TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. NO. TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENTS DATE REMARK

1 Solving XOR problem using DNN

2 Character recognition using CNN

3 Face recognition using CNN

4 Language modeling using RNN

5 Sentiment analysis using LSTM

6 Parts of speech tagging using Sequence to Sequence architecture

7 Machine Translation using Encoder-Decoder model

8 Image augmentation using GANs

Ex. No: 1 SOLVING XOR PROBLEM USING DNN

Aim:
To write a program to Solving XOR problem using DNN.
Algorithm:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the training data
3. To create the Number of Input units, Number of Hidden units, request.
4. To send frames to server from the client side.
5. If your frames reach the server it will send ACK signal to client otherwise it will
send NACK signal to client.
6. Stop the program

Program:
import numpy as np # For matrix math
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # For plotting
import sys # For printing
# The training data.
X = np.array([
[0, 1],
[1, 0],
[1, 1],
[0, 0]
])

# The labels for the training data.

y = np.array([
[1],
[1],
[0],
[0]
])
num_i_units = 2 # Number of Input units
num_h_units = 2 # Number of Hidden
units num_o_units = 1 # Number of Output
units # The learning rate for Gradient
Descent. learning_rate = 0.01
# The parameter to help with overfitting.
reg_param = 0
# Maximum iterations for Gradient Descent.
max_iter = 5000
# Number of training examples
m = 4
np.random.seed(1)
W1 = np.random.normal(0, 1, (num_h_units, num_i_units)) # 2x2
W2 = np.random.normal(0, 1, (num_o_units, num_h_units)) #
1x2 B1 = np.random.random((num_h_units, 1)) # 2x1
B2 = np.random.random((num_o_units, 1)) # 1x1
def sigmoid(z, derv=False):
if derv: return z * (1 - z)
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))

def forward(x, predict=False):

a1 = x.reshape(x.shape[0], 1) # Getting the training example as a
column vector.
z2 = W1.dot(a1) + B1 # 2x2 * 2x1 + 2x1 = 2x1
a2 = sigmoid(z2) # 2x1
z3 = W2.dot(a2) + B2 # 1x2 * 2x1 + 1x1 = 1x1
a3 = sigmoid(z3)
if predict: return a3
return (a1, a2, a3)
dW1 = 0 # Gradient for W1
dW2 = 0 # Gradient for W2
dB1 = 0 # Gradient for B1
dB2 = 0 # Gradient for B2
cost = np.zeros((max_iter, 1)) # Column vector to record the cost of
the NN after each Gradient Descent iteration.
def train(_W1, _W2, _B1, _B2): # The arguments are to bypass
UnboundLocalError error
for i in
range(max_iter): c =
0
dW1 = 0
dW2 = 0
dB1 = 0
dB2 = 0

for j in range(m):
sys.stdout.write("\rIteration: {} and {}".format(i + 1, j + 1))
# Forward Prop.
a0 = X[j].reshape(X[j].shape[0], 1) # 2x1
z1 = _W1.dot(a0) + _B1 # 2x2 * 2x1 + 2x1 =
2x1 a1 = sigmoid(z1) # 2x1
z2 = _W2.dot(a1) + _B2 # 1x2 * 2x1 + 1x1 =
1x1 a2 = sigmoid(z2) # 1x1
# Back prop.
dz2 = a2 - y[j] # 1x1
dW2 += dz2 * a1.T # 1x1 .* 1x2 = 1x2
dz1 = np.multiply((_W2.T * dz2), sigmoid(a1, derv=True)) #
(2x1 * 1x1) .* 2x1 = 2x1
dW1 += dz1.dot(a0.T) # 2x1 * 1x2 = 2x2

dB1 += dz1 # 2x1

dB2 += dz2 # 1x1
 c = c + (-(y[j] * np.log(a2)) - ((1 - y[j]) * np.log(1 - a2)))
sys.stdout.flush() # Updating the text.

_W1 = _W1 - learning_rate * (dW1 / m) + ( (reg_param / m) *

_W1)
_W2 = _W2 - learning_rate * (dW2 / m) + ( (reg_param / m) *
_W2)

_B1 = _B1 - learning_rate * (dB1 / m)

_B2 = _B2 - learning_rate * (dB2 / m)
cost[i] = (c / m) + (
(reg_param / (2 * m))
*(
np.sum(np.power(_W1, 2)) +
np.sum(np.power(_W2, 2))
)
)

)
Output

Result:

Thus the Python program successfully to Solving XOR problem using DNN.
Ex. No: 2 CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING CNN

Aim:

To write a python program to implement the Character

recognition using CNN.

Algorithm:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the relevant packages for Recognition
3. Load the A_Z Handwritten Data.csv from the directory.
4. Reshape data for model creation
5. Train the model and Prediction on test data
6. Prediction on External Image
7. Stop the program

Program:
pip install
opencv-python pip
install keras
pip install tensorflow
import cv2
import numpy as
np import pandas
as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import
train_test_split from sklearn.utils import shuffle
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Flatten, Conv2D, MaxPool2D, Dropout
from keras.optimizers import SGD, Adam
from keras.callbacks import ReduceLROnPlateau, EarlyStopping
from keras.utils import to_categorical
data = pd.read_csv(r"A_Z Handwritten Data.csv").astype('float32')
X = data.drop('0',axis = 1)
y = data['0']
train_x, test_x, train_y, test_y = train_test_split(X, y, test_size =
0.2) train_x = np.reshape(train_x.values, (train_x.shape[0], 28,28))
test_x = np.reshape(test_x.values, (test_x.shape[0], 28,28))
word_dict =
{0:'A',1:'B',2:'C',3:'D',4:'E',5:'F',6:'G',7:'H',8:'I',9:'J',10:'K',11:'L',12:'M',13:'N',14:'O',
15:'P',16:'Q',17:'R',18:'S',19:'T',20:'U',21:'V',22:'W',23:'X', 24:'Y',25:'Z'}
y_int = np.int0(y)
count = np.zeros(26,
dtype='int') for i in y_int:
count[i] +=1

alphabets = []
for i in
word_dict.values():
alphabets.append(i)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1, figsize=(10,10))

ax.barh(alphabets, count)

# naming the x axis

plt.xlabel("Number of elements")
# naming the y axis
plt.ylabel("Alphabets")
# giving a title
plt.title("Plotting the number of alphabets")
# Turn on the minor TICKS, which are required for the minor GRID
plt.minorticks_on()
# Customize the major grid
plt.grid(which='major', linestyle='-', linewidth='0.5',
color='red') # Customize the minor grid
plt.grid(which='minor', linestyle=':', linewidth='0.5', color='black')

plt.show()

uff = shuffle(train_x[:100])
fig, ax = plt.subplots(3,3, figsize = (10,10))
axes = ax.flatten()
for i in range(9):
_, shu = cv2.threshold(shuff[i], 30, 200, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
axes[i].imshow(np.reshape(shuff[i], (28,28)), cmap=plt.get_cmap('gray'))
plt.show()
# Reshape data for model creation
train_X = train_x.reshape(train_x.shape[0],train_x.shape[1],train_x.shape[2],1)
print("The new shape of train data: ", train_X.shape)

test_X = test_x.reshape(test_x.shape[0], test_x.shape[1], test_x.shape[2],1)

print("The new shape of train data: ", test_X.shape)

train_yOHE = to_categorical(train_y, num_classes = 26, dtype='int')

print("The new shape of train labels: ", train_yOHE.shape)

test_yOHE = to_categorical(test_y, num_classes = 26, dtype='int')

print("The new shape of test labels: ", test_yOHE.shape)
model = Sequential()

model.add(Conv2D(filters=32, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation='relu',

input_shape=(28,28,1)))
model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2))

model.add(Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation='relu', padding =

