Chapter 4:

Data Management
Introduction
The role of data management tools is important to further analyze and
interpret data. Utilizing these tools will greatly enhance the theories that might be
otherwise misunderstood.
This module deals with measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion,
measures of relative position, and normal distribution.

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this chapter, you are expected to:

 Utilize various data management tools to process and manage quantitative

data;
 Calculate the measure of central tendency, measures of dispersion, and
measures of relative position, and standard score of a given set of data.
 Interpret data based on the result of computation.
 Appreciate the importance and application of measures of central tendency,
measures of dispersion, measures of relative position, and normal
distribution in real life situations.

LESSON 1:
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

A measure of central tendency is a summary statistic that represents the

center point or typical value of a dataset. It also referred to as the central location of a
distribution. There are three measures of central tendency - mean, median, and mode.
Choosing the best measure of central tendency depends on the type of data.

Mean for Ungrouped Data

The mean (also known as the arithmetic mean) is the most commonly used
measure of central position. It is the sum of measures divided by the number of
measures in a variable. It is symbolized as x (read as x bar). Mean is appropriate to
use when the distribution is at least interval scale.
To find the mean of ungrouped data, use the formula

1
 Remember!
Ʃ𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
where:
∑ 𝑥 = sum of entries 𝑛 = number of entries

Example 1: The grades in Chemistry of 10 students are 87, 84, 85, 85, 86, 90, 79, 82,
78, 76. What is the average grade of the 10 students?

Solution:

87+84+85+85+86+90+79+82+78+76
𝑥̅ = = 83.2
10

Weighted Mean

Occasionally, we want to find the mean of a set of values wherein each value
or measurement has a different weight or degree of importance. We call this the
weighted mean and the formula for computing it is as follows:

Remember!
Ʃ𝑥𝑊
𝑥̅ =
∑𝑊
where:
𝑥 = measurement or value 𝑊 = weight

Example 2: Below are Maria’s subjects and the corresponding number of units and
grades she got for the first grading period. Compute her grade point
average.

Subject No. of Units (w) Grade (x)

Math 1.5 80
English 1.5 82
Filipino 1 83
Science 2 81
Social Studies 1 80
PEHM 1.5 85
THE 2 82

2
Solution:

x
 xW
W
80(1.5)  82(1.5)  83(1)  81(2)  80(1)  85(1.5)  82(2)

10.5

120  123  83  162  80  127.5  164


10.5

859.5

10.5

x  81.86

Therefore, Maria has the GPA of 81.86 for the first grading period.

Mean for Grouped Data

When the number of items in a set of data is too big, items are grouped for
convenience. The manner of computing for the mean of grouped data is given by the
formula:

Remember!
Ʃ𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ =
Ʃ𝑓
where:
x = class mark (midpoint of a class interval)
f= frequency of each class

Example 3: Compute the mean of the scores of the students in a Mathematics test.

Class Interval Frequency

46 - 50 1
41 - 45 5
36 - 40 11
31 - 35 12
26 - 30 11
21 - 25 5
16 - 20 2
11 -15 1

Solution: The frequency distribution for the data is given. The columns x and fx are
added.

3
 Class Interval F x fx
46 - 50 1 48 48
41 - 45 5 43 215
36 - 40 11 38 418
31 - 35 12 33 396
26 - 30 11 28 308
21 - 25 5 23 115
16 - 20 2 18 36
11 - 15 1 13 13
Ʃ𝑓 = 48 Ʃ𝑓𝑥 = 1,549

Ʃ𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛

1,549
𝑥̅ =
48

𝑥̅ = 32.27

The mean score is 32.27.

Example 4: Solve for the mean gross sale of Aling Mely’s Sari-sari Store for one
month.

Sales in Pesos Frequency

4,501 - 5,000 3
4,001 - 4,500 4
3,501 - 4,000 6
3,001 - 3,500 5
2,501 - 3,000 7
2,001 - 2,500 3
1,501 - 2,000 1
1,001 - 1,500 1

Solution: The frequency distribution for the data is given below. The columns x and fx
are added.

Sales in Pesos F x fx
4,501 - 5,000 3 4,750 14,250
4,001 - 4,500 4 4,250 17,000
3,501 - 4,000 6 3,750 22,500
3,001 - 3,500 5 3,250 16,250
2,501 - 3,000 7 2,750 19,250
2,001 - 2,500 3 2,250 6,750
1,501 - 2,000 1 1,750 1,750
1,001 - 1,500 1 1,250 1,250
Ʃ𝑓 = 30 Ʃ𝑓𝑥 = 99,000

4
 Ʃ𝑓𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛

99,000
𝑥̅ =
30

𝑥̅ = 3,300

The mean gross sale is Php 3,300.

Median for Ungrouped Data

The median is the middle entry or term in a set of data arranged in either
increasing or decreasing order. The median is a positional measure. Thus, the values
of the individual measures in a set of data do not affect it. It is affected by the number
of measures and not by the size of the extreme values. This measure is appropriate to
use when the distribution is at least ordinal scale since ranking of the data is involved.

To find the median of a given set of data, take note of the following:

1. Arrange the data in either increasing or decreasing order.

2. Locate the middle value. If the number of cases is odd, the middle values is
the median. If the number of cases is even, take the arithmetic mean of the
two middle measures.

Example 5: The number of books borrowed in the library from Monday to Friday last
week were 58, 60, 54, 35, and 97 respectively. Find the median.

Solution: Arrange the number of books borrowed in increasing order.

35, 54, 58, 60, 97

The median is 58.

Example 6: Cora’s quizzes for the second quarter are 8, 7,6, 10, 9, 5, 9, 6, 10, and 7.
Find the median.

Solution: Arrange the scores in increasing order.

5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10

Since the number of measures is even, then the median is the average of
the two middle scores.

78
Md   7.5
2

5
Median of Grouped Data

To find the median of grouped data, identify first the median class, the class
interval holding the median. Since the median divides the distribution into two equal
parts, first get 50% of the total number of cases or scores. Then identify the interval
containing the score where 50% of the cases would fall below this value.

