2 aoldi tion are re. at the step.

fhe no.of Plo ps (Aoa-ting pofnt Dpeta tions), ftu)

get the echelon form of
(n -k) 2
n

S (n-k ) t E (n-k)+
Addlsub
pivisions Multpli 's
nle
Let S=ni

S=l

WET, S N(n+|) n(n+n) (2nt1)

20n-)+14
(n-) (n -l41) 2tn-)(nlt+1)
".f(n)
2

nCn-)(2n-)
2 3
opeaahion count
o (n) )
for (orge nifCn) echelon tortM vf
for
nn mat
determinant,
To find the will be fln)+n-l
the no .of flo ps req
n(n-)4 ntn-)(2n- ) t n- = F(n)
2
 n =100 & ime per flop ) then ti me
the det.is ?
requtred to compute
= 0. 0 ols

ute lAMy
IAnxnl
2No.of ops required to tompute by the
Co factors :
Method
Ax [an] ’ {A| an
adolit ous lSubstrac0h5
No.of
Mul ti pli cati ons

Fer
(uet req:)

4e 2

2
Cu
3x2 MultfpliCations,

and, 3 multiplications to compwte

3 n +3
= 3X\t 2

each Cij no.0f opuations are

to compute

Count lAnn wsin g (ofatus

Opuatiou
A fotal flops = hnt,
3
2 2

3 5
63
23

205 324
 (qenealised formulag:

7lol20 24
Llinear 4ransfo rmat'o n mappinq :
fun ction Mappt ng, LiU v

L(utv) Llu ) t L(V)

Llou)

L:R R2
| i y , z) (13 ) ’ linea

L2y) = (X tl y)

0 Is the given by T(x) - (*}x3x3)

mapping
Linea ransfem ation ? TLY) >l9,g'y)

2+y, y2x9,74y32y (x+y) )

ineas
Co fven maappin9
dirferentiable
ae Let V be the vetor Space S. let D,VV be
f'R R with basis
fun chton D() df
iven by
di tferen tial fa ctos
linear mapping?

NOTE lf kv, the vector spoa ces

basis and
ahy set fh V then
Cinea ttans tomaton such hat
We Aind

dy

dx a y. D() tD(y)
(X+y) dt
(Cnea
73)7U2) > (>,o) an d T(2, ) > , 2). ffnd
transfoTnaion (inea
SolTIk,u +kV) kT(u) +k2 T(V) 0

T(i9) ? s a basis of 2

Sa fhz), (2,)3
they
ISneasly fndependent
Let( 4 ) - k 2) t kal2,)

2!
(A B)
2

R2R- 2R, ) 22

-3y- 2X

Et 2 n- 2 2 - y )
()
from C, T( % y ) |-7+2y
t (2)

+ 2X -y
(
(
L, Ran ge of Linear -tran s formaton l:uV
> Range C)

lodo meih

*angec) : fve v/L(u) - V for So Me

L: R
?R 9iven
& V (2,- 3) belo ngs to

rangeCL)> ?
ftndi L(u) is not the SCMe as oes u e Pange()
 Lll,-,0)
lo, - , ) E Range li )
fhls does not Meoh (+l- yo) e Range (L).
chect uch that Liz1y, 2)e(,0)
consider ( +yy+ 2, +2y+3 z ) =l-lj o)

2:-l
2
1

CA :B))
orA)> , P(A:3)>3, PCA) P(
+hat
(,1;0)
LCXi2)

doesn'1 bulong +o tange CL)

gliol2024
he conditen for wht ch
petel ine
range :R when

Sol' L(x) AX >> A = 2

a 2
2
b 3
3 2 a tC
2

2
a+ lo
3

consistent If PCA) S(CA:B] ) 2

>’pessi bte
Ran9e(L) if
(a, lo c)E
Ronge ()>4(aibi e) la-bt c=o}
 One-One funtion !
f(u) flv) u V
en

OontO Mappl ng i
theee exls
Suh +hat

Range tf) :

let
3 5 2

is defned T(X)= AX.

the mage of u
whese fage is b
1 1s there More than one X = R whose fmage is b
Ax b

Metri of a Linear transformatib!

Let Lineas transfermation with
be
b as e
of U and v respecti vely

Ve c-tor ,0f T (U) rela tive

wri ten
(T Jaa lrcu)],,] with
colum ns .

