Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Week 2

LESSON 1
Illustrating a Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random
Variable and its Properties

LESSON 2
Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given Random
Variable

LESSON 3
Illustrating Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable

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After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties. M11/12SP-IIIa-4
2. Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable. M11/12SP-IIIa-6
3. Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable. M11/12SP-IIIb-1
4. Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable. M11/12SP-IIIb-2

Lesson Illustrating a Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable and its
1 Properties

WHAT’S IN
In your previous lesson, you have learned how to find the possible values of a random variable. In this
module, you will learn how to illustrate a probability distribution of a discrete random variable. To find out
if you are ready to learn in this new lesson, answer the following questions.
A. Determine whether the statement is True or False. If the answer is false, you can modify the
statement to make it true.
Statement True False
1. There are 4 outcomes if you tossed two coins.
2. If you tossed three coins where X be the random
variable representing the number of tails that occur. The
possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1 and 2
3.The sum of + =
4. The sum of 0.25 + 06 +0.36 +0.28=0.95
5.If P(x)= , the value of P(1) is
6. If P(x)= , the value of P(4) is
Solution:
1. True.
2. False: The possible values of the random variable X are 0,1,2 and 3.
3. False: + =
4. True
5. False: If P(x)= , the value of P(1) is
6. True
B. Recall how to determine the values of the random variable by answering the given problem.
Find the values of the random variable Y representing the number of green balls when 2 balls are drawn
in succession without replacement from a jar containing 4 red balls and 5 green balls.
Solution:
a. Determine the sample space. Let R represent the red ball and G represent the green ball. The
sample size for this experiment is: { RR, RG, GR, GG }.
b. Count the number of green balls in each outcome in the sample space and assign the number
to this outcome.
Value of the Random Variable Y
Possible Outcome (No. of Green Balls)
RR 0
RG 1
GR 1
GG 2
The values of the random variable Y are ____________.

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WHAT’S NEW
Activity: Number of Defective Computers
Read and analyse the situation given below:
In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if there is a defective computer. Supposed
three computers were tested at random, she asks one of her Computer System Servicing students to list
all the possible outcomes, such that D represents the defective computer and N represents the non-
defective computer. Let X be the random variable for the number of defective computers. Then, illustrate
the probability distribution of the random variable X.

Based on the above problem, observe, analyze, and answer the following questions:
a. List the sample space in the given experiment. How many outcomes are possible?
b. Construct a table showing the number of defective computers in each outcome and assign this
number to this outcome. What is the value of the random variable X?
c. Illustrate a probability distribution. What is the probability value P(X) to each value of the random
variable?
d. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
e. What do you notice about the probability of each value of the random variable?

WHAT IS IT
To solve the problem above, you have to consider first the steps in determining the values of the random
variable that you have learned from your previous lesson.
a. Let D represent the defective computer and N for the non-defective computer.
The sample space is:
S= {NND, NDN, DNN, DND, DDN, NDD, DDD, NNN} and there are 8 possible outcomes
b. Count the number of defective computers in each outcome in the sample space and assign this
number to this outcome. For instance, if you list NND, the number of defective computers is 1.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X (number of defective computers)
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
DND 2
DDN 2
NDD 2
DDD 3
NNN 0
There are four possible values of the random variable X representing the number of defective
computers. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S of equally likely
outcomes for this experiment. Since the value of the random variable X represents the number
of defective computers, X = 0 to (NNN), X = 1 to (NND, NDN, DNN), X=2 to (DND, DDN,
NDD) and X= 3 to (DDD).
If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:
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 P (E)=
Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the random variable. Since the number of outcomes is
8, the probability that 0 defective computer will come out is or P (0) = , the probability that 1
defective computer will come out is or P(1)= is , the probability that 2 defective computers will
come out is or P(2)= and the probability that 3 defective computers will come out is or P(3)=
.

Illustrating this in a table would give as:

Number of Defective Probability P(X)
Computer X
0 or 0.125
1 or 0.375
2 or 0.375
3 or 0.125
You can also construct the table in this form:
X 0 1 2 3
P(X)

d. by adding all the probabilities

+ + + = =
you can also use decimals in determining the sum of the probabilities
0.125 + 0.375 + 0.375 + 0.125 = 1
If you add all the probabilities, the sum is equal to 1.

e. From the given activity, you can see that the values of the probability rangefrom 0 to 1.