In computing for the median of grouped data, the following formula is used:

Remember!
Ʃ𝑓
− 𝑐𝑓
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑐 +( 2 )𝑖
𝑓𝑚𝑐
where:
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑐 = true lower limit or lower-class boundary of the median class
cf = cumulative frequency of the lower class next to the median class
𝑓𝑚𝑐 = frequency of the median class
f = frequency of each class;
i = class size

Ʃ𝑓
The median class is the class that contains the 𝑡ℎ quantity. The computed
2
median must be within the median class.

Example 7: Compute the median of the scores of the students in a Mathematics test.

Class Interval Frequency

46 – 50 1
41 – 45 5
36 – 40 11
31 – 35 12
26 – 30 11
21 – 25 5
16 – 20 2
11 -15 1

Solution: The frequency distribution for the data is given below. The columns for lb
and “less than” cumulative frequency are added.

Class Interval F lb <cf

46 - 50 1 45.5 48
41 - 45 5 40.5 47
36 - 40 11 35.5 42
31 - 35 12 30.5 31
26 - 30 11 25.5 19
21 - 25 5 20.5 8
16 - 20 2 15.5 3
11 - 15 1 10.5 1
Ʃ𝑓 = 48

6
 Ʃ𝑓 48
Since = = 24, the 24th quantity is in the class 31 - 35. Hence, the median
2 2
class is 31 - 35.
Ʃ𝑓
− 𝑐𝑓
2
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑐 + ( )𝑖
𝑓𝑚𝑐

48
− 19
𝑀𝑑 = 30.5 + ( 2 )5
12

𝑀𝑑 = 30.5 + 32.08

𝑀𝑑 = 32.58

The median score is 32.58.

Example 8: Solve for the median gross sale of Aling Mely’s Sari-sari Store for one
month.

Sales in Pesos Frequency

4,501 - 5,000 3
4,001 - 4,500 4
3,501 - 4,000 6
3,001 - 3,500 5
2,501 - 3,000 7
2,001 - 2,500 3
1,501 - 2,000 1
1,001 - 1,500 1

Solution: The frequency distribution for the data is given below. The columns for lb
and “less than” cumulative frequency are added.

Sales in Pesos f lb <cf

4,501 - 5,000 3 4,500.5 30
4,001 - 4,500 4 4,000.5 27
3,501 - 4,000 6 3,500.5 23
3,001 - 3,500 5 3,000.5 17
2,501 - 3,000 7 2,500.5 12
2,001 - 2,500 3 2,000.5 5
1,501 - 2,000 1 1,500.5 2
1,001 - 1,500 1 1,000.5 1
Ʃ𝑓 = 30

Ʃ𝑓 30
Since = = 15, the 15th quantity is in the class 3,001- 3,500. Hence, the
2 2
median class is 3,001- 3,500.

7
 Ʃ𝑓
− 𝑐𝑓
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑐 + ( 2 )𝑖
𝑓𝑚𝑐

30
− 12
𝑀𝑑 = 3000.5 + ( 2 ) 500
5

𝑀𝑑 = 3000.5 + 300

𝑀𝑑 = 3,300.5

The median gross sale is Php 3,300.5

Mode for Ungrouped Data

The mode is another measure of position. The mode is the measure or value
which occurs most frequently in a set of data. It is the value with the greatest frequency.
Mode is appropriate to use when the variable measured is in the nominal scale.

To find the mode for a set of data:

1. select measure that appears most often in the set;

2. if two or more measures appear the same number of items, and the
frequency they appear is greater than any of other measures, then each of
these values is a mode;
3. if every measure appears the same number of items, then the set of data
has no mode.

Example 9: The shoe size of 10 randomly selected students in a class are 6, 5, 4, 6,

4.5, 5, 6, 7, 7 and 6. What is the mode?

Solution: The mode is 6 since it is the shoe size that occurred the most number of
times.

Example 10: The sizes of 9 classes in a certain school are 50, 52, 55, 50, 51, 54, 55,
53 and 54.

Solution: The modes are 54 and 55 since the two measures occurred the same
number of times. The distribution is bimodal.

Mode for Grouped Data

The mode pf grouped data can be approximated using the following formula:

8
 Remember!
𝐷1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑏𝑚𝑜 + ( )𝑖
𝐷1 + 𝐷2
where:

LLmo = true lower limit or lower-class boundary of the modal class

D1 = is the difference between the frequencies of the modal class and
the next lower class
D2 = is the difference between the frequencies of the modal class and
the next upper class
i = the class size

The modal class is the class with the highest frequency. If binomial classes
exist, any of these classes may be considered as modal class.

Examples 11: Compute the mode of the scores of the students in a Mathematics test.

Class Interval Frequency

46 - 50 1
41 - 45 5
36 - 40 11
31 - 35 12
26 - 30 11
21 - 25 5
16 - 20 2
11 -15 1

Solution: The frequency distribution for the data given below. The column for lb is
added.

Class Interval f lb
46 - 50 1 45.5
41 - 45 5 40.5
36 - 40 11 35.5
31 - 35 12 30.5
26 - 30 11 25.5
21 - 25 5 20.5
16 - 20 2 15.5
11 - 15 1 10.5

Since class 31 - 35 has the highest frequency, the modal class is 31 - 35.

𝐷1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑏𝑚𝑜 + ( )𝑖
𝐷1 + 𝐷2

9
 1
𝑀𝑜 = 30.5 + ( )5
1+1

𝑀𝑜 = 30.5 + 2.5

𝑀𝑜 = 33

The mode score is 33.

Example 12. Solve for the modal gross sale of Aling Mely’s Sari-sari Store for one
month.

Sales in Pesos Frequency

4,501 - 5,000 3
4,001 - 4,500 4
3,501 - 4,000 6
3,001 - 3,500 5
2,501 - 3,000 7
2,001 - 2,500 3
1,501 - 2,000 1
1,001 - 1,500 1

Solution: The frequency distribution for the data is given below. The columns for lb is
added.