'same'))
model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2))

model.add(Conv2D(filters=128, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation='relu', padding =

'valid'))
model.add(MaxPool2D(pool_size=(2, 2), strides=2))

model.add(Flatten())

model.add(Dense(64,activation ="relu"))
model.add(Dense(128,activation ="relu"))

model.add(Dense(26,activation ="softmax"))
model.compile(optimizer = Adam(learning_rate=0.001),
loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

history = model.fit(train_X, train_yOHE, epochs=1, validation_data =

(test_X,test_yOHE))
model.summary()
model.save(r'model_hand.h5')

print("The validation accuracy is :", history.history['val_accuracy'])

print("The training accuracy is :", history.history['accuracy'])
print("The validation loss is :", history.history['val_loss'])
print("The training loss is :", history.history['loss'])
# Prediction on test data
fig, axes = plt.subplots(3,3, figsize=(8,9))
axes = axes.flatten()

for i,ax in enumerate(axes):

img = np.reshape(test_X[i], (28,28))
ax.imshow(img,
cmap=plt.get_cmap('gray'))

pred = word_dict[np.argmax(test_yOHE[i])]
ax.set_title("Prediction: "+pred)
# Predection on External Image

img = cv2.imread(r'test_image.jpg')
img_copy = img.copy()

img = cv2.cvtColor(img,
cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB) img = cv2.resize(img,
(400,440))

img_copy = cv2.GaussianBlur(img_copy, (7,7), 0)

img_gray = cv2.cvtColor(img_copy, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
_, img_thresh = cv2.threshold(img_gray, 100, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV)
img_final = cv2.resize(img_thresh, (28,28))
img_final =np.reshape(img_final,
(1,28,28,1))

img_pred = word_dict[np.argmax(model.predict(img_final))]

cv2.putText(img, "Image Data", (100,25), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_DUPLEX ,

fontScale= 1, thickness=2, color = (255,0,0))
cv2.putText(img, "Character Prediction: " + img_pred, (10,410),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, fontScale= 1, thickness=2, color = (0,0,255))
cv2.imshow('Character Recognition', img)

while (1):
k = cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF
if k == 27:
break
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

Output:
 The new shape of train data: (297960, 28, 28, 1)
The new shape of train data: (74490, 28, 28, 1)
The new shape of train labels: (297960, 26)
The new shape of test labels: (74490, 26)

9312/9312 [==============================] - 85s 9ms/step - loss

: 0.1440
- accuracy: 0.9595 - val_loss: 0.0853
0.9761 - val_accuracy:

model: "sequential"

Layer (type) Output Shape Param #

=================================================================
conv2d (Conv2D) (None, 26, 26, 32) 320

max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D (None, 13, 13, 32) 0

)

conv2d_1 (Conv2D) (None, 13, 13, 64) 18496

max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling (None, 6, 6, 64) 0

2D)

conv2d_2 (Conv2D) (None, 4, 4, 128) 73856

 max_pooling2d_2 (MaxPooling (None, 2, 2, 128) 0
2D)

flatten (Flatten) (None, 512) 0

dense (Dense) (None, 64) 32832

dense_1 (Dense) (None, 128) 8320

dense_2 (Dense) (None, 26) 3354

=================================================================
Total params: 137,178
Trainable params: 137,178
Non-trainable params: 0

The validation accuracy is : [0.9760907292366028]

The training accuracy is : [0.9595012664794922] The
validation loss is : [0.08530429750680923] The
training loss is : [0.1440141350030899]

1/1 [==============================] - 0s 79ms/step

Result: Thus written a python program

to implement successfully for

the Character recognition using
CNN.
Ex. No: 3 FACE RECOGNITION USING CNN

Aim:
To write a python program to implement the Face recognition using CNN.
Algorithm:
i. Start the program.
ii. Get the relevant packages for Face
Recognition Load the A_Z Handwritten
Data.csv from the directory. Reshape data for
model creation
iii. Train the model and Prediction on test data
iv. Prediction on External Image
v. Stop the program

Program:
import numpy as
np import pandas
as pd
from sklearn.datasets import fetch_lfw_people

faces = fetch_lfw_people(min_faces_per_person=100, resize=1.0, slice_=(slice(60,

188), slice(60, 188)), color=True)
class_count = len(faces.target_names)

print(faces.target_names
)
print(faces.images.shape
)
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as
plt import seaborn as sns
sns.set()
fig, ax = plt.subplots(3, 6, figsize=(18,
10)) for i, axi in enumerate(ax.flat):
axi.imshow(faces.images[i] / 255) # Scale pixel values so Matplotlib doesn't clip
everything above 1.0
axi.set(xticks=[], yticks=[], xlabel=faces.target_names[faces.target[i]])
from collections import Counter
counts = Counter(faces.target)
names = {}

for key in counts.keys():

names[faces.target_names[key]] = counts[key]

df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(names,
orient='index') df.plot(kind='bar')
mask = np.zeros(faces.target.shape, dtype=np.bool)
for target in np.unique(faces.target):
mask[np.where(faces.target == target)[0][:100]] = 1

x_faces = faces.data[mask]
y_faces = faces.target[mask]
x_faces = np.reshape(x_faces, (x_faces.shape[0], faces.images.shape[1],
faces.images.shape[2], faces.images.shape[3]))
x_faces.shape
from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical
from sklearn.model_selection import
train_test_split

face_images = x_faces / 255 # Normalize pixel values

face_labels = to_categorical(y_faces)

x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(face_images, face_labels,

train_size=0.8, stratify=face_labels, random_state=0)
from keras.layers import Dense
from keras.models import
Sequential from keras.layers import
Conv2D
from keras.layers import
MaxPooling2D from keras.layers
import Flatten

model = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3),
activation='relu',
input_shape=(face_images.shape[1:])))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(2, 2))
model.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(2, 2))
model.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(2, 2))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(128,
activation='relu'))
model.add(Dense(class_count, activation='softmax'))
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.summary()
hist = model.fit(x_train, y_train, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), epochs=20,
batch_size=25)
acc = hist.history['accuracy']
val_acc = hist.history['val_accuracy']
epochs = range(1, len(acc) + 1)
plt.plot(epochs, acc, '-', label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, ':', label='Validation Accuracy')
plt.title('Training and Validation Accuracy')
plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.plot()
 from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix

y_predicted = model.predict(x_test)
mat = confusion_matrix(y_test.argmax(axis=1), y_predicted.argmax(axis=1))

sns.heatmap(mat.T, square=True, annot=True, fmt='d', cbar=False, cmap='Blues',

xticklabels=faces.target_names,
yticklabels=faces.target_names)

plt.xlabel('Predicted
label') plt.ylabel('Actual
label') import keras.utils
as image

x = image.load_img('george.jpg', target_size=(face_images.shape[1:]))
plt.xticks([])
plt.yticks([])
plt.imshow(x)

x = image.img_to_array(x) /
255 x = np.expand_dims(x,
axis=0) y = model.predict(x)[0]

for i in range(len(y)):
print(faces.target_names[i] + ': ' + str(y[i]))