The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is a list of the possible values of X and the
corresponding probabilities of the values. It specifies the probability associated with each possible value
of the random variable. The distribution functions of discrete random variables are concentrated as a
mass for a particular value, and generally known as Probability Mass Function.

Properties of discrete probability distribution

1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be

between or equal to 0 and 1. In symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.
2. The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random
variable must be equal to 1. In symbol, we write it as
𝚺P(X) = 1

Ex.1.Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution:

X 1 5 7 8 9
PX)

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The distribution must satisfy that each probability value P(X) must be
a.) from 0 to 1 and b) the sum of all the values of the probabilities must be equal to 1.
By adding all the values of P(X)
𝟓
Σ P(X)= + + + + =
𝟑
The probability of each value of the random variable has the same value which is and this value lies
between 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities is not equal to 1. Hence, this is not a probability
distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1

Ex. 2. Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution

You can also express the values of the probabilities in decimal form.

X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12

By adding all the values of P(X)

Σ P(X)= 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 =1
The probability of each value of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 and the sum of its probabilities
is equal to 1 or ΣP(X) =1. Therefore, this is a probability distribution.

WHAT’S MORE
Independent Activity 1
A. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution or not. Explain your answer.
1 X 1 5 7 8
P(X)

2 X 0 2 3 4 6

P(X)

3 X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12
4. P(1)=0.42, P(2)=0.31, P(3)=0.37
𝟑
5. P(1)= , P(2)= , P(3)=
𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟓

B. Determine whether the following can serve as the probability distribution of a random variable X.
1. P(X)= for x= 1,2,3,…….7
2. P(X)= for x= 1,2,3,4,5

Independent Activity II
Face Mask
Julia is a boutique shop owner in her town. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, wearing a face mask of a
person is required for their safety. Since there are limited stocks available, she decided to start another
business by making a face mask. She started selling face masks from day 1 to day 10. The data she
collected is shown in the table below.

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Illustrate a probability distribution of a random variable X Number of Face Mask
showing the number of face mask sold per day and its Day
(X)
corresponding probabilities.
1 25
2 20
3 15
4 14
5 15
6 10
7 12
8 10
9 15
10 14

WHAT I CAN DO

COVID -19 Recoveries

The ongoing pandemic of corona virus disease 2019, a novel infectious disease caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome was spread in the Philippines on January 30, 2020. Thousands of people in the
country tested positive in this virus, and some of them recovered from the disease. The following table
shows the number of recoveries from April 24-May 3, 2020.
Date Number of Recoveries X
April 24 40
April 25 30
April 26 70
April 27 70
April 28 43
April 29 48
April 30 20
May 1 41
May 2 40
May 3 90

a. Illustrate the probability distribution if X is the random variable that represents the number of
recoveries.
b. What safety precautions will you undertake to help avoid the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic?

Lesson
Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given Random Variable
2

WHAT’S NEW
Golden’s bakery is known for its famous Filipino delicacies. Among these foods which are a native
delicious food called “kakanin” is a “leche puto”. The bakeshop owner recorded the number of boxes of
“leche puto” that were delivered each day. The number of boxes delivered for 10 days is shown below.

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 Number of
Day
a. What is the probability that 40 or more boxes will be delivered on a Boxes(X)
particular day? 1 35
b. What is the probability that the number of boxes delivered will be at 2 37
least 37 but not more than 50? 3 50
c. What is the probability that at most 40 boxes will be delivered on a 4 45
particular day? 5 37
d. Find P (X 45) 6 45
e. Find P (40) + P (50) 7 40
8 42
9 45
10 42

WHAT IS IT
In the previous module, you have learned how to illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random
variable and its properties. Some experiments like tossing a coin, throwing a die, and other activities
consist of one or more outcomes. If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability
is:

P (E)=

To answer the given question, you have to construct first the probability distribution. Let X the value of
the random variable represented by the number of boxes of “leche puto”. The probability distribution is
shown below.
Number of Boxes X Probability P(X)
35

