Inductance Calculation of Single Phase Transmission Line with

Composite Conductors (Method of Geometric Mean Distance,

G.M.D)

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 31
 There is no skin effect. All the segments of a conductor carry equal current
p
I
For Conductor-A, I a  Ib   Ip  and I A   I i  I
p i a
q
I
For Conductor-B, I a/  I b/   Iq   and I B   I i   I
q ia/

Note that, I A  IB  0
  I a  Ib  
 I p   I a /  I b/  
 Iq  0

The flux linkage at any segment (say a) of Conductor-A considering current

in all segments is given by

 1 1 1 
 a  2 10  I a ln
7
 I b ln   I p ln 
 D aa D ab D ap 

7
 1 1 1 
2 10  I a/ ln  I b/ ln   I q ln 
 Daa/ Dab/ Daq 
7/30/2021 3:55 PM 32
 I
7 1 I 1 I 1 
 2 10  ln  ln   ln 
 p Daa p Dab p Dap 

 I
7 1 I 1 I 1 
2 10   ln  ln   ln 
 q Daa/ q Dab/ q Daq 

  1 1 p  1 
1 p
 1 
1 p

 2 107 I ln    ln     ln   
  Daa   Dap 
  Dab    
 1q 1q
 1  
1q
7   1   1 
2 10 I ln    ln     ln   
D /  D /   Daq 
  aa   ab    

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 33
   
1 p
7 
 2 10 I ln 
1

1

1
 
 Daa Dab Dap 
  
  
1 q
2 107 I ln   
1 1 1
 
D / D / Daq 
  aa ab 

  
1 p
  
1q
 2 107 I ln 
1 1
  ln   
 Daa Dab Dap  D /D / Daq 
   aa ab 
1 p
 1 
 
7  Daa Dab Dap 
 2 10 I ln 1q
 1 
 
D D
 aa / ab/ D aq 

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 34
  Daa/ Dab/ Daq 
1q
7
q
Daa /
Dab/ Daq 
 a  2 10 7
I ln  2 10 I ln Wb-T/m
D aa Dab Dap 
1 p p
D aa Dab Dap 

a a a 7
q
D aa /
Dab/ Daq 
La   p  2  10 p ln
Ia I I p
D aa Dab Dap 
p

Similarly,
b b b 7
q
D ba /
Dbb/ Dbq 
Lb   p  2  10 p ln and so on.
Ib I I p
D ba Dbb Dbp 
p
Average inductance of any segment in conductor A is given by

La  Lb   Lp
Lav 
p

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 35
 Since the p no.s of segments electrically in parallel for conductor-A,

Lav
LA 
p
 
7
2 10  1 
q
D / Dab/ Daq  D q
/ Dbb/ Dbq  

  p ln 
aa ba
  p ln 
p p
 
p
D aa Dab Dap  D p
ba Dbb Dbp  


 p ln
q
 D pa / D pb / 
D pq  


p
D pa D pb D pp   


 q
D Dab/ Daq  D
q
Dbb/ Dbq  q
 D pa / D pb/ 
D pq 
 2 107 ln
1 aa / ba /
 ln
 ln  
p 

p
Daa Dab Dap  D p
ba Dbb Dbp  p
D pa D pb D pp  


7/30/2021 3:55 PM 36
 1
q
D D aa / ab /
Daq  D ba /
Dbb/ Dbq  D D
pa / pb /
D pq 
 2 107 ln
p D D
p
aa ab Dap  D ba Dbb Dbp  D D
pa pb D pp 
Total p no. of sets

7
pq
D D aa / ab /
Daq  Dba /
Dbb/ Dbq  D D
pa / pb /
D pq 
 2 10 ln
D D
p2
aa ab Dap  Dba Dbb Dbp  D D
pa pb D pp 
Total p no. of sets