Output:
['Colin Powell' 'Donald Rumsfeld' 'George W Bush' 'Gerhard Schroeder'
'Tony Blair']
(1140, 128, 128, 3)
(500, 128, 128, 3)

Model: "sequential"

Layer (type) Output Shape Param #

=================================================================
conv2d (Conv2D) (None, 126, 126, 32) 896

max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D (None, 63, 63, 32) 0

)

conv2d_1 (Conv2D) (None, 61, 61, 64) 18496

max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling (None, 30, 30, 64) 0

2D)

conv2d_2 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 64) 36928

max_pooling2d_2 (MaxPooling (None, 14, 14, 64) 0

2D)

flatten (Flatten) (None, 12544) 0

dense (Dense) (None, 128) 1605760

dense_1 (Dense) (None, 5) 645

=================================================================
Total params: 1,662,725
Trainable params: 1,662,725
Non-trainable params: 0

Epoch 1/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 123ms/step - loss: 1.6558 - accuracy: 0.1925 -
val_loss: 1.6038 - val_accuracy: 0.2000
Epoch 2/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 110ms/step - loss: 1.5860 - accuracy: 0.3175 -
val_loss: 1.5416 - val_accuracy: 0.3200
Epoch 3/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 112ms/step - loss: 1.4851 - accuracy: 0.3675 -
val_loss: 1.3706 - val_accuracy: 0.4500
Epoch 4/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 110ms/step - loss: 1.1602 - accuracy: 0.5775 -
val_loss: 1.0931 - val_accuracy: 0.5900
Epoch 5/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 112ms/step - loss: 0.8385 - accuracy: 0.7000 -
val_loss: 0.8494 - val_accuracy: 0.6700
Epoch 6/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 111ms/step - loss: 0.5011 - accuracy: 0.8275 -
val_loss: 0.8085 - val_accuracy: 0.6900
Epoch 7/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 111ms/step - loss: 0.3819 - accuracy: 0.8550 -
val_loss: 0.7241 - val_accuracy: 0.7200
Epoch 8/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 110ms/step - loss: 0.3558 - accuracy: 0.8950 -
val_loss: 0.5499 - val_accuracy: 0.7800
Epoch 9/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 114ms/step - loss: 0.1407 - accuracy: 0.9575 -
val_loss: 0.7090 - val_accuracy: 0.8000
Epoch 10/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 115ms/step - loss: 0.0869 - accuracy: 0.9875 -
val_loss: 0.6296 - val_accuracy: 0.8400
Epoch 11/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 111ms/step - loss: 0.0413 - accuracy: 0.9950 -
val_loss: 0.5816 - val_accuracy: 0.8300
Epoch 12/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 110ms/step - loss: 0.0325 - accuracy: 0.9950 -
val_loss: 0.5888 - val_accuracy: 0.8300
Epoch 13/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 110ms/step - loss: 0.0359 - accuracy: 0.9900 -
val_loss: 0.6945 - val_accuracy: 0.8100
Epoch 14/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 110ms/step - loss: 0.0085 - accuracy: 1.0000 -
val_loss: 0.5278 - val_accuracy: 0.8600
Epoch 15/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 111ms/step - loss: 0.0048 - accuracy: 1.0000 -
val_loss: 0.5697 - val_accuracy: 0.8500
Epoch 16/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 111ms/step - loss: 0.0032 - accuracy: 1.0000 -
val_loss: 0.6065 - val_accuracy: 0.8500
Epoch 17/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 110ms/step - loss: 0.0022 - accuracy: 1.0000 -
val_loss: 0.6007 - val_accuracy: 0.8500
Epoch 18/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 112ms/step - loss: 0.0017 - accuracy: 1.0000 -
val_loss: 0.6242 - val_accuracy: 0.8500
Epoch 19/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 118ms/step - loss: 0.0013 - accuracy: 1.0000 -
val_loss: 0.6333 - val_accuracy: 0.8500
Epoch 20/20
16/16 [==============================] - 2s 111ms/step - loss: 0.0011 - accuracy: 1.0000 -
val_loss: 0.6541 - val_accuracy: 0.8500

4/4 [==============================] - 0s 26ms/step

Text(89.18, 0.5, 'Actual label')

<matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x1ec80d4d910>
Ex. No: 4 LANGUAGE MODELING USING RNN

Aim:

To write a python program to implement the Language modeling using RNN.

Algorithm:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the relevant packages for Language modeling
3. Read a file and split into lines.
4. Build the category lines dictionary, a list of lines per category Add the Random
item from a list
5. Get a random category and random line from
that category. One-hot vector for category
6. Make category, input, and target tensors from a random category, line
pair Sample from a category and starting letter
7. Get multiple samples from one category and multiple starting letters.
8. Train the model and Prediction on
test data Prediction on External Image
9. Stop the program

Program:
from future import unicode_literals, print_function,
division from io import open
import
glob
import os
import unicodedata
import string
all_letters = string.ascii_letters + " .,;'-"
n_letters = len(all_letters) + 1 # Plus EOS
marker def findFiles(path): return
glob.glob(path)

# Turn a Unicode string to plain ASCII, thanks to

https://stackoverflow.com/a/518232/2809427
def unicodeToAscii(s):
return ''.join(
c for c in unicodedata.normalize('NFD',
s) if unicodedata.category(c) != 'Mn'
and c in all_letters
)

# Read a file and split into lines

def readLines(filename):
with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as some_file:
return [unicodeToAscii(line.strip()) for line in some_file]

# Build the category_lines dictionary, a list of lines per category

category_lines = {}
all_categories = []
for filename in findFiles('data/names/*.txt'):
category =
 all_categories.append(category)
lines = readLines(filename)
category_lines[category] = lines
n_categories = len(all_categories)
if n_categories == 0:
raise RuntimeError('Data not found. Make sure that you downloaded data
' 'from https://download.pytorch.org/tutorial/data.zip and extract it to '
'the current directory.')
print('# categories:', n_categories,
all_categories) print(unicodeToAscii("O'Néàl"))
pip install torch
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class RNN(nn.Module):
def init (self, input_size, hidden_size, output_size):
super(RNN, self). init ()
self.hidden_size = hidden_size

self.i2h = nn.Linear(n_categories + input_size + hidden_size, hidden_size)

self.i2o = nn.Linear(n_categories + input_size + hidden_size, output_size)
self.o2o = nn.Linear(hidden_size + output_size, output_size)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(0.1)
self.softmax = nn.LogSoftmax(dim=1)

def forward(self, category, input, hidden):

input_combined = torch.cat((category, input, hidden), 1)
hidden = self.i2h(input_combined)
output = self.i2o(input_combined)
output_combined = torch.cat((hidden, output),
1) output = self.o2o(output_combined)
output = self.dropout(output)
output = self.softmax(output)
return output, hidden

def initHidden(self):
return torch.zeros(1, self.hidden_size)
import random

# Random item from a list

def randomChoice(l):
return l[random.randint(0, len(l) - 1)]

# Get a random category and random line from that

category def randomTrainingPair():
category = randomChoice(all_categories)
line = randomChoice(category_lines[category])
return category, line
# One-hot vector for category
def categoryTensor(category):
li = all_categories.index(category)
tensor = torch.zeros(1,
n_categories) tensor[0][li] = 1
return tensor