37

40

42

45

50

A. The probability that 40 or more boxes will be sold in a particular day means
P (X 40).
This means that you have to add P(X=40), P(X=42), P (X= 45), and (X= 50).
P (X 40) = P(40) + P(42) + P(45) + P(50)
then, substitute its corresponding probability
= + + +

= + + +

= or 0.7

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B. The probability that the number of boxes delivered will be at least 37 but not more than 50 means P
(37 X 50).
Hence, the values included are P(37), P(40), P42) and P(45), then substitute its corresponding
probability
P (37 X 50) = P(37) + P(40) +P(42) + P(45),
= + + +

= + + +

= or 0.8
C. The probability that at most 40 boxes will be delivered in a particular day means P (X 40) so the
values of X are P(40), P(37) and P(35)
P (X 40) = P(40) + P(37) + P(35)
= + +
= + +
=
= or 0.40
D. Find P (X 45) = P(45) + P(42) + P(40) + P(37) +P(35)

= + + + +

= + + + +

= or 0.90
Other solution:
P (X 45) = 1-P(50)
= 1-
=
E. Find P (40) + P (50) = +

= or 0.10

WHAT’S MORE
Independent Activity I
Number of Cell Phones
The number of cell phones sold per day at Gadgets Zone has the following probability distribution.
Number of Cell Probability P(X)
Phones Sold X
0 0.15
1 0.10
2 0.25
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 3 0.30
4 0.20

Find:
1.P(X
2.P(x
3. P(1
4.P(2) + P(4)

Independent Activity II
Bayanihan To Heal as One Act
In a certain barangay, the DSWD conducted a survey among the ages of senior citizens who will receive
cash assistance or the Social Amelioration Program (SAP). This program is a cash emergency subsidy
program for Filipino families whose lives are greatly affected by the Enhance Community Quarantine
(ECQ). It is mandated by the new law, the “Bayanihan To Heal As One Act”, which was signed by the
President on March 25, 2020. The given data shows the probability distribution among the ages of senior
citizens.
Age X Probability P(X)
60 0.16
61 0.10
62 0.10
63 0.07
65 0.13
67 0.10
68 0.07
70 0.07
72 0.10
73 0.07
80 0.03

a. What is the probability that at least 65 years old senior citizen will receive the SAP?
b. What is the probability that at most 70 years old senior citizen will receive the SAP?
c. What is the probability that at least 60 years old but less than 70 years old senior citizen will
receive the SAP

WHAT I CAN DO

A pair of fair dice is rolled. Let X the random variable representing the sum of the numbers that appears.

a. Construct the probability distribution of X for a pair of dice.

b. Find P(X≥ 8)
c. Find P(X )
d. Find the probability that X takes an even value.
e. Find P(3 X )

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 Lesson
Illustrating Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variable
3

As claimed by some research, every individual spent an average time of ten hours on their mobile
phone. What does it mean? What is the average value that he or she spent in using a mobile phone?
Does it imply that everyday every person spends ten hours of his day dealing with a gadget? Or does it
imply that an individual goes through ten hours every day on a cell phone? How is the time spent by
different persons varying from one another? These questions lead to another idea in probability and
statistics. This is the mean and the variance of the discrete random variable.
WHAT’S NEW
Let’s Roll a Die!
Read and analyze the situation given below:
During Town Fiesta, people used to go to Carnival that most folks call it “Perya”. Mang Ben used
to play “Beto–beto” hoping that he would win.
While he is thinking about what possible outcomes in every roll would be, he is always hoping that
his bet is right.
Let us help Mang Ben to know the probabilities of each outcome by filling the table below.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

Based on the data above, observe, analyze, and answer the following questions:

1. Is the probability of x lies between 0 and 1?

___________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the sum of all probabilities of X?
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Is there a negative probability? Is it possible to have a negative probability?
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. How will you illustrate the average or mean of the probabilities of discrete random variable?
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Can you show a process where you can illustrate the variance and the standard deviation of the
probability?
___________________________________________________________________________________

Answer:
1. Yes, the probability of X lies between 0 and 1.
2. The sum of all probabilities of X is exactly 1.
3. No negative probabilities because it is impossible to have it based on the characteristic of the
probability of discrete random variables.
4. The mean is 3.5

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5.