----1lun)Ja
 is called the transformotiora
Matfx the (neas
relative and
Property
(u is co ordinate ve ctor u rela tive to B

+ an n

[ai

B+ ,S4e ordes busis}

bet+1tt 2}

Lenear transfo rmationand

is
with
S li 3),(2, 5)} is
Ca]..Cu], la (u)
G(x9) = (2x- y 4t 3y) then veri fy
fer u (A,-3 ) given, S {U, 3), l2, 5)j

Co lumn [aIss

w.r.t s s
of the L.T
- Matix
veeto r bf M relati ve to
Lu]. = coordinate
Cn] so that
U; t S,odered basis

fu (,3)u ( 2, 9) }
S-s'

co lumn ó
AX B

column

| J ( ] [J:[ 9,
20|

fom

2
2
F:R R with Drdeu bas es

s'fu,, 3 {,3), (326)}, veuity F), l):Fv)J

for V (1, -3, 2) when F (2yi 2) > (3x+2y 2, - 5y+3z)

coluMn

f(ue ) F
 -33 - 13

T ! Vn V

V ( - 3, 2), (V].

Ci 2

5,4J
[], [2, - 33 -|3

55

Find FtV), [Ftv)},

wth ordes bayes

lE F:R R and F is

de.ftned by.
Fly)- AX;A
deftnes
 - 2
3 -I

2
3

2
3
2

C
[], +2

(rJ5, [v],= w -2 13
-3

W -2

where
FlV) = Cu,ttzugt33

C1
Ca
t e matri
LT, LR’R? W.r.t
and tr iwiw,} is A= where, V, - (-,|, D)
(I, 2), w, ((,-). ompute
L[V), t (Va), (U,) and Lla,b e)
A (),r , we have

then
[,o, oJ as

whece, L(v) - w, t , w)
l(1, 22) - (1) - ) = (0,3
)
L(V,) 1. W,, t (-1) Wa

LeV,)>?
ir)
(va) [o,t,o)

= l3,)
2l!,2)+ (1)ll,1)

L92)
Lla,b ) = ?
We need Cv],
then

Hb?)
b-c a
 2. |

atb-c
c=c
Ct (a+b-c) atb

where

b+2e)( , - )
Lla,b,e) = la+2b) (l,2) +(- (-bt2c))
E (at 2b- b+2c 2a+ 4b-
Sb-2c)
lat b+2,20t

T(u) W has atmost

One soluto n for any ve ctor Range (T).

NOTE : i) f T (u) = W and T lW) = w then

then

Lyonto map plng : has atleas t Ohe

onto every
Solutio n for >’ Pange (T)>

sing uar ltnear Mappinq

oar"A neas mappBng sai d to be stngulas f thete
erists a non zero vector Suh that
LT
T is stnqulaS
Non- Singulas CEnea Tran sformati on :
is non -sina ulas if Tlu)>o if and only if
i-e, is non -sin gular ber (T) = 0

Theorem: A Liner trans formatio n

One~ane and onty if fs non-stngula r
Ans'. Suppose Dne~One

Let
We have Tlo) 0
from O O,T(u) = T lo)
Since
 Since
’ T is
arbitrary, ker ()= Sou 3
non - stnqular
Suppose
One-one
Ass ume not D ne-ohe we wil prove that
hs contradi cts tthat T
îs non-stngular]

u- V= 0
is non- stngulas

neDhe

Theore m! Let (Enear ransfor Maton

an d A be the stan dard Matri X for T. then,

map s on to if and only f the

columns of A spans
Onene if an d only f columns A

Proof
are
aiven
nea ty ndependent s-stanolard
.

basis
(r)ss A
T(X ) AX
Cel. sp lA)> Range (T)
onto
Suppese vector lbe RM has atleast ne

Soluti'on for T Cu)>b

Cel sp (A) > Range lT)

Stn ce ttue for all
Ccon wri te

Sup pese Celsp (A) > R

bt R fs in rangeUe
(t )
Rn Suh
) .Seme
) fhere exists that, T (u)b

soluton
has only tirial trf ril so lutiou
)AX>0 (.e., TCX) Ax has
 àCA)= n
-)A shoulo have n indepen dent columns
Suppese has tnearty independent columns
Consider AX
as buly ttivial solution
(from previous theorem)
oeify. Rank LT dim Range (1)}
Nutli ty ) LT dtm {ker lt)}
then 0ne-one
nuli ty 0
Rank ( ) di m Co- doma?n}
(In geneal, olim (Range r)) dimlcodomai ny)
Pange (t) )t is Dnto
ran k l r ) r , in (V) n

nulity? = dim (U)

ran t t n ulltty

Deter ine ohethe he T:R'R

t (%1yz)> ( ty n-y, 2x t z) ne -0ne or onto.
not Oneone then ftnd the nonZel
vete w h e fmage is