Sales in Pesos f lb
4,501 - 5,000 3 4,500.5
4,001 - 4,500 4 4,000.5
3,501 - 4,000 6 3,500.5
3,001 - 3,500 5 3,000.5
2,501 - 3,000 7 2,500.5
2,001 - 2,500 3 2,000.5
1,501 - 2,000 1 1,500.5
1,001 - 1,500 1 1,000.5

Since the class 2,501 - 3,000 has the highest frequency, the modal class is
2,501 - 3,000.

𝐷1
𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑏𝑚𝑜 + ( )𝑖
𝐷1 + 𝐷2

4
𝑀𝑜 = 2,500.5 + ( ) 500
4+2

𝑀𝑜 = 2,500.5 + 333.33

𝑀𝑜 = 2,833.33

The modal gross sale is Php 2,833.33.

10
 LESSON 2:
MEASURES OF DISPERSION

The measures that describe the degree of spread of the data are called
“measure of dispersion” or “measure of variability” or “measure of spread”. This
measure is used to determine how scattered the values are in the distribution. In this
topic, we will consider four measures of dispersion, namely: range, average deviation,
variance, and standard deviation.

Range for Ungrouped Data

The range is the simplest measure of variability. It is the difference between

the largest ad smallest measurement. To determine the range of ungrouped data, the
formula is

Remember!
𝑅 = 𝐻 − 𝐿
where:
𝐻 = Highest measure L= Lowest measure

The main advantage of the range is that it does not consider every measure in
the data.

Example 13: Consider the four data sets presented below. Find the range of each
data set.

Data Set
Data Set 1 11 12 13 14 15
Data Set 2 13 14 15 17 19
Data Set 3 10 15 18 20 22
Data Set 4 21 23 25 27 30
Solution:

Data Set 1: 𝑅 = 𝐻– 𝐿 Data Set 2: 𝑅 = 𝐻– 𝐿

` 𝑅 = 15 – 11 𝑅 = 19 – 13
𝑅 = 4 𝑅 = 6

Data Set 3: 𝑅 = 𝐻– 𝐿 Data Set 4: 𝑅 = 𝐻– 𝐿

` 𝑅 = 22 – 10 𝑅 = 30 – 21
𝑅 = 12 𝑅 = 9

Comparing the data sets, Data Set 1 has the least variation because it has the
smallest value of R. On the other hand, Data Set 3 has the most variation
because it has the largest value of R.

Range for Grouped Data

11
 The range of a grouped data is simply the difference between the upper class
boundary of the top interval an lower class boundary of the bottom interval.

Example 14: Find the range of the scores in Midterm Exam of BEEd First Year
Students.

Class Interval Frequency

46 - 50 1
41 - 45 10
36 - 40 10
31 - 35 16
26 - 30 9
21 - 25 4

Solution:
Upper class boundary (UCB) = 50.5
Lower class boundary (LCB) = 20.5

UCB - LCB = 50.5 - 20.5 = 30

Average Deviation for Ungrouped Data

The Average Deviation (AD) is a measure of absolute dispersion that is

affected by every individual score. It is the mean of the absolute deviations of the
individual scores from the mean of all the scores.
A large average deviation would mean that a set of scores is widely dispersed
about the mean, while a small average deviation would imply that the set of scores is
closer to the mean.
The formula of average deviation for ungrouped data is:

Remember!
∑ |𝑥 − 𝑥̅ |
𝐴𝐷 =
𝑛 − 1

where: Ʃ = symbol for summation n = total number of scores

x = individual score 𝑥̅ = mean of all scores

To be able to apply the formula, the following steps can be observed:

1. Compute the mean from the given scores.

2. Subtract the mean from the individual scores to get the deviation. That is,
𝑥 − 𝑥̅
3. Get the absolute value of each deviation.
4. Get the sum of the absolute deviation and divide it by (n-1), where n is the
total number of scores. The quotient is the average deviation.

12
Example 15. The raw scores of eight students in Statistics are given as follows: 17,
17, 26, 28, 30, 30, 31, and 37. Compute the average deviation.

Solution:

Score Deviation Absolute Deviation

𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙̅ |𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅|
17 -10 10
17 -10 10
26 -1 1
28 1 1
30 3 3
30 3 3
31 4 4
37 10 10
𝑥̅ = 27 Ʃ| 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ | = 42

∑ |𝑥 − 𝑥̅ |
𝐴𝐷 =
𝑛 − 1
42
𝐴𝐷 =
8−1
42
𝐴𝐷 =
7

𝐴𝐷 = 6

Example 16. The scores of nine students in Psychology are given as follows: 15, 19,
20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 32, and 40. Calculate the average deviation.

Solution:

Score Deviation Absolute Deviation

𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅ |𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅|
15 -11.67 11.67
19 -7.67 7.67
20 -6.67 6.67
24 -2.67 2.67
28 1.33 1.33
30 3.33 3.33
32 5.33 5.33
32 5.33 5.33
40 13.33 13.33
𝑥̅ = 26.27 Ʃ| 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ | = 57.33

∑ |𝑥 − 𝑥̅ |
𝐴𝐷 =
𝑛 − 1
57.33
𝐴𝐷 =
9−1

13
 57.33
𝐴𝐷 =
8

𝐴𝐷 = 7.17

The computed average deviation (A.D.) of scores in Statistics is 6 while test

scores in Psychology is 7.17. This can be interpreted as the scores in Statistics are
less dispersed or closely distributed near the mean (homogeneous) while the scores
in Psychology are more dispersed away from the mean (heterogeneous).

Average Deviation for Grouped Data

For the grouped data or scores organized in the form of frequency distribution,
the average deviation is computed as follows:

Remember!
∑ 𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ |
𝐴𝐷 =
𝑛 − 1

where: Ʃ = symbol for summation n = total number of scores

xi = midpoint of the ith class interval 𝑥̅ = mean of all scores
fi = frequency of the ith class interval

The steps in determining the average deviation of grouped data are as follows:

1. Find the mean of the frequency distribution.

2. Get the midpoint of each class interval.
3. Subtract the mean from the midpoint of each class interval to get the
deviations and then, take their absolute values.
4. Multiply the frequency of each class interval to the corresponding absolute
deviation and add all the products to get ∑ 𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ |.
5. Divide the sum by (n - 1), where n is the total number of frequencies. The
quotient is the average deviation.