If you are wondering how we came up with the answer for questions 4 and 5, you will understand
everything as we go on in our discussion.

WHAT IS IT
If you roll a fair die several times, what will be the average outcome? Imagine rolling it 6000 times.
You would expect to roll about 1000 ones, 1000 twos, and so on: about 1000 occurrences of each
possible outcome. What would be the average value of the outcomes obtained? Approximately, the
mean or expected value would be;

( +( + +(

It only implies that the weighted average of the six possible outcomes 1, 2,…, 6 with weights
provided by the relative frequencies. Remember that 3.5 isn’t a value that we can observe if we will do
the experiment.

By similarity with information and relative frequencies, we can characterize the mean of a discrete
random variable by utilizing probabilities from its dispersion, as follows.
1. The mean is considered as a measure of the `central location' of a random variable. It is the weighted
average of the values that random variable X can take, with weights provided by the probability
distribution.

2. The Expected Value or Mean Value of a discrete random variable x is can be computed by first
multiplying each possible x value by the probability of observing that value and then adding the
resulting quantities. Symbolically,
( ( + ( + + ( ∑ (

Example 1. Suppose you want to find the average number of apples sold in any five grocery stores as
indicated by the figure below.

Analyzing the illustration above, then the mean or expected value is 11. If you are wondering why
this happens you may also follow with these processes:
11
1. Separate 8 elements on the left side of the mean then get the average of those a (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10) which is equal to 6.5
2. Do the same on the right side of mean (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19) which is equal to 15.5.
3. Get the average value of the numbers 6.5, 11, and 15.5. It will be equal to 11 also.

As a whole, we can generate a physical representation and interpretation of the discrete random
variable X with its probability P(X). Assume that the x-axis is an unbounded see-saw in both directions,
and we put weights corresponds to probability P(X) at each associated value(x) of random variable X.
Therefore, the mean ( is the point where the see-saw balance. In other words, it is the center of
weights of the observation.

In the off chance, that value of X close to its mean are likely and values further away from
have small probability, at that point, the distribution of X will be firmly concentrated around . For this
situation, the spread of the distribution of X is little. On the contrary, if the expected value of X some
distance from its mean are likely, the spread of the distribution of X will be sizeable.

These concepts lead the way to the most important measure of spread, the variance, and a
closely related measure of variability, the standard deviation.

You probably have met the concepts of variance and standard deviation when summarizing data
in your Junior High School Mathematics. These were the sample variance and the sample standard
deviation. The difference here is that we are referring to properties of the distribution of a discrete
random variable.

The variance of a random variable displays the variability or the dispersions of the random
variables. It shows the distance of a random variable from its mean.

The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X, denoted by is computed by first subtracting

the mean from each possible x value to obtain the deviations, then squaring each deviation and
multiplying the result by the probability of the corresponding x value, and then finally adding these
quantities.

Definition: If X is a random variable with mean ( , then the variance of X is defined by,

( ∑ ( (

Remember that if the value of the variance is small, then the values of the random variable are close to
the mean.
The Standard Deviation of x, denoted by , is the square root of the Variance. In symbol,
√ ( or √

Example 2. Let us consider the same histogram above. Illustrate the variance and standard deviation.
To be able to determine the element spread away from the mean, we can do this by adding this
procedure in the illustration given.
12
 0.1669500 3 3

0.1669000

P(X) 7
0.1668500 4 10

0.1668000

0.1667500

0.1667000

0.1666500

0.1666000 X
1 2 3 4 5 6

Since we are comparing two elements this time (1 and 3 on the left side of the mean and 4 and 6
in the right., the 3.5 will be doubled which became 7. Adding 1 and 3 elements gives us 4, similarly
on the right side adding 4 and 6 gives us 10. Get the average value of 4 and 10 which resulted in 7
which is our new . Subtract 7 by 4 which is 3, likewise subtract 10 by 7 which resulted in 3. This
implies that the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 3 which describes the spread
of the elements in the observation.
In general, unlike the mean, there is no simple direct interpretation of the variance or standard
deviation. The variance is undifferentiated to the moment of inertia in physics, but that is not necessarily
widely understood by students. What is important to understand is that, in relative terms:
 a small value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the dispersion of the random variable
is narrowly concentrated around the mean.
 a large value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution is spread out, with
some possibility of observing values at some distance from the mean.