A s-ston dao oasi a

2

o -2 o
) PA )= 3
-2
O-2 1

Ran ge (T) = Co olamain

onto

has only trivi al solutHon

3(A ) 3 7
0 h e 0 he
Ate: s bijecttve lEneas trns forma ton
’T {s nvertt ble

TCx) AX Y2
-V2

(Determine whethe T:2R' deglned by!

onto l not one-ohe|

ftnd he Ve ctor who e

Hen
ZesO
one-ne
dire ctly, its not
A bavad mat.
5-9

NOTE: T:R then A s of

Broal
T fsnot o ne-one matrir
Me +hen
non t r i vfal J
?(A) m
not onto as
M>n then
Tal Mattx
2 3
2
2 -3 >) (A)> 2
2 -3
2 - dem(Ponge lr))

not nto
wn knwnS
singulas )
)A X =0 has non -trvlal (ie.,T is
One bne
not

tree vaia bles lan be asiqned

[oundy acbttraly values )

.- 2k1 t 3 Ee)k k 2 ]

kea l7) span fli,-2,; o),-,3,o,4

.ea (r)= l , - 2, l,0) +kal-,3,0,1), k k

with dim() >

(hen T is (vel4ble) bijeci Ve i 1f TS nDns
dim (V).

L(at+ btt c) = (a+ 2b)t t (btc)

be a L.T gtven by 22llol02
F]Ls -4t*+ 2t - 2 kernel of L?
fn tange of L?
one - n e
iv] 11nd the basts tange of L'?
v3in the basis the rernel
vi] s L Dnto ?
Se(^ i) L - u + 2t - 2) = (-st 2l2))t+ l2 -2)

’ - uL 2 t - 2 e ber CL)
r) Range lt) Att B/T (at bt + e) At+B
A = a 2b B b t e y

t ( a t + bt +c) 3tt |
a) Supse
T(at+btt c) = at 2b) t t bt c

ho.of

atbt tc such tthat

4 intfnf tely many
Tlat bttc) - 3t+| >3t t | e Range (l)
Gi) Ll- 4++ 2t - 2)>0 and L lo)= 0
& hen ce not Ône-ne
a stngulas eT
t v) consi de
nnin g set
2 t t | Ll) )
L(¢ 2 ) t , Lt)
Ronge ( L) = span it, 2t+ l, I}
SelveL(at bt+c)

at b o 2
A

no. o)

2 e t k t t k k(2t t+)
at bttc =
fer lL) = Span i 2 t t t I
Basis bes (L) = 2t-t+|}
UNIT -2 LINEAR TRANSFORMATlONS - 2 \10 \2%
H set all Lneou transtormations
Suppose freld k
Vto V
Uneo map }
H TV’V
then f+9 given by
(ft 9) (x) f ( ) t 9 (x)
hen
ftg gtven by
t’scalan
of field k
a vecto rs pace
H Hom (v V)

not
a)0 De ter M
ine w he the
at b )
FR?R F(a,b c) = (atbt C
(a, bc)= (2a+ c at b)
H:R?R H (a, b c) = (2 b a )
As! (tnearly Independet
for SDme then they ore teneoly dee
end
ent.
Censder

should be fae all x

dependence Iindependeence

)ciFle)e c G le)t c H le)= (00)

cifCe2)t calez)t C3 Hle >) (0,0 )

(ly)
(o)tC3(2))=lo D)
c,tl, ) + C2

O 2

ane tt nearly ndependent

 28liolo 24
lomposition of
Linear mapping
and
de fined by G.Flu) = GlFu)) for any

and a: 2 ' R is ole fined by

(*y) (y1). Fnd and
F(Xii2) > (2x,y+z) an ol
exist.
if they
F.olx) = F (à lX))
F:R R
Now, lx)t R but
'F.G does not exst

u,Fliyiz) = alF(x9,z))

Can also be done ike tthis: NOTE

: A,X then, F.F F2

CA) AilAzX)
F. a lx ) F(lx))=F anol
doesn t eist
AA
doesn't exist )
Hene,f.h
bte
dimen sions are incompatt
their

Let a (,y 2)= (2%,42- y 2x+ 3y- 2 )

and
IS in verti ble. lf So, then
 s fnvertible one-one &onto

Considey ax)= 0
z) o
a):0) (2x,4 - y,2xt 3y-
2
4
3-/

elecion exiat,
lA|: 2) A eisu )unige sotcin
=)y A

non sinq ul a ) a onu

ne- one chd dinn(don ain): d'm Ceodomo
a s ento ) G u an is omeiphism Ci. e
bijechi on)
s invetible

-|

C5(a,b,c) C0.25, -a 4 b, -95 at Gbtc)

: R R
given ky