Example 17. Below is a frequency distribution of test scores of 50 students in

Assessment of Learning. Find the average deviation.

Class Interval Frequency

36 – 40 7
31 – 35 10
26 – 30 5
21 – 25 14
16 – 20 6
11 – 15 8
Ʃ𝑓 = 50

Solution: The mean of this distribution is 𝑥̅ = 25.40.

14
 Class ̅ ̅
𝒇𝒊 𝒙𝒊 ̅
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 |𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙| 𝒇𝒊 |𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙|
Interval
36 – 40 7 38 12.60 12.60 88.2
31 – 35 10 33 7.60 7.60 76
26 – 30 5 28 2.60 2.60 13
21 – 25 14 23 -2.40 2.40 33.6
16 – 20 6 18 -7.40 7.40 44.4
11 – 15 8 13 -12.40 12.40 99.2
𝑥̅ = 25.40 𝑛 = 50 ̅
Ʃ𝑓 𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥|
= 354.4

∑ 𝑓𝑖 |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ |
𝐴𝐷 =
𝑛 − 1
354.4
𝐴𝐷 =
50 − 1
354.4
𝐴𝐷 =
49

𝐴𝐷 = 7.23

We say that the scores deviate from the mean of 25.40 by an average of 7.23
units.

Variance for Ungrouped Data

Another way to avoid a sum of zero for the deviation scores is to square each
deviation score and get the average of all squared deviation scores. The resulting
measure is called “variance” which has a squared unit. In symbol, 𝑠2 .

To compute the variance of ungrouped data, the following formula may be used

Remember!
Ʃ(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠2 =
𝑛

where: 𝑥 = individual score n = total number of scores

𝑥̅ = mean of all scores

To be able to apply the formula, the following steps ca be observed:

1. Arrange the values in column from lowest to highest.

2. Compute the mean of the distribution.
3. Determine the deviation (𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ).
4. Square the deviations.
5. Get the sum of the squared deviations.
6. Divide the sum by the total number of cases. The quotient is the variance.

15
Example 18. Consider the data set below. Compute the variance of each data set.

Data Set
Data Set 1 13 16 14 10 15
Data Set 2 22 25 23 27 29
Solution:

Data Set 1:

Score Deviation Squared Deviation

𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅ (𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅)𝟐
10 -3.6 12.96
13 -0.6 0.36
14 0.4 0.16
15 1.4 1.96
16 2.4 5.76
𝑥̅ = 13.6 Ʃ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 21.2

Ʃ(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠2 =
𝑛

21.2
𝑠2 =
5

𝑠2 = 4.24

Data Set 2:

Score Deviation Absolute Deviation

𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅ (𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅)𝟐
22 -3.2 10.24
23 -2.2 4.84
25 -0.2 0.04
27 1.8 3.24
29 3.8 14.44
𝑥̅ = 25.2 Ʃ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 32.8

Ʃ(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠2 =
𝑛

32.8
𝑠2 =
5

𝑠2 = 6.56

Variance for Grouped Data

When the data are presented in frequency distribution, the following formula
must be used

16
 Remember!
Ʃ𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠2 =
𝑛−1

where: 𝑥 = class mark n = total number of scores

𝑥̅ = mean of all scores f = frequency

To be able to apply the formula, the following steps ca be observed:

1. Compute the mean of the distribution.

2. Determine the deviation (𝑑 = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ).
3. Square the deviations.
4. Multiply the deviation by its corresponding frequency.
5. Add the results in step 4.
6. Divide the sum by n – 1. The quotient is the variance.

Example 19: Below is a frequency distribution of test scores of 50 students in

Assessment of Learning. Find the variance of the scores.

Class Interval Frequency

36 – 40 7
31 – 35 10
26 – 30 5
21 – 25 14
16 – 20 6
11 – 15 8
Ʃ𝑓 = 50

Solution: The mean of this distribution is 𝑥̅ = 25.40.

Class
f x ̅
𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅)𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅)𝟐
𝒇 (𝒙 − 𝒙
Interval
36 – 40 7 38 12.60 158.76 1,111.32
31 – 35 10 33 7.60 57.76 577.6
26 – 30 5 28 2.60 6.76 33.8
21 – 25 14 23 -2.40 5.76 80.64
16 – 20 6 18 -7.40 54.76 328.56
11 – 15 8 13 -12.40 153.76 1,230.08
𝑥̅ = 25.40 Ʃ𝑓 = 50 Ʃ𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 3,362

Ʃf(x − x̅)2
s2 =
n−1

3,362
𝑠2 =
49

𝑠2 = 68.61

17
Example 20: Consider the frequency distribution below. Calculate the variance of the
distribution.

Class Interval Frequency (f)

33 – 37 6
28 – 32 9
23 – 27 12
18 – 22 8
13 – 17 10

Solution: The mean of this distribution is 𝑥̅ = 24.22.

Class
f x ̅
𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅)𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅)𝟐
𝒇 (𝒙 − 𝒙
Interval
33 – 37 6 35 10.78 116.2084 697.2504
28 – 32 9 30 5.78 33.4084 300.6756
23 – 27 12 25 0.78 0.6084 7.3008
18 – 22 8 20 -4.22 17.8084 142.4672
13 – 17 10 15 -9.22 85.0084 850.084
𝑥̅ = 24.22 Ʃ𝑓 = 45 Ʃ𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 1,997.778

Ʃf(x − x̅)2
s2 =
n−1

1,997.778
𝑠2 =
44

𝑠2 = 45.40

Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data

Recall that, in the computation of the variance, the deviation was squared. This
implies that the variance is expressed in squared units. Extracting the square root of
the value of the variance will give the value of the standard deviation. In symbol, 𝑠.