WHAT’S MORE
Independent Activity: Study and analyze.

1. Figure above shows the number of polo shirt sold by 5 different RTW boutiques.
a. Illustrate the mean. (2 points)
b. Illustrate the variance and standard deviation. (5 points)
2. From the figure below,
a. Illustrate the mean or expected value. (2 points)
b. Illustrate the variance and standard deviation. (5 points)

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 3

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

2. Compare the variance and standard deviation of the two figures provided.

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Figure A

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Figure B
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
1. The mean a measure of the `central location' of a random variable. It is the weighted average of
the values that random variable X can take, with weights provided by the probability distribution.

2. The Expected Value or Mean Value of a discrete random variable x is can be computed by first
multiplying each possible x value by the probability of observing that value and then adding the
resulting quantities. In symbol,
( ( + ( + + ( ∑ (

3. The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X, denoted by σ_x^2 is computed by first subtracting
the mean from each possible x value to obtain the deviations, then squaring each deviation and

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 multiplying the result by the probability of the corresponding x value, and then finally adding these
quantities.

4. The formula in determining the variance of a discrete random variable is,

( ∑ ( (

5. Mean, variance, and standard deviation can be illustrated by looking pattern and analyzing given
illustrations and diagrams.

6. A small value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the dispersion of the random variable
is narrowly concentrated around the mean.

7. A large value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution is spread out, with
some possibility of observing values at some distance from the mean.

WHAT I CAN DO
Family Budget
Things to do:

1. Create a Table of Expenses of your family in a week. (Ask help from your Mother)
2. List the number of expenses for each day.
3. Create a graphical representation of your data gathered.
4. Base on the graphical representation you made, illustrate for the
following:
a. mean or expected value; and
b. variance and standard deviation.
5. Share your output to the Class Group Chat through Image or Video
Presentation.

TASK CRITERIA
Accuracy of the Data Gathered 50%
Clarity and content of the visual 25%
representation
Originality and creativity of the 25%
Presentation
TOTAL 100%

References Websites:
https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/random-variables-mean-variance.html
https://www.cabarrus.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01910456/Centricity/Domain/4633/Random%20Variables%20Works
heet%202.pdf
https://www.coconino.edu/resources/files/pdfs/academics/sabbatical-reports/kate-kozak/chapter_5.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NH6oiaV4iWA Comparing standard deviations without calculation.mp4

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ANSWER KEY
LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3
What's More What I Can Do
Activity 1 a. What's More
A. 1. Not X P(X)
2. Probability 2
Distribution
3.Not 3
4.Not
4
5.Probability
Distribution
B. 1. Probability 5
Distributrion
2. Not 6
Activity 2
X P(x) 7
10 1/5
12 1/10 8
14 1/5
15 3/10 9
20 1/10
25 1/10 10

11
What I Can Do
X P(X) 12
20
b.
30
c.
40
d.
41
e.
43

48 What's More
Activity I
70 1. 0.75
2. 0.80
90 3. 0.85
4. 0.45

Activity II
1. 0.57
2. 0.80
3. 0.73
References
Belecina, Rene R., Baccay, Elisa S. and Mateo, Efren B. “Statistics and Probability”. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI).2016.
pages 9-18
Malate, Jose S. “Statistics and Probability for Senior High School.” Vicarish Publications and Trading, Inc, 2017. pages 5-9
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines
Belecina,Rene R., Baccay,Elisa S. and Mateo, Efren B. “Statistics And Probability”. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI), 2016.
Malate, Jose S. “Statistics and Probability for Senior High School.” Vicarish Publications and Trading, Inc, 2017.
Textbooks:
Gordon, Ian. Probability and statistics: Discrete Probability Distributions – A guide forTeachers (Years 11–12). Education Services
Australia, 2013.
Moore, David S. and McCabe, George P. Introduction to the Practice of Statistics - Second Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company,
1993.
Malate, Jose S. Statistics and Probability. Vicarish Publication and Trading.Inc., 2018.
Alferez, Merle S. and Duro, Ma. Cecilia A. MSA Statistics and Probability. MSA Publishing House, 2012

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