# One-hot matrix of first to last letters (not including EOS) for input
def inputTensor(line):
tensor = torch.zeros(len(line), 1, n_letters)
for li in range(len(line)):
letter = line[li]
tensor[li][0][all_letters.find(letter)] = 1
return tensor

# ``LongTensor`` of second letter to end (EOS) for target

def targetTensor(line):
letter_indexes = [all_letters.find(line[li]) for li in range(1, len(line))]
letter_indexes.append(n_letters - 1) # EOS
return torch.LongTensor(letter_indexes)
# Make category, input, and target tensors from a random category, line pair
def randomTrainingExample():
category, line = randomTrainingPair()
category_tensor = categoryTensor(category)
input_line_tensor = inputTensor(line)
target_line_tensor = targetTensor(line)
return category_tensor, input_line_tensor,
target_line_tensor criterion = nn.NLLLoss()
learning_rate = 0.0005

def train(category_tensor, input_line_tensor,

target_line_tensor): target_line_tensor.unsqueeze_(-1)
hidden = rnn.initHidden()
rnn.zero_grad()
loss = 0
for i in range(input_line_tensor.size(0)):
output, hidden = rnn(category_tensor, input_line_tensor[i],
hidden) l = criterion(output, target_line_tensor[i])
loss += l

loss.backward()
for p in rnn.parameters():
p.data.add_(p.grad.data,
alpha=-learning_rate)
return output, loss.item() / input_line_tensor.size(0)
import time
import math

def timeSince(since):
now = time.time()
s = now - since
m = math.floor(s /
60) s -= m * 60
return '%dm %ds' % (m, s)
rnn = RNN(n_letters, 128, n_letters)

n_iters = 100000
print_every = 5000
plot_every = 500
all_losses = []
total_loss = 0 # Reset every ``plot_every`` ``iters``

start = time.time()
for iter in range(1, n_iters + 1):
output, loss = train(*randomTrainingExample())
total_loss += loss
if iter % print_every == 0:
print('%s (%d %d%%) %.4f' % (timeSince(start), iter, iter / n_iters * 100, loss))

if iter % plot_every == 0:
all_losses.append(total_loss / plot_every)
total_loss = 0
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure()
plt.plot(all_losses)
max_length = 20

# Sample from a category and starting letter

def sample(category, start_letter='A'):
with torch.no_grad(): # no need to track history in sampling
category_tensor = categoryTensor(category)
input = inputTensor(start_letter)
hidden = rnn.initHidden()
output_name = start_letter
for i in
range(max_length):
output, hidden = rnn(category_tensor, input[0], hidden)
topv, topi = output.topk(1)
topi = topi[0][0]
if topi == n_letters - 1:
break
else:
letter = all_letters[topi]
output_name += letter
input = inputTensor(letter)

return output_name

# Get multiple samples from one category and multiple starting letters
def samples(category, start_letters='ABC'):
for start_letter in start_letters:
print(sample(category, start_letter))
samples('Russian', 'RUS')
samples('German', 'GER')
samples('Spanish', 'SPA')
samples('Chinese', 'CHI')
Output: # categories: 18 ['Arabic',
'Chinese', 'Czech', 'Dutch',
'English', 'French', 'German',
'Greek', 'Irish', 'Italian ',
'Japanese', 'Korean', 'Polish',
'Portuguese', 'Russian ',
'Scottish', 'Spanish',
'Vietnamese']
O'Neal
0m 5s (5000 5%) 2.6595
0m 11s (10000 10%) 2.9644
0m 16s (15000 15%) 3.3754
0m 22s (20000 20%) 2.0799
0m 27s (25000 25%) 2.6884
0m 33s (30000 30%) 2.2509
0m 38s (35000 35%) 2.3497
0m 43s (40000 40%) 2.5290
0m 49s (45000 45%) 2.9439
0m 54s (50000 50%) 2.7406
0m 59s (55000 55%) 3.0044
1m 4s (60000 60%) 2.5765
1m 10s (65000 65%) 2.3694
1m 15s (70000 70%) 2.2810
1m 20s (75000 75%) 2.2660
1m 26s (80000 80%) 2.1720
1m 31s (85000 85%) 2.4900
1m 36s (90000 90%) 2.0302
1m 42s (95000 95%) 1.8320
1m 47s (100000 100%) 2.4904

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at
0x1e56757bcd0>]
Ex. No: 5
SENTIMENT ANALYSIS USING LSTM

Aim:
To write a python program to implement the Sentiment analysis using LSTM.
Algorithm:
Start the program.
Get the relevant packages for Keras-Preprocessing
Load the IMDB Dataset.csv file.
Remove HTML tags, URL and non-alphanumeric
characters Read a file and split into lines.
Tuning the hyperparameters of the model
Model initialization
compile model
reviews on which we need to predict.
Stop the program

Program:
pip install Keras-Preprocessing
import re
import pandas as
pd import numpy
as np
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
from sklearn.model_selection import
train_test_split from keras.preprocessing.text
import Tokenizer
from keras_preprocessing.sequence import
pad_sequences import keras
from sklearn.metrics import
classification_report from sklearn.metrics
import accuracy_score import math
import nltk
data = pd.read_csv('IMDB
Dataset.csv') data
def remove_tags(string):
removelist = ""
result = re.sub('','',string) #remove HTML
tags result = re.sub('https://.*','',result) #remove
URLs
result = re.sub(r'[^w'+removelist+']', ' ',result) #remove
non-alphanumeric characters
result = result.lower()
return result
data['review']=data['review'].apply(lambda cw : remove_tags(cw))
nltk.download('stopwords')
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))
data['review'] = data['review'].apply(lambda x: ' '.join([word for word in x.split() if
word not in (stop_words)]))
import nltk
nltk.download()
#we want to download 'wordnet' and 'omw-1.4' from nltk
w_tokenizer = nltk.tokenize.WhitespaceTokenizer()
lemmatizer = nltk.stem.WordNetLemmatizer()
def
lemmatize_text(text):
st = ""
for w in w_tokenizer.tokenize(text):
st = st + lemmatizer.lemmatize(w) + " "
return st
data['review'] = data.review.apply(lemmatize_text)
data
s = 0.0
for i in
data['review']:
word_list =
i.split()
s = s + len(word_list)
print("Average length of each review : ",s/data.shape[0])
pos = 0
for i in range(data.shape[0]):
if data.iloc[i]['sentiment'] ==
'positive': pos = pos + 1
neg = data.shape[0]-pos
print("Percentage of reviews with positive sentiment is
"+str(pos/data.shape[0]*100)+"%")
print("Percentage of reviews with negative sentiment is
"+str(neg/data.shape[0]*100)+"%")

reviews = data['review'].values
labels =
data['sentiment'].values
encoder = LabelEncoder()
encoded_labels = encoder.fit_transform(labels)

train_sentences, test_sentences, train_labels, test_labels = train_test_split(reviews,

encoded_labels, stratify = encoded_labels)

# Hyperparameters of the model

vocab_size = 3000 # choose based on statistics
oov_tok = ''
embedding_dim = 100
max_length = 200 # choose based on statistics, for example 150 to 200
padding_type='post'
trunc_type='post'
# tokenize sentences
tokenizer = Tokenizer(num_words = vocab_size, oov_token=oov_tok)
tokenizer.fit_on_texts(train_sentences)
word_index = tokenizer.word_index
# convert train dataset to sequence and pad sequences
train_sequences = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(train_sentences)
maxlen=max_length)
# convert Test dataset to sequence and pad sequences
test_sequences = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(test_sentences)
test_padded = pad_sequences(test_sequences, padding='post', maxlen=max_length)