To take the standard deviation of ungrouped data, extract the square root of
the variance. In mathematical formula,

Remember!
Ʃ(𝑥 − 𝑥)2
𝑠=√
𝑛

Example 21.𝑥 Consider

where: thescore
= individual data set below.n Compute the standard
= total number of scoresdeviation of each
𝑥̅ data set. of all scores
= mean

Data Set
Data Set 1 13 16 14 10 15
Data Set 2 22 25 23 27 29

18
Solution:

Data Set 1:

By example 18, the variance of Data Set 1 is 𝑠2 = 4.24. Hence, the

standard deviation is

Ʃ(𝑥 − 𝑥)2
𝑠=√
𝑛

𝑠 = √4.24

𝑠 = 2.06

Data Set 2:

By example 18, the variance of Data Set 2 is 𝑠2 = 6.56 Hence, the

standard deviation is

Ʃ(𝑥 − 𝑥)2
𝑠=√
𝑛

𝑠 = √6.56

𝑠 = 2.56

On the basis of the obtained standard deviation, we say that the scores in
Data Set 1 deviate from the mean by 2.06 units, on the everage. For Data Set 2, the
scores deviate from the mean by an average of 2.56 units.

Standard Deviation for Grouped Data.

To take the standard deviation of grouped data, extract the square root of the
variance. In mathematical formula,

Remember!
Ʃ(𝑥 − 𝑥)2
𝑠=√
𝑛−1

where: 𝑥 = individual score n = total number of scores

Example 22: Below is a frequency distribution of test scores of 50 students in
𝑥̅ = mean of all scores
Assessment of Learning. Find the standard deviation of the scores.

19
 Class Interval Frequency
36 – 40 7
31 – 35 10
26 – 30 5
21 – 25 14
16 – 20 6
11 – 15 8
Ʃ𝑓 = 50
Solution:

By example 19, the variance is 𝑠2 = 68.61. Hence, the standard deviation is

Ʃ𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√
𝑛

𝑠 = √68.61

𝑠 = 8.28

The scorese deviate from the mean by an average of 8.28 units.

Example 23: Consider the frequency distribution below. Calculate the variance of the
distribution.

Class Interval Frequency (f)

33 – 37 6
28 – 32 9
23 – 27 12
18 – 22 8
13 – 17 10

Solution:

By example 20, the variance of is 𝑠 2 = 45.40. Hence, the standard deviation is

Ʃ𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√
𝑛−1

𝑠 = √45.40

𝑠 = 6.74

The scorese deviate from the mean by an average of 6.74 units.

20
 LESSON 3:
MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION

Measures of Relative Position also referred as quantiles are descriptive

measures that locate the relative position of a score in relation to the rest in a given
distribution. There are three measures of relative position, namely: the percentile,
deciles, and quartiles.

Quartiles (Q)

Quartiles are the score points which divides the distribution into four equal
parts. Each set of observations has 3 quartiles and are denoted by Q1, Q2, and Q3.

Q1 Q2 Q3

a. 25% of the distribution has a value ≤ Q1 (lower quartile or the first quartile).
b. 50% of the distribution has a value ≤ Q2 (median or middle quartile).
c. 75% of the distribution has a value ≤ Q3 (upper quartile or the last quartile).
Deciles (D)

Quartiles are the score points which divides the distribution into ten equal
parts. Each set of observations has 9 deciles and are denoted by D1, D2, D3, …D9.

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9

a. 10% of the distribution has a value ≤ D1 (first decile).

b. 50% of the distribution has a value ≤ D5 (median or fifth decile).
c. 90% of the distribution has a value ≤ D9 (9th decile).
Percentiles (P)

Percentiles are the score points which divides the distribution into one -
hundred equal parts. Each set of observations has 99 percentiles and are denoted by
P1, P2, P3, …P99.

P10 P20 P30 P40 P50 P60 P70 P80 P90

0
a. 10% of the distribution has a value ≤ P10 (10th percentile).
b. 50% of the distribution has a value ≤ P50 (median or %0th percentile).
c. 90% of the distribution has a value ≤ P90 (90th percentile).

21
Relationship Among Percentile, Decile, and Quartile

 P10 = D1
 P20 = D2
 P25 = Q1
 P50 = D5 = Q1 = median
 P75 = Q3
 P90 = D9

Quantiles for Ungrouped Data

To compute the quantiles of ungrouped data, we will be using the (n + 1)

method, where n represents the total number of scores in a data set.

If (𝑛 + 1) 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑗𝑔 where j is the integral part and g is the fractional part of the

product, then

Remember!

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑋𝑗 + 𝑔 (𝑋𝑗+1 − 𝑋𝑗 )

Thus, PV is the number in the jth position (Xj) of the ordered data plus g
multiplied by the difference between the succeeding value (Xj+1) and (Xj).

Example 24: Find Q1, D5, P80, and P99 for the following data:

45 67 78 55 88 90 56 68 99 40

65 70 86 99 59 75 45 84 69 50

Solution: Arrange first the data from lowest to highest

40 45 45 50 55 56 59 65 67 68

69 70 75 78 84 86 88 90 99 99

Solving for Q1.

Since Q1 = P25, we get 25% (20+1) = 5.25, which mean that j = 5 and
g = .25 which means that Q1 is the 5th score (55) plus 0.25 of the
difference between the 6th score (56) and the 5th score (55). Hence,

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑋𝑗 + 𝑔 (𝑋𝑗+1 − 𝑋𝑗 )
𝑄1 = 55 + .25 (56 − 55)
𝑄1 = 55 + .25
𝑄1 = 55.25
Hence, 25% of the scores in the distribution are below 55.25.

22
 Solving for D5.

Since D5 = P50, we get 50% (20+1) = 10.5, which mean that j = 10

and g = .50 which means that D5 is the 10th score (68) plus 0.50 of
the difference between the 11th score (69) and the 5th score (68).
Hence,

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑋𝑗 + 𝑔 (𝑋𝑗+1 − 𝑋𝑗 )
𝐷5 = 68 + .50 (69 − 68)
𝐷5 = 68 + .50
𝐷5 = 68.50

Hence, 50% of the scores in the distribution are below 68.50.

Solving for P80.

For P80, we get 80% (20+1) = 16.8, which mean that j = 16 and g
= .80 which means that P80 is the 16th score (86) plus 0.80 of the
difference between the 17th score (88) and the 16th score (86).
Hence,

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑋𝑗 + 𝑔 (𝑋𝑗+1 − 𝑋𝑗 )
𝑃80 = 86 + .80 (88 − 86)
𝑃80 = 86 + 1.60
𝑃80 = 87.60

Hence, 80% of the scores in the distribution are below 87.60.