G.M .D D D
 LA  2 107 ln  2 107 ln m H/m  0.2ln m mH/km
G.M .R DsA DsA

G.M.D.  Geometric mean distance or mutual GMD

G.M.R.  Geometric mean radius or self GMD

Note that G.M.R is dependent of sub-conductor spacing within a conductor

but G.M.D. is dependent on conductor spacing.
7/30/2021 3:55 PM 37
 G.M .D D
Similarly, LB  2 107 ln  2 107 ln m H/m
G.M .R DsB

If A and B are identical, then, DsA  DsB  Ds

 L A  LB  L  2  107 ln m H/m  0.2 ln m mH/km

D D
Ds Ds
7 Dm
Loop inductance Lloop  2 L  4 10 ln H/m
Ds
Dm
 0.4ln mH/km
Ds

Note that this expression is same as the expression of inductance in single phase
two wire line with solid conductor. The only difference is that the centre to centre
distance D is now replaced by GMD i.e., Dm.

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 38
 Series inductive reactance of transmission line

L  2  107 ln m H/m  0.2 ln m mH/km

D D
Ds Ds

X L  2 fL ohm/km

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 39
 Inductance of three phase transmission lines

Inductance of Three Phase Transmission Lines with Symmetrical

(Or, Equilateral) Spacing
The conductors of three phase line a, b and c are positioned
at the corners of an equilateral triangle having each side of
length D.

Let the current through the conductors are I a ,Ib and I c

respectively.

Assuming balanced operating condition, I a  Ib + I c  0

 Ib + I c   I a

Let, Radius of each conductor is r

Therefore, net flux linkage of conductor ‘a’ due to all currents present in the system
 1 1 1 
 a  2 107  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 Daa Dab Dac 

 1 1 1  1 1
 2 107  I a ln /  I b ln  I c ln   2 107  I a ln /   I b  I c  ln 
 r D D  r D
7/30/2021 3:55 PM 40
  1 1
 2 107  I a ln /  I a ln   I b + I c   I a 
 r D
D
  a  2 107 I a ln / wb-T/m
r

 Inductance of conductor-a, La  a  2 107 ln
D D
/
H /m  0.2 ln /
mH/km
Ia r r

Because of symmetry inductance of conductor b and c will be identical to that of conductor-a.

Dm
For stranded conductor, L  0.2 ln mH/km/phase
Ds

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 41
 Inductance of Three Phase Transmission Lines with Asymmetrical
Spacing
Inductance of Asymmetrically spaced and Un-transposed
line
Flux linkage in conductor-a

 1 1 1 
 a  2 107  I a ln  I b ln  I c ln 
 Daa Dab Dac 


7 1 1 1 
 2 10  I a ln /  I b ln  I c ln 
 r D 12 D 13 

a  1 I 1 I 1 
La   2  107 ln /  b ln  c ln 
Ia  r I a D 12 I a D 13 

Assuming I a as reference phasor,

I a  I 00 , I b  I   1200 , I c  I 1200

Ib 1 3 Ic 1 3
  1  120    j
0
,  1120    j
0

Ia 2 2 Ia 2 2

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 42
Substituting Ib I a and Ic I a in the expression of La we get,

 1  1
7 3 1  1 3 1 
 La  2 10 ln /     j  ln     j  ln 
 r  2 2  D 12  2 2  D13 

 1 1
7 1 1  3 1 1 
 2 10 ln /   ln  ln  j  ln  ln 
 r 2  D12 D13  2  D13 D 
12  

 1  1 
12
 D 
12

 2 10 ln /  ln 
7
  j 3 ln 
12
 
 r  D12 D13   D13  
7
 1 1 D12 
 2 10 ln /  ln  j 3 ln 
 r D D
12 13
D 13 


 D12 D13
7 D12 
 2 10 ln /
 j 3 ln  H/m
 r D13 

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 43
 b  1 I 1 Ic 1 
Similarly, Lb   2  107 ln  a ln  ln  H/m
/
Ib  r Ib D21 Ib D23 

 D32 D31 D31 

and L  2 107 ln  j 3 ln  H/m
c
 r/ D32 
Note that La , Lb and Lc are complex number.