# model initialization
model = keras.Sequential([
keras.layers.Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_dim,
input_length=max_length),
keras.layers.Bidirectional(keras.layers.LSTM(64)),
keras.layers.Dense(24, activation='relu'),
keras.layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])
# compile model
model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
optimizer='adam',
metrics=['accuracy'])
# model summary
model.summary()

num_epochs = 5
history = model.fit(train_padded,
train_labels,
epochs=num_epochs, verbose=1,
validation_split=0.1)

prediction = model.predict(test_padded)
# Get labels based on probability 1 if p>= 0.5 else 0
pred_labels = []
for i in
prediction: if i
>= 0.5:
pred_labels.append(1)
else:
pred_labels.append(0)
print("Accuracy of prediction on test set :
", accuracy_score(test_labels,pred_labels))

# reviews on which we need to predict

sentence = ["The movie was very touching and heart whelming",
"I have never seen a terrible movie like this",
"the movie plot is terrible but it had good
acting"] # convert to a sequence
sequences =
tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(sentence) # pad the
sequence
padded = pad_sequences(sequences, padding='post',
maxlen=max_length) # Get labels based on probability 1 if p>= 0.5 else
0
prediction = model.predict(padded)
pred_labels = []
for i in
prediction: if i
>= 0.5:
 else:
pred_labels.append(0)
for i in
range(len(sentence)):
print(sentence[i])
if pred_labels[i] ==
1: s = 'Positive'
else:
s = 'Negative'
print("Predicted sentiment :
",s)

Output:

review sentiment
0 One of the other reviewers has mentioned that ... positive
1 A wonderful little production. <br /><br />The... positive
2 I thought this was a wonderful way to spend ti... positive
3 Basically there's a family where a little boy ... negative
4 Petter Mattei's "Love in the Time of Money" is... positive
... ... ...
49995 I thought this movie did a down right good job... positive
49996 Bad plot, bad dialogue, bad acting, idiotic di... negative
49997 I am a Catholic taught in parochial elementary... negative
49998 I'm going to have to disagree with the previou... negative
49999 No one expects the Star Trek movies to be high... negative

[nltk_data] Downloading package stopwords to

[nltk_data]
C:\Users\CGNANAM.ADS\AppData\Roaming\nltk_data... [nltk_data]
Package stopwords is already up-to-date!

showing info https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nltk/nltk_data/gh-pages/inde

x.xml
Out[6]:
True

review sentiment

1 wwwwwwwwwwwwwww positive

2 wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww positive

3 wwwwwwwwwww negative
review sentiment

... ... ...

49995 wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww positive

49996 wwwwwwww negative

49997 wwwwwwwwwwww negative

49998 wwwwwwwwwwwwwww negative

49999 wwwwwwwwwwww negative

50000 rows × 2 columns

Average length of each review : 18.714

Percentage of reviews with positive sentiment is 50.0%
Percentage of reviews with negative sentiment is 50.0%

Model: "sequential"

Layer (type) Output Shape Param #

===========================================================
======
embedding (Embedding) (None, 200, 100) 300000

bidirectional (Bidirectiona (None, 128)

84480 l)

dense (Dense) (None, 24) 3096

dense_1 (Dense) (None, 1) 25

===========================================================
======
Total params: 387,601
Trainable params: 387,601
Non-trainable params: 0

Epoch 1/5
1055/1055 [==============================] - 60s 55ms/step - loss: 0.69
32 - accuracy: 0.5021 - val_loss: 0.6925 - val_accuracy: 0.5205
Epoch 2/5
1055/1055 [==============================] - 58s 55ms/step - loss: 0.69
26 - accuracy: 0.5094 - val_loss: 0.6925 - val_accuracy: 0.5173
Epoch 3/5
1055/1055 [==============================] - 59s 56ms/step - loss: 0.69
26 - accuracy: 0.5129 - val_loss: 0.6924 - val_accuracy: 0.5171
Epoch 4/5
1055/1055 [==============================] - 59s 56ms/step - loss: 0.69
23 - accuracy: 0.5166 - val_loss: 0.6927 - val_accuracy: 0.4965
Epoch 5/5
1055/1055 [==============================] - 58s 55ms/step - loss: 0.69
25 - accuracy: 0.5141 - val_loss: 0.6924 - val_accuracy: 0.5173

391/391 [==============================] - 6s 14ms/step

Accuracy of prediction on test set : 0.5148

1/1 [==============================] - 0s 23ms/step

The movie was very touching and heart whelming
Predicted sentiment : Positive
I have never seen a terrible movie like this
Predicted sentiment : Positive
the movie plot is terrible but it had good acting
Predicted sentiment : Positive

Result:

Thus written a python program to implemented successfully for the

Sentiment analysis using LSTM.

Ex. No: 6
PARTS OF SPEECH TAGGING USING SEQUENCE TO SEQUENCE
ARCHITECTURE

Aim:

To write a python program to implement the parts of speech

tagging using Sequence to Sequence architecture.

Algorithm:
0 Start the program
1 Get the relevant packages for function tools
2 Load the Vocabulary Creation and data split in to train
and test Sort the vocabulary by occurrences of words
3 write the sorted vocabulary to vocab file
4 build a vocabulary list with only frequent words (i.e. occur no less than 3
times) replace non-frequent words in word with <unk>
5 make sure the index of the current word is less than the next build an emission
and a transition dictionaries
6 write the emission and transition dictionaries into a json file load txt file vocab
7 split dev lists (index, word and pos) to individual samples (list --> list of sublists)
8 initialize a dictionary that keeps track of the highest cumulative probability of each
possible pos at each position of the input sentence
use viterbi to predict pos for dev merge the list of sublists to a single list
9 Stop the program

Program:
for i in range(len(word)):
if word[i] not in vocab_ls:
word[i] == '<unk>'

# count (s, s') and (s, x) pairs

ss = {}
sx = {}
for i in range(len(word)-1):
# make sure the index of the current word is less than the next
# ss = {pos[i+1]|pos[i]: count}
# we are not using the format {(pos[i], pos[i+1]): count} because
# json doesn't support tuple
if index[i] < index[i+1]:
if str(pos[i+1]) + '|' + str(pos[i]) in ss:
ss[str(pos[i+1]) + '|' + str(pos[i])] +=1
else:
ss[str(pos[i+1]) + '|' + str(pos[i])] = 1

if str(word[i]) + '|' + str(pos[i]) in sx:

sx[str(word[i]) + '|' + str(pos[i])] +=1
else:
sx[str(word[i]) + '|' + str(pos[i])] = 1
# for ss, we need to count the times that a pos tag occurs at the
beginning # of a sequence (i.e. (s|<s>))
for i in
range(len(word)): if
index[i] == 1:
if str(pos[i]) + '|' + '<s>' in ss:
ss[str(pos[i]) + '|' + '<s>'] += 1
else:
ss[str(pos[i]) + '|' + '<s>'] = 1