Solving for P99.

For P99, we get 99% (20+1) = 20.79. Thus, P99 is the score which
is .79 of the way from the 20th score to the next score. Since we do
not have a score beyond the 20th score we take the 20th score as the
value of P99. Therefore, P99 = 99.

Quantiles for Grouped Data

To compute the quantiles of grouped data, similar computation of the median

will be followed. Since Px is the value below which x% of the total number of cases
𝑛
lies, we can revise the formula for median by changing with x%(n). Therefore,
2

23
 Remember!
𝑛
− 𝐹𝑏
𝑃𝑥 = 𝐿𝐿 + (2 )𝑐
𝑓
where:
LL = true lower limit of the class interval containing P x
Fb = the sum of all frequencies below the intervals
containing Px (or the <cf directly below the intervals
containing Px)
f = frequency of the intervals containing Px
c = class size;
n = total number of cases

Example 25. Consider the frequency distribution below. Find Q1, D4, and P90.

Class Interval F <cf

35.5 – 40.5 7 50
30.5 – 35.5 10 43
25.5 – 30.5 5 33
20.5 – 25.5 14 28
15.5 – 20.5 6 14
10.5 – 15.5 8 8
Ʃ𝑓 = 50

Solution:

Solving for Q1.

Since Q1 = P25, we first get 25%(n) to determine the interval class

containing Q1. Note that 25% (50) = 12.5. With reference to the “<cf”
column, 12.5 is between 8 and 14, so, the interval 15.5 – 20.5 contains
P25. Thus, with reference to this interval, we have LL = 15.5; Fb = 8; f =
6; and c = 5.

𝑥%(𝑛) − 𝐹𝑏
𝑃𝑥 = 𝐿𝐿 + ( )𝑐
𝑓

12.5 − 8
𝑄1 = 15.5 + ( )5
6

𝑄1 = 15.5 + 3.75

𝑄1 = 19.25

Hence, 25% of the scores in the distribution are below 19.25.

24
 Solving for D4.

Since D4 = P40, we first get 40%(n) to determine the interval class

containing D4. Note that 40% (50) = 20. With reference to the “<cf”
column, 20 is between 14 and 28, so, the interval 20.5 – 25.5 contains
D4. Thus, with reference to this interval, we have LL = 20.5; Fb = 14; f =
14; and c = 5.

𝑥%(𝑛) − 𝐹𝑏
𝑃𝑥 = 𝐿𝐿 + ( )𝑐
𝑓

20 − 14
𝐷4 = 20.5 + ( )5
14

𝐷4 = 20.5 + 2.14

𝐷4 = 22.64

Hence, 40% of the scores in the distribution are below 22.64.

Solving for P90.

For P90, we first get 90%(n) to determine the interval class containing
P90. Note that 90% (50) = 45. With reference to the “<cf” column, 45 is
between 43 and 50, so, the interval 35.5 –40.5 contains P90. Thus, with
reference to this interval, we have LL = 35.5; Fb = 43; f = 7; and c = 5.

𝑥%(𝑛) − 𝐹𝑏
𝑃𝑥 = 𝐿𝐿 + ( )𝑐
𝑓

45 − 43
𝑃90 = 35.5 + ( )5
7

𝑃90 = 35.5 + 1.43

𝑃90 = 36.93

Hence, 90% of the scores in the distribution are below 36.93.

Box Plots or “Box Whiskers Diagram”

A box plot, also known as Box Whiskers Diagram is a visual presentation of

a summary of a data set. This is obtained by plotting the values of the five descriptive
statistics of the data which are the smallest value, the lower quartile (Q 1), the median
(Q2), the upper quartile (Q3), and the largest value.

To construct a box plot, the following procedures must be considered:

1. Draw a box that spans from Q1 to Q3.

25
 2. Draw line segment in the box that marks the median Q2.
3. Draw line segment (called whiskers) that extend from the box to the smallest
and largest values of the data.

Example 26: Construct a box plot for the following data:

40 45 45 50 55 56 59 65 67 68

69 70 75 78 84 86 88 90 99 99

Solution:

Based on the data, we have the following five summary values:

1. Smallest value: 40
2. Q1 = 55.25
3. Q2 = 68.50
4. Q3 = 85.5
5. Largest value: 99
The resulting box plot is:

S Q1 Q2 Q3 L

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

LESSON 4:
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Normal Distribution

The most common distribution we see in statistics is the normal distribution.

This is also known as the Gaussian distribution or the “bell curve”. Normal distribution
is a family curves determined by parameters µ (mean) and σ (standard deviation).

Mean = Median = Mode

Symmetrical sides

Asymptotic tail

Source: thoughtco.com

26
 The properties of the normal distribution are as follows:

1. It is bell – shaped and is symmetric with respect to the vertical line that
passes through the highest point of curve.
2. It is unimodal and the mean, median and mode are equal.
3. It is asymptotic with respect to the baseline, which means that the tails of
the distribution get closer and closer to the baseline without crossing the
baseline.
4. The total area under the curve and above the baseline is always equal to
1.0.

Empirical Rule

Because the under the normal curve and above the baseline is 1.0, we consider
the normal curve as the graphic picture of the proportion of scores in a distribution. We
state below a common property of all normal curves with a given mean µ and standard
deviation σ. This property is called the empirical rule which highlights one
interpretation of the standard deviation as a concept of “distance”.

Source: statistics – made – easy.com

If a given set of data is assumed to be normally distributed with a given mean

µ and standard deviation σ, then

a. about 68.27% of all the cases are expected to fall between µ - σ and µ + σ.
b. about 95.45% of all the cases are expected to fall between µ - 2σ and µ +
2σ.
c. about 99.73% of all the cases are expected to fall between µ - 3σ and µ +
3σ.
Example 27: Suppose the first-year college class consisting of 120 students posted a
mean score of 70 with a standard deviation of 9 in their final exam in
Math. Assuming that the scores are continuously and normally
distributed,

a. how many students are expected to score between 61 and 79?

b. within what two scores do we expect 95% of the students to score?