L  Lb +Lc
Average inductance per phase, L a
3
  
1 7   D12 D23D31  2
 7
3D D D
12 23 31
  2 10 ln  j 3 ln1  2 10 ln
r 
3
3  /  r/
  

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 44
 Transposition
For unsymmetrical spacing of conductors in three phase power transmission line,
inductances are different. Therefore voltage drops will be different in all phases even under
balanced current condition. This results in unbalanced phase voltage at the receiving end of
the line. If there be any communication line near to the power transmission line an
unbalanced emf will be induced in it. This will create disturbance in communication line (and
is called interference). In order to reduce the inequality of inductance and inductive
interference with parallel communication line, power lines are transposed. The transposition
is done by changing the position of the conductors so that with a certain length of the line
(called ‘barrel’), each phase occupies each conductor position for approximately same
length. In other words each conductor will occupy positions 1,2 and 3 for one third of its
length.

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 45
Inductance of asymmetrically spaced but transposed line

Here also, the system is balanced and hence, I a  Ib + I c  0  Ib + I c   I a

Therefore the flux linkage in conductor ‘a’ for position -1,

 1 1 1 
 a1  2 10  I a ln
7
 I b ln  I c ln 
 D aa D ab D ac 

 1 1 1 
 2 107  I a ln /  I b ln  I c ln  wb-T/m
 r D 12 D 13 

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 46
 Similarly,
 1 1 1 
a 7
 2  10  I a ln /  I b ln  I c ln  wb-T/m
 r D23 D12 
2

 1 1 1 
 a  2  107  I a ln /
 I b ln  I c ln  wb-T/m
 r D31 D23 
3

Average flux linkage of conductor-a,

 a  a  a
a  1 2 3
av
3
1 7
 1  1 1 1 
  2 10 3I a ln /  I b  ln  ln ln 
3  r  D12 D 23 D 31 

 1 1 1 
 I c  ln  ln ln 
 D 31 D 23 D12  


7/30/2021 3:55 PM 47
    
1 1 1
  2 107  I a ln   I b  I c  ln   
   D12 D23 D31  
3
3
 r /
 
   
1 1 1
  Ib + Ic   I a 
7 
  2 10 I a ln  I a ln 
3 
  r 
/ 3
 D12 23 31 
D D 

     
13
1 D D D D D D
7
  2 10 I a ln 12 23 31  7
 2 10 I a ln 12 23 31
 Wb-T/m
   
3 /
3 r /
 r 
 
 
13
a D D D
 Inductance of conductor-a, La   2 107 ln 12 23/ 31 H/m
Ia r
Deq
 0.2 ln / mH/km …(1)
r
where, Deq  3 D12 D23 D31

D D D 
13
Deq
Similarly, Lb  Lc  2 107 ln 12 23 31 /
H/m  0.2 ln /
mH/km
r r
The inductance per phase of a transmission line with symmetrical spacing is given by
D D
L  2 107 ln /
H/m  0.2 ln /
mH/km …(2)
7/30/2021 3:55 PM r r 48
Comparing equation (1) and (2) it can be concluded that average inductance per metre length
of any phase of transposed line with unequal spacing is equal to the inductance of a three
phase transmission line with similar conductors but symmetrical spacing Deq provided,

Deq  3 D12 D23 D31

The term Deq is the geometric mean of the three unequal distances and is called
‘equivalent delta spacing’ or the ‘equivalent equilateral spacing’ between the
conductors of a line. The corresponding inductance can be calculated and is
called equivalent inductance and considered as a series inductance in each
phase.

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 49
If the conductors are in the same horizontal or vertical plane, the arrangement is
known as flat spacing as shown below:

Home task: Find the expressions for inductance of

above lines.

7/30/2021 3:55 PM 50