# build an emission and a transition dictionaries

emission = {}
transition = {}

# count occurrences of pos tags

count_pos = {}

for p in pos:
if p in count_pos:
count_pos[p] += 1
else:
count_pos[p] = 1

# don't forget to count the occurrences of <start>

count_pos['<s>'] = 0
for i in
index: if i
== 1:
count_pos['<s>'] += 1

# emission dictionary {(s, x): count(s, x) /

count(s)} for sx_pair in sx:
emission[sx_pair] = sx[sx_pair] / count_pos[sx_pair.split('|')[1]]
# transition dictionary {(s, s'): count(s, s') / count(s)}
for ss_pair in ss:
transition[ss_pair] = ss[ss_pair] / count_pos[ss_pair.split('|')[1]]

print(f'There are {len(transition)} transition parameters in my HMM\n')

print(f'There are {len(emission)} emission parameters in my HMM\n')

# write the emission and transition dictionaries into a json file

emission_transition = [emission, transition]
#with open('recap/hmm.json', 'w') as output:
with open('output/hmm.json', 'w') as output:
json.dump(emission_transition, output)
# build a list of distinct pos
pos_distinct = list(count_pos.keys())

# write the pos_distinct into a txt file

#with open('recap/pos.txt', 'w') as
pos_output: with open('output/pos.txt', 'w')
as pos_output:
for _, pos in enumerate(pos_distinct):
pos_output.write(pos + '\n')
Task 3: Greedy Decoding with HMM
# load txt file
vocab
vocab_frequent =
[]
#with open('recap/vocab_frequent.txt', 'r') as vocab_txt:
with open('output/vocab_frequent.txt', 'r') as vocab_txt:
for word in vocab_txt:
word = word.strip('\n')
vocab_frequent.append(word
) vocab_frequent

# load txt file pos

pos_distinct = []

#with open('recap/pos.txt', 'r') as pos_txt:

with open('output/pos.txt', 'r') as pos_txt:
for pos in pos_txt:
pos = pos.strip('\n')
pos_distinct.append(pos)

# load json file hmm

#with open('recap/hmm.json', 'r') as hmm:
with open('output/hmm.json', 'r') as hmm:
json_data = json.load(hmm)

emission, transition = json_data[0], json_data[1]

#dev = pd.read_csv('data1/dev', sep='\t', names=['index', 'word', 'POS'])

dev = pd.read_csv('data1/dev', sep='\t', names=['index', 'word', 'POS'])
dev.head()
index_dev = dev.loc[:,
'index'].values.tolist() word_dev = dev.loc[:,
'word'].values.tolist() pos_dev = dev.loc[:,
'POS'].values.tolist()
# split dev lists (index, word and pos) to individual samples (list --> list of sublists)
word_dev2 = []
pos_dev2 = []
word_sample = []
pos_sample = []
for i in range(len(dev)-1):
if index_dev[i] < index_dev[i+1]:
word_sample.append(word_dev[i])
pos_sample.append(pos_dev[i])
else:
word_sample.append(word_dev[i])
word_dev2.append(word_sample)
word_sample = []

pos_sample.append(pos_dev[i])
pos_dev2.append(pos_sample)
pos_sample = []

def greedy(sentence):
# initialize a dictionary to keep track of the pos for each position
pos = []
 # predict the pos of the first word in the sentence

# we need to make sure the first word is in the vocabulary. If not, replace
# with <unk>
if sentence[0] not in vocab_frequent:
sentence[0] = '<unk>'
# predict pos based on the product of the emission and transition
max_prob = 0
p0 = 'UNK'

for p in
pos_distinct: try:
temp = emission[sentence[0] + '|' + p] * transition[p + '|' + '<s>']
if temp > max_prob:
max_prob = temp
p0 = p
except
:
pass

pos.append(p0)

# predict the pos of the remaining words

for i in range(1, len(sentence)):

# again, we need to check the existence of the word in the vocabulary.
if sentence[i] not in vocab_frequent:
sentence[i] = '<unk>'

max_prob = 0
pi = 'UNK'
for p in
pos_distinct: try:
temp = emission[sentence[i] + '|' + p] * transition[p + '|' + pos[-1]]
if temp > max_prob:
max_prob = temp
pi = p
except:
pass
pos.append(pi)
return pos
pos_greedy = [greedy(s) for s in word_dev2]
# concatenate the list of sublists into one single list
pos_greedy = fc.reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, pos_greedy)
pos_dev = fc.reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, pos_dev2)

acc = accuracy_score(pos_dev, pos_greedy)

print('The prediction accuracy on the dev data is {:.2f}%'.format(acc * 100))
Task 4: Viterbi Decoding with HMM
# load txt file
vocab
vocab_frequent =
[]
#with open('recap/vocab_frequent.txt', 'r') as vocab_txt:
with open('output/vocab_frequent.txt', 'r') as vocab_txt:
for word in vocab_txt:
word = word.strip('\n')
vocab_frequent.append(word)
# load txt file pos
pos_distinct = []

#with open('recap/pos.txt', 'r') as pos_txt:

with open('output/pos.txt', 'r') as pos_txt:
for pos in pos_txt:
pos = pos.strip('\n')
pos_distinct.append(pos)
# load json file hmm
#with open('recap/hmm.json', 'r') as hmm:
with open('output/hmm.json', 'r') as hmm:
json_data = json.load(hmm)

emission, transition = json_data[0], json_data[1]

#dev = pd.read_csv('data1/dev', sep='\t', names=['index', 'word', 'POS'])

dev = pd.read_csv('data1/dev', sep='\t', names=['index', 'word', 'POS'])
dev.head()

index_dev = dev.loc[:,
'index'].values.tolist() word_dev = dev.loc[:,
'word'].values.tolist() pos_dev = dev.loc[:,
'POS'].values.tolist()

# split dev lists (index, word and pos) to individual samples (list --> list of sublists)
word_dev2 = []
pos_dev2 = []
word_sample = []
pos_sample = []
for i in range(len(dev)-1):
if index_dev[i] < index_dev[i+1]:
word_sample.append(word_dev[i])
pos_sample.append(pos_dev[i])
else:
word_sample.append(word_dev[i])
word_dev2.append(word_sample)
word_sample = []

pos_sample.append(pos_dev[i])
pos_dev2.append(pos_sample)
pos_sample = []

# define a function to predict the pos for an input sentence

def viterbi(sentence):
# initialize a dictionary that keeps track of the highest cumulative probability of each
possible
 # pos at each position of the input sentence
seq = {i:{} for i in range(len(sentence))}
# also initialize a dictionary that keeps track of the pos of the previous pos that leads to the
# highest cumulative probability of each possible pos at each position of the input sentence
# for instance, for a pos of NNP at position i, we want to know which pos of position i-1
leads to
# the highest cumulative probability of NNP at position i.
pre_pos = {i:{} for i in range(len(sentence))}

# for the first position, the highest cumulative probability of each possible pos would
be # emission[sentence[0]|pos] * transition[pos|<s>]

# check if the first word is in the vocabualry. If not, replace with '<unk>'
if sentence[0] not in vocab_frequent:
sentence[0] = '<unk>'
for p in pos_distinct:
if p + '|' + '<s>' in transition:
try:
seq[0][p] = transition[p + '|' + '<s>'] * \
emission[sentence[0] + '|' + p]
except:
seq[0][p] = 0
# set <s> as the previous pos of each possible pos at the first position
for p in seq[0].keys():
pre_pos[0][p] = '<s>'