27
Solution:

a. Note that 61 = 70 – 9 = µ - σ. While 79 = 70 + 9 = µ + σ. According to the

empirical rule, 68% of the scores are expected to fall between µ - σ and µ
+ σ. Hence, about 68% (120) ≈82 pupils are expected to score between 61
and 79.

b. Again, from the empirical rule, we expect about 95% of the scores to fall
between the values µ - 2σ and µ + 2σ. Since, µ - 2σ = 70 – 2(9) = 52 and µ
+ 2σ = 70 + 2(9) = 88, then, about 95% of the pupils are expected to score
between 52 and 88.

Standard Scores (z-scores)

The standard score is the distance of the score from the mean in terms of the
standard deviation. It tells how many standard deviations the observed value lies
above or below the mean of its distribution. The standard score is useful in comparing
observed values from different distributions. To be able to find areas under the normal
curve, observed values must first be converted into standard scores, and these would
help solve statistical problems.

To change an observed value into standard score, you use the following
equation:

Remember!
𝑥 − 𝑥̅
𝑧 =
𝑠

where: 𝑥 = raw score / observed value s = standard score

𝑥̅ = mean

Note: A positive z-score will mean that the score/observed value is above the
mean.
A negative z-score will mean that the score/observed value is below
the mean.

Example 28. In a given distribution, the mean is 65 and the standard deviation is 6.
Find the corresponding standard score of:

a. 68 b. 59

Solution:

a. The corresponding standard score of 68 is

𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 68 − 65 3
𝑧68 = = = = 0.5
𝑠 6 6

which means that 68 is 0.5 standard deviation above the mean.

28
 b. The corresponding z-score of 59 is

𝑥 − 𝑥̅ 59 − 65 −6
𝑧59 = = = = −1.0
𝑠 6 6

which means that 59 is 1 standard deviation below the mean.

Example 29: On the final examination in Math, the mean grade was 82 and the
standard deviation was 8. In English, the mean grade was 86 and the
standard deviation was 10. Joseph scored 88 in Math and 92 in English.
In which subject was his standing higher?

Solution: The first that has to be done us change the scores into standard scores.

For English
𝑥 −𝑥̅ 92 −86 6
𝑧𝐸 = = = = 0.6
𝑠 10 10

For Math
𝑥 −𝑥̅ 88 −86 6
𝑧𝑀 = = = = 0.75
𝑠 8 8

His standing in Math was higher than his standing in English. He was 0.6
standard deviation above the mean in English and 0.75 standard deviation
above the mean in Math.

Standard Normal Distribution

A normal distribution can be converted into a standard normal distribution by

obtaining the z value. A z- value is the signed distance between a selected value,
designated x, and the mean, μ, divided by the standard deviation. It is also called as z
scores, the z statistics, the standard normal deviates, or the standard normal values.
In terms of formula:

Remember!
𝑥 −𝜇
𝑧 =
𝜎

where: 𝑥 = raw score / observed value 𝜎 = standard deviation

𝜇 = mean of the distribution

The normal distribution property allows to compute a probability problem

concerning x into one corniness z. To determine the probability that x lies in a given

29
interval, converting the interval to a z scale and then compute the probability by using
the standard normal distribution table.

30
Example 30. Find the area under the standard normal curve between the mean and
each given value of z:

a. z = -1.33
b. z = 1.75

Solution:

a. To find the area between the mean z = 0 and z = -1.33, we read the z
value of 1.3 on the first column, then the z value of 0.03 on the first row of
Table 1. The intersection of the identified row and column yields the
number 0.4082.

0.4082

-1.33 0

Thus, the area from the mean up to the value of z = -1.33 is 0.4082 or
40.82%

b. For z = 1.75, we read the z value of 1.7 on the first column, then the z
value of 0.05 on the first row. The intersection row and column yield the
number 0.4599 or 45.99%

0.4599

Thus, the area from the mean up to the value of z = 1.75 is 0.4599 or
45.99%

Example 31: Find the area under the standard normal curve

a. to the left of z = 2.0

b. to the right of z = -1.0
c. to the right of z = 1.96
d. to the left of z = - 2.65
e. between z = 1.5 and z = 2.75
f. between z = -1.0 and z = 2.0

Solution:

a. The area to the left of z = 2.0 includes the area from z = 0 and z = 2.0 plus
half of the entire area under the normal curve. From the table, the area

31
 from the mean up to z = 2.0 is 0.4772. Therefore, the entire area to the
left of z = 2.0 is 0.5 + 0.4772 = 0.9772 or 97.72%

0.9772

0 2.0
b. The area to the right of z = -1.0 includes the area from the mean down to
z = -1.0 plus half of the entire area under the normal curve. By symmetry,
the area from the mean down to z = -1.0 is equal to the area from the
mean up to z = 1.0 which is 0.3414. Thus, the entire area to the right of z
= -1.0 is 0.5 + 0.3414 = 0.8414 or 84.14%

0.8414

-1.0 0

c. To find the area to the right of z = 1.96, we first note that the area from the
mean to the entire right is 0.5. If we subtract the area from the mean up to
z = 1.96 from 0.5, we get the desired area to the right of z = 1.96. Using
the normal table, the area from the mean up to z = 1.96 is 0.4750.
Therefore, the area to the right of z = 1.96 is 0.5 – 0.4750 = 0.025 or
2.5%.

0.025

0 1.96

d. To find the area to the left of z = -2.56 is equal to the area to the right of z
= 2.56 by symmetry. Using the normal table, the area from the mean up to
z = 2.56 is 0.4960. Therefore, the area to the left of z = -2.56 is 0.5 – 0.4960
= 0.004 or 0.4%.

0.004

-2.56 0
32
 e. To find the area between z = 1.5 and z = 2.75, we get the area from the
mean up to z = 2.75, then subtract the area from the mean up to z = 1.5.
Using the normal table, the area from the mean up to z = 2.75 is 0.4970
while the area from the mean up to z = 1.5 is 0.4332. therefore, the
desired area is given by 0.4970 – 0.4332 = 0.0638 or 6.38%.

