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PH of Solutions

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Ashwanth GK
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19 views10 pages

PH of Solutions

Uploaded by

Ashwanth GK
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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 INTRODUCTION

pH (also referred to as acidity or basicity,


historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or
"power of hydrogen"). It is a scale used to specify
the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
Acidic solutions (solutions with higher
concentrations of hydrogen (H+) ions) are
measured to have lower pH values than basic
or alkaline solutions.
The pH scale is logarithmic and inversely
indicates the activity of hydrogen ions in the
solution
where [H+] is the equilibrium molar
concentration (mol/L) of H+ in the solution. At
25 °C (77°F), solutions with a pH less than 7
are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than
7 are basic. Solutions with a pH of 7 at
25 °C are neutral (i.e. have the same
concentration of H+ ions as OH− ions, i.e. the
same as pure water). The neutral value of the
pH depends on the temperature and is lower
than 7 if the temperature increases above
25 °C. The pH range is commonly given as zero
to 14, but a pH value can be less than 0 for
very concentrated strong acids or greater than
14 for very concentrated strong bases.
The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard
solutions whose pH is established by
international agreement. Primary pH standard
values are determined using a concentration
cell with transference by measuring the
potential difference between a hydrogen
electrode and a standard electrode such as
the silver chloride electrode. The pH of
aqueous solutions can be measured with
a glass electrode and a pH meter or a colour-
changing indicator. Measurements of pH are
important in chemistry, agronomy, medicine,
water treatment, and many other applications.

 Ph HISTORY
In 1909, the Danish chemist Søren Peter Lauritz
Sørensen introduced the concept of pH at
the Carlsberg Laboratory, originally using the
notation "pH•", with H• as a subscript to the
lowercase p. The concept was later revised in
1924 to the modern pH to accommodate
definitions and measurements in terms of
electrochemical cells.
For the sign p, I propose the name 'hydrogen ion
exponent' and the symbol pH•. Then, for the
hydrogen ion exponent (pH•) of a solution, the
negative value of the Briggsian logarithm of the
related hydrogen ion normality factor is to be
understood.
Sørensen did not explain why he used the letter
p, and the exact meaning of the letter is still
disputed. Sørensen described a way of measuring
pH using potential differences, and it represents
the negative power of 10 in the concentration of
hydrogen ions. The letter p could stand for the
French puissance, German Potenz, or
Danish potens, all meaning "power", or it could
mean "potential". All of these words start with
the letter p in French, German, and Danish,
which were the languages in which Sørensen
published: Carlsberg Laboratory was French-
speaking; German was the dominant language of
scientific publishing; Sørensen was Danish. He
also used the letter q in much the same way
elsewhere in the paper, and he might have
arbitrarily labelled the test solution "p" and the
reference solution "q"; these letters are often
paired. Some literature sources suggest that "pH"
stands for the Latin term pondus
hydrogenii (quantity of hydrogen) or potentia
hydrogenii (power of hydrogen), although this is
not supported by Sørensen's writings

 Strong acids and bases


Strong acids and bases are compounds that are
essentially fully dissociated in water. This means
that in an acidic solution, the concentration of
hydrogen ions (H+) can be considered equal to
the concentration of the acid. Similarly, in a basic
solution, the concentration of hydroxide ions
(OH-) can be considered equal to the
concentration of the base. The pH of a solution is
defined as the negative logarithm of the
concentration of H+, and the pOH is defined as
the negative logarithm of the concentration of
OH-. For example, the pH of a 0.01M solution of
hydrochloric acid (HCl) is equal to 2 (pH =
−log10(0.01)), while the pOH of a 0.01M solution
of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is equal to 2 (pOH =
−log10(0.01)), which corresponds to a pH of
about 12.
However, self-ionization of water must also be
considered when concentrations of a strong acid
or base is very low or high. For instance, a
5×10−8M solution of HCl would be expected to
have a pH of 7.3 based on the above procedure,
which is incorrect as it is acidic and should have
a pH of less than 7. In such cases, the system
can be treated as a mixture of the acid or base
and water, which is an amphoteric substance. By
accounting for the self-ionization of water, the
true pH of the solution can be calculated. For
example, a 5×10−8M solution of HCl would have a
pH of 6.89 when treated as a mixture of HCl and
water. The self-ionization equilibrium of solutions
of sodium hydroxide at higher concentrations
must also be considered.

 Aim
To determine the pH of the given samples using
pH paper or universal indicator. The samples
whose pH has to be determined are-
1.Dilute CH3COOH
2.Dilute NaOH
3.Salt NaCl
4.Dilute NaHCO3
5.Water
6.Lemon juice

 Materials required
1. Six test tubes
2. Test tube stand
3. Dilute acid CH3COOH
4. Dilute base NaOH
5. Salt NaCl (preparation: dissolve 1
gram salt in 10 mL distilled water)
6. Water
7. Lemon juice
8. Dilute NaHCO3
9. Measuring cylinder (10 mL)
10. pH paper
11. Glass rod
12. Dropper

 Theory:
 What is pH?
pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration to
determine the alkalinity or acidity of a solution.
 If the pH value of a solution is less than 7 it is
an acidic solution
 If the pH value of a solution is greater than 7
it is a basic solution
 If the pH value of a solution is equal to 7 it is
a neutral solution

 What is pH scale?
The pH scale consists of values which range from
0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline). The numbers
on the scale help to determine the hydrogen ion
concentration.

 What is pH paper?
pH paper can help us to know if a solution is
basic, acidic or neutral. When the pH paper is
dipped into a solution whose pH has to be
determined, a colour will be developed. This
colour is compared with the standard pH colour
chart. Instead of pH paper, we can also use
universal indicator paper or universal indicator

solution.

 What is universal indicator?


A universal indicator is a mix of pH indicator
solutions that are designed to determine the pH
of solutions over a wide range of values. Put a
drop of solution on the universal pH indicator
paper. The colour developed on the paper is
matched with the standard pH colour chart.
 Procedure:
1.Wash six test tubes with distilled water and
put them on test tube stand and label them
A, B, C, D, E, F.
2.Add 2ml of CH3COOH in test tube A, Add 2ml
of NaOH in test tube B, Add 2ml of NaCl in
test tube C, Add 2ml of NaHCO3 in test tube
D, Add 2ml of Water in test tube E, Add 2ml
of Lemon juice in test tube F.
3.Take white tile, place pH paper and label
them A, B, C, D, E, F.
4.Use a dropper or glass rod to put the
respective sample solutions on the labelled
pH paper placed on the white tile.

Observation:
Sample Colour on pH paper

A Orange

B Dark blue

C Green

D Light blue

E Green
F Pink

 Result and Conclusion:


Test Solution pH colour pH Nature
tube paper

Sample CH3COOH Orange 3 Weak acid


A

Sample NaOH Dark blue 14 Strong


B base

Sample NaCl Green 7 Neutral


C

Sample NaHCO3 Light blue 9 Weak


D base

Sample Water Green 7 Neutral


E

Sample Lemon Pink 2 Weak acid


F juice

The pH of a solution indicates how much H+ has


dissociated from molecules within a solution. The
pH value determines the alkalinity or acidity of a
solution.
The pH value of a solution can be:
Less than 7: Indicates an acidic solution
Greater than 7: Indicates a basic solution
Equal to 7: Indicates a neutral solution
Each pH number less than 7 is 10 times more
acidic than the pH value immediately above it.
into red. Bases are bitter and turn red litmus into
blue.

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