# for position i > 0, the highest cumulative probability of each possible pos would be
# emission[sentence[i]|pos[i]] * transition[pos[i]|pos[i-1]] * seq[i-1][pos]
for i in range(1, len(sentence)):
# still, check if the word is in the
vocabulary if sentence[i] not in
vocab_frequent:
sentence[i] = '<unk>'

for p in seq[i-1].keys():
for p_prime in pos_distinct:
if p_prime + '|' + p in transition:
if p_prime in seq[i]:
try:
temp = seq[i-1][p] * \
transition[p_prime + '|' + p] * \
emission[sentence[i] + '|' +
p_prime]
if temp > seq[i][p_prime]:
seq[i][p_prime] = temp
pre_pos[i][p_prime] =
p
except:
pass
else:
try:
seq[i][p_prime] = seq[i-1][p] * \
transition[p_prime + '|' + p] * \
emission[sentence[i] + '|' +
p_prime]
pre_pos[i][p_prime] = p
 except:
seq[i][p_prime] = 0
# after we get the maximum probability for every possible pos at every position of a
sentence,
# we can trace backward to find out our prediction on the pos for the sentence.
seq_predict = []

# The pos of the last word in the sentence is the one with the highest probability
# after predicting the pos of the last word in the sentence, we can iterate through pre_pos to
predict
# the pos of the remaining words in the input sentence in the reverse order

# the highest probability

prob_max =
max(seq[len(sentence)-1].values()) # the index
of the highest probability
index_max =
list(seq[len(sentence)-1].values()).index(prob_max) # the pos of
the highest probability
pos_max = list(seq[len(sentence)-1].keys())[index_max]
seq_predict.append(pos_max)

# iterate through pre_pos

for i in range(len(sentence)-1, 0, -1):
# for some rare ss or sx pairs, there is no corresponding key in the
# transition or emission dictionary. In this case, we need to set
manually # the pos to 'UNK' at those positions
try:
pos_max = pre_pos[i][pos_max]
seq_predict.append(pos_max)
except:
seq_predict.append('UNK')

# The final seq_predict should be the reverse of the original

seq_predict = [seq_predict[i] for i in range(len(seq_predict)-1, -1, -1)]
return seq_predict
# use viterbi to predict pos for dev
pos_viterbi = [viterbi(s) for s in word_dev2]

# merge the list of sublists to a single list

pos_viterbi = fc.reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, pos_viterbi)
pos_dev = fc.reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, pos_dev2)

acc = accuracy_score(pos_dev, pos_viterbi)

print('The prediction accuracy on the dev data is {:.2f}%'.format(acc * 100))
Output:

index word POS

0 1 Pierre NNP

1 2 Vinken NNP

2 3 , ,

3 4 61 CD

4 5 years NNS

index word POS

0 1 The DT

1 2 Arizona NNP

2 3 Corporations NNP

3 4 Commission NNP

4 5 authorized VBD
 The total size of my vocabulary is 43193 The
total occurrences of <unk> is 32537

There are 7 transition parameters in my HMM There

are 6 emission parameters in my HMM
['Pierre',
',',
'61', 'years', 'old', 'will', 'join', 'the', 'board', 'as', 'a', 'nonexecutive',
'director', 'Nov.', '29', '.', 'Mr.', 'is', 'chairman', 'of', 'N.V.', 'Dutch',
'publishing', 'group', 'Rudolph', 'Agnew', '55', 'and', 'former',
'Consolidated',
'Gold', 'Fields', 'PLC', 'was', 'named', 'this', 'British', 'industrial', 'conglomerate', 'A', 'form', 'asbesto
s', 'once', 'used', 'to', 'make', 'Kent', 'cigarette',
'filters', 'has', 'caused', 'high', 'percentage', 'cancer', 'deaths', 'among',
'workers', 'exposed', 'it', 'more',]

The prediction accuracy on the dev data is 0.00%

inde word POS

x
0 1 The DT
1 2 Arizona NNP
2 3 Corporations NNP
3 4 Commission NNP
4 5 authorized VBD

The prediction accuracy on the dev data is 0.01%

Result:

Thus written a python program to implemented successfully for the parts of

speech tagging using Sequence to Sequence architecture.

Ex. No: 7
MACHINE TRANSLATION USING ENCODER-DECODER MODEL

‘
Aim:To write a python program to
implement the Machine Translation
using Encoder-Decoder model

Algorithm:
1. Start the program
2. Input data files are available in the read-only
3. Decoder_target_data is ahead of decoder_input_data by one time
step Set up the decoder, using `encoder_states` as initial state
4. Run training
5. Reverse-lookup token index to decode sequences back to something
readable. Generate empty target sequence of length 1.
6. Sampling loop for a batch of sequences (to simplify, here we assume a batch of
size 1). Sample a token
7. Exit condition: either hit max length or find stop character. Update the
target sequence (of length 1).
8. Update states
9. Stop the program

Program:
import numpy as np # linear algebra
import pandas as pd # data processing, CSV file I/O (e.g. pd.read_csv
data_path='fra.txt'
# Vectorize the data.
input_texts = []
target_texts = []
input_characters = set()
target_characters =
set()
with open(data_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
lines = f.read().split('\n')
for line in lines[: min(num_samples, len(lines) - 1)]:
input_text, target_text, _ = line.split('\t')
# We use "tab" as the "start sequence" character
# for the targets, and "\n" as "end sequence" character.
target_text = '\t' + target_text + '\n'
input_texts.append(input_text)
target_texts.append(target_text)
for char in input_text:
if char not in input_characters:
input_characters.add(char)
for char in target_text:
if char not in target_characters:
target_characters.add(char)
input_characters=sorted(list(input_characters))
target_characters=sorted(list(target_characters))
num_encoder_tokens=len(input_characters)
num_decoder_tokens=len(target_characters)

max_encoder_seq_length=max([len(txt) for txt in input_texts])

max_decoder_seq_length=max([len(txt) for txt in target_texts])
print('Number of samples:', len(input_texts))
print('Number of unique input tokens:', num_encoder_tokens)
print('Number of unique output tokens:', num_decoder_tokens)
print('Max sequence length for inputs:', max_encoder_seq_length)
print('Max sequence length for outputs:', max_decoder_seq_length)

input_token_index=dict(
[(char,i) for i, char in enumerate(input_characters)])
target_token_index=dict(
[(char,i) for i, char in enumerate(target_characters)])

encoder_input_data = np.zeros(
(len(input_texts), max_encoder_seq_length, num_encoder_tokens),
dtype='float32')
decoder_input_data = np.zeros(
(len(input_texts), max_decoder_seq_length, num_decoder_tokens),
dtype='float32')
decoder_target_data = np.zeros(
(len(input_texts), max_decoder_seq_length, num_decoder_tokens),
dtype='float32')

for i, (input_text, target_text) in enumerate(zip(input_texts, target_texts)):

for t, char in enumerate(input_text):
encoder_input_data[i, t, input_token_index[char]] = 1.
encoder_input_data[i, t + 1:, input_token_index[' ']] = 1
for t, char in enumerate(target_text):
# decoder_target_data is ahead of decoder_input_data by one timestep
decoder_input_data[i, t, target_token_index[char]] = 1.
if t > 0:
# decoder_target_data will be ahead by one
timestep # and will not include the start character.
decoder_target_data[i, t - 1, target_token_index[char]] = 1.
decoder_input_data[i, t + 1:, target_token_index[' ']] = 1.
decoder_target_data[i, t:, target_token_index[' ']] = 1.
encoder_inputs = Input(shape=(None,
num_encoder_tokens)) encoder = LSTM(latent_dim,
return_state=True) encoder_outputs, state_h, state_c =
encoder(encoder_inputs) # We discard `encoder_outputs`
and only keep the states. encoder_states = [state_h, state_c]