0.0638

0 1.56 2.75

f. The area from z = - 1.0 to z = 2.0 can be obtained by adding the area
from the mean down to z = - 1.0 and the area from the mean up to z =
2.0. By symmetry, the area from the mean down to z = - 1.0 is equal to
the area from the mean down to z = 1.0 which is 0.3414. Also, the area
from the mean up to z = 2.0 is 0.4772. Therefore, the desired area is
given by 0.3414 + 0.4772 = 0.8186 or 81.86%

0.8186

- 1.0 0 2.0

Application of Normal Distribution

Example 32. The average PAG-IBIG salary loan for RFS Pharmacy Inc. Employees
is ₱23,000. If the debt is normally distributed with a standard deviation
of ₱2,500, find the probability that the employee owes less than ₱18,500.

Solution:

Step 1: Draw a figure and represent the area.

P(x < 18,500)

Step 2. Find the z value for ₱18,500.

18,500 23,000

33
 x 18,500  23,000  4,500
z    1.80
 2,500 2,500

Step 3. Find the appropriate area. The area obtained in the Standardized
Normal Distribution Table is 0.4641, which corresponds to the area
between z = 0 and z = -1.80.

P 1.80 z 0  0.4641

Step 4. Subtract 0.4641 from 0.5000.

P (x < 18,500) = P (z < -1.80)

= 0.5000 – P (-1.80 < z < 0)

= 0.5000 - 0.4641

= 0.0359

0.0359

18,500 23,000

Hence, the probability that the employee owes less than ₱18,500 in PAG-IBIG
salary loan is 0.0359 or 3.59%.

Example 33: The average age of bank managers is 40 years. Assume the variable is
normally distributed. If the standard deviation is 5 years, find the
probability that the age of a randomly selected bank manager will be in
the range between 35 and 46 years old.

Solution: Assume that ages of bank managers are normally distributed; then cut off
points are as shown in the figure below.

Step 1. Draw a figure and represent the area.

35 40 46

34
 Step 2. Find the two z values.

x 35  40  5 x 46  40 6
z    1.00 z    1.20
 5 5  5 5

Step 3. Find the appropriate area for z = -1.00 and z = 1.20 using the table.

P (-1.00 < z < 0) = 0.3413 P(0<z<1.20) = 0.3849

Step 4. Add P (-1.00 < z < 0) and P (0 < z < 1.20).

P (35 < x < 46) = P (-1.00 < z < 1.20)

= P (-1.00 < z < 0) + P (0 < z < 1.20)

= 0.3413 + 0.3849

= 0.7262

35 40 46 x - value
-1.00 1.20 z - value

Hence, the probability that a randomly selected bank manager is between 35

and 46 years old is 0.7262 or 72.62%.

Chapter Exercises
Directions: Answer the following. Show all pertinent solutions.

1. Find the mean, median, and mode/modes of each of the following sets of
data:
a. 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 25
b. 65, 73, 82, 76, 90, 32, 65, 70
c. 33, 45, 56, 39, 38, 33, 45, 54, 39, 32
d. 103, 234, 156, 365, 234, 268, 333, 103, 256, 365
e. 18, 24, 25, 16, 35, 21, 24, 33, 34, 25, 45,33,28, 17, 18, 16, 21, 45

35
2. The final grades of a student in six subjects where he was enrolled are shown
below. Find his/her grade point average.

Subject No. of Units (w) Grade (x)

Philosophy 3 2.5
Chemistry 5 1.5
English 3 2.25
Computer 2 3
Filipino 3 2.25
Calculus 6 2.5

3. Consider the following distribution below. Find the mean, median, and mode.

Class Interval f
80 - 89 8
70 - 79 15
60 - 69 29
50 - 59 45
40 - 49 39
30 - 39 31
20 - 29 19
10 - 19 9

4. The results of the midterm examination in Differential Calculus of BS Math

Junior students were taken and are presented in a frequency distribution. Find
the mean, median, and mode.

Class Interval f
94- 99 2
88- 93 7
82 - 87 19
76- 81 8
70- 75 10
64- 69 28
58- 63 37
52- 57 19
46- 51 8
40- 45 2

5. Find the range, average deviation, variance, and standard deviation of the
following sets of data:
a. 23, 21, 18, 17, 19, 21, 20, 18, 19, 24
b. 70, 65, 69, 73, 90, 87, 81, 89.
c. 24, 27, 32, 29, 31, 35, 27, 32, 23, 25, 30, 24.

36
6. The salaries of all the 130 employees of a company are tabulated in a
frequency distribution, as shown in the next page:

Salaries (in thousand Number of Workers

pesos)
33 - 36 4
29 - 32 10
25 - 28 12
21 - 24 24
17 - 20 38
13 - 16 18
9 - 12 15
5-8 6
1-4 3

Find the range, average deviation, variance, and standard

deviation

7. The test scores of 18 students in Analytic Geometry and Calculus I are as

follows: 27, 48, 33, 39, 52, 25, 50, 47, 42, 32, 21, 28, 42, 45, 55, 20, 37, and
38. Determine the following:
a. Q1 e. P27
b. P68 f. P68
c. Q3 g. P94.
d. D6 h. D7

8. The table below gives the age distribution of 100 individuals living in the vicinity
of Escolta.

Age Frequency
55 - 59 2
50 - 54 5
45 - 49 10
40 - 44 12
35 - 39 15
30 - 34 16
25 - 29 13
20 - 24 10
15 - 19 4
10 - 14 4

Solve for the following:

a. Q1 d. P85
b. Q3 e. P45
c. P10 f. D3

37
9. Find the area under the normal curve which lie:
a. Between z = -0.63 and z = 0.63
b. Between z = 0 and z = -1.25
c. To the right of z = -1.75
d. To the left of z = -1.30
e. To the left of z = 1.05

10. In a given distribution, the mean is 65 and the standard deviation is 6. Find the
corresponding standard score of:
a. 77
b. 47

11. For a certain type of computers, the length of time between charges of the
battery is normally distributed with a mean of 50 hours and a standard
deviation of 15 hours. John owns one of these computers and wants to know
the probability that the length of time will be between 50 and 70 hours.

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