# Set up the decoder, using `encoder_states` as initial state.

decoder_inputs = Input(shape=(None,
num_decoder_tokens)) # We set up our decoder to return full
output sequences,
# and to return internal states as well. We don't use the
# return states in the training model, but we will use them in inference.
decoder_lstm = LSTM(latent_dim, return_sequences=True, return_state=True)
decoder_outputs, _, _ = decoder_lstm(decoder_inputs,
initial_state=encoder_states)
decoder_dense = Dense(num_decoder_tokens,
activation='softmax') decoder_outputs =
decoder_dense(decoder_outputs)
model = Model([encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs],
 Output:
Number of samples: 10000
Number of unique input tokens: 71
Number of unique output tokens: 93 Max
sequence length for inputs: 15 Max
sequence length for outputs: 59
Epoch 1/100
125/125 [==============================] - 15s 105ms/step - loss:
1.2150 - accuracy: 0.7315 - val_loss: 1.0873 - val_accuracy: 0.7068
Epoch 2/100
125/125 [==============================] - 13s 106ms/step - loss:
0.9334 - accuracy: 0.7490 - val_loss: 0.9959 - val_accuracy: 0.7128
Epoch 3/100
125/125 [==============================] - 13s 105ms/step - loss:
0.8396 - accuracy: 0.7679 - val_loss: 0.9039 - val_accuracy: 0.7500
…
Epoch 98/100
125/125 [==============================] - 13s 107ms/step - loss:
0.1532 - accuracy: 0.9531 - val_loss: 0.5529 - val_accuracy: 0.8705
Epoch 99/100
125/125 [==============================] - 13s 108ms/step - loss:
0.1517 - accuracy: 0.9533 - val_loss: 0.5561 - val_accuracy: 0.8697
Epoch 100/100
125/125 [==============================] - 13s 108ms/step - loss:
0.1497 - accuracy: 0.9543 - val_loss: 0.5522 - val_accuracy: 0.8706

Input sentence: Smile.

Decoded sentence: Pours pres votr.

1/1 [==============================] - 0s 14ms/step

1/1 [==============================] - 0s 22ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 18ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 23ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 15ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 13ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 20ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 16ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 21ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 18ms/step
-
Input sentence: Sorry?
Decoded sentence: Pardon
?

1/1 [==============================] - 0s 20ms/step

1/1 [==============================] - 0s 13ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 20ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 19ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 13ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 17ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 13ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 19ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 19ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 23ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 17ms/step
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 13ms/step
-

Result: Thus written a python program to

implemented successfully for the

Machine Translation using
Encoder-Decoder model.
Ex. No: 8
IMAGE AUGMENTATION USING GANS

Aim:

To write a python program to implement the Image augmentation using GANs

Algorithm:
1. Start the program
2. Load the images from the
directory. Split the data into
train and test images
3. Training the CNN using the two different sized datasets with no augmented
data. Train a network based on ResNet-50V2 with data augmentation
4. Preprocess the image and submit it to the network for classification.
5. Now try it with a walrus image that the network hasn't seen before. Start by
loading the image.
6. Finally, preprocess the image and make a
prediction. Stop the program.

Program:

import os
import numpy as np
import keras.utils as
image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

def load_images_from_path(path, label):

images = []
labels = []

for file in os.listdir(path):

img = image.load_img(os.path.join(path, file), target_size=(224, 224, 3))
images.append(image.img_to_array(img))
labels.append((label)

) return images, labels

def show_images(images):
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 8, figsize=(20, 20),
[]}) subplot_kw={'xticks': [], 'yticks':
model.add(base_model)
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(1024, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.2))
model.add(Dense(3,
activation='softmax'))
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
hist = model.fit(x_train, y_train_encoded, validation_data=(x_test,
y_test_encoded), batch_size=10, epochs=25)
acc = hist.history['accuracy']
val_acc = hist.history['val_accuracy']
epochs = range(1, len(acc) + 1)
plt.plot(epochs, acc, '-', label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, ':', label='Validation
Accuracy')

plt.title('Training and Validation

Accuracy') plt.xlabel('Epoch')
plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.plot()

from sklearn.metrics import

confusion_matrix import seaborn as sns
sns.set()
y_predicted = model.predict(x_test)
mat =
confusion_matrix(y_test_encoded.argmax(axis=1),
y_predicted.argmax(axis=1))
class_labels = ['arctic fox', 'polar bear', 'walrus']
sns.heatmap(mat, square=True, annot=True, fmt='d', cbar=False, cmap='Blues',
xticklabels=class_labels,
yticklabels=class_labels
) plt.xlabel('Predicted label')
plt.ylabel('Actual label')
x = image.load_img('arctic-wildlife/samples/arctic_fox/arctic_fox_140.jpeg',
target_size=(224, 224))
plt.xticks([])
plt.yticks([])
plt.imshow(x)
x = image.img_to_array(x)
x = np.expand_dims(x,
axis=0) x =
preprocess_input(x)
predictions = model.predict(x)
for i, label in enumerate(class_labels):
print(f'{label}: {predictions[0][i]}')
x = image.load_img('arctic-wildlife/samples/walrus/walrus_143.png',
target_size=(224, 224))
plt.xticks([])
plt.yticks([])
plt.imshow(x)
x = image.img_to_array(x)
x = np.expand_dims(x,
axis=0) x =
preprocess_input(x)
predictions = model.predict(x)

for i, label in enumerate(class_labels):

print(f'{label}: {predictions[0][i]}')
Output: Train :

Test :

Train a network
based on
ResNet-50V2 with
data augmentation
Epoch 1/25
30/30 [==============================] -
27s 848ms/step - loss: 31.6208
- accuracy: 0.7400 -
val_loss: 8.3153 -
val_accuracy: 0.8667
Epoch 2/25
30/30 [==============================] -
25s 848ms/step - loss: 6.1519 -
accuracy: 0.8900 -
val_loss: 2.5947 -
val_accuracy: 0.9583
Epoch 3/25
30/30 [==============================] -
Epoch 24/25
<matplotlib.image.AxesImage at
30/30 0x2c5496dfa00>
[============================
==] - 27s 896ms/step - loss: 0.5841 -
accura
cy: Dept of AI & DS 49
0.9633
-
val_los
s:
0.5701
-
val_ac
curacy:
0.9667
Epoch
25/25
30/30
[============================
==] - 25s 844ms/step - loss: 0.7861 -
accuracy: 0.9500 - val_loss: 0.5762 -
val_accuracy: 0.9667

4/4
[============================
==] - 3s 635ms/step
Text(89.18, 0.5, 'Actual label')
Preprocess the image and submit it to the network for classification.
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 57ms/step
arctic fox: 1.0
polar bear: 1.1824497264458205e-28
walrus: 0.0
Now try it with a walrus image that the network hasn't seen before. Start by
loading the image.
<matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x2c546cb7790>

Preprocess the image and make a prediction.

1/1 [==============================] - 0s 51ms/step
arctic fox: 0.0
polar bear: 0.0
walrus: 1.0

Result: Thus written a python program

to implement successfully for the Image
augmentation using GANs.