Differential and Integral Calculus 2M - 104022

FINAL A - SOLUTION
July 4, 2020

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Guidelines

1. Duration: 3 hours. Use of calculators, personal dictionaries, electronic devices,

reference materials, personal notes or any other extra material is not allowed.

2. Explain your solutions, quote theorems you are using.

No credit will be given for non-justified answers!.
Write clear and complete answer for each problem in the pages allocated for it.

3. After finishing, scan it and upload it as you usually do with the homework assign-
ments. That is, In a vertical (portrait) mode and in a normal size of paper (not too
large and not too small).

4. A table of important formulas.

F~ · d~r = Q − Py dxdy, where F~ = (P, Q).

H RR
Green
RR x
F~ · d~r = (∇ ~ × F~ ) · n̂ dS, where F~ = (P, Q, R).
H
Stokes
F~ · n̂ dS = ~ · F~ ) dV , where S is a closed surface.
RR RRR
Gauss (∇
S V

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Problem 1 (10 points)
The lines
x−1 y+4 z+2 x−4 y−2 z−6
l1 : = = , l2 : = =
1 −4 −2 2 2 1
are skew lines (not intersecting each other and not parallel to each other). Find an equa-
tion of the plane between them which satisfies the property of having an equal distance
from both of them (it is located at the middle between them).

Answer
The normal of the required plane is parallel to the resulting vector of the cross product
of the direction vectors of the given lines which are (1, −4, −2) and (2, 2, 1).

(1, −4, −2) × (2, 2, 1) = (0, −5, 10).

~ = (0, −1, 2). Therefore, the plane’s equation is

The normal can be N

π : − y + 2z + D = 0.

In order to position the plane exactly at the middle between the given lines we need that
the distance of some point from each line to the required plane has to be identical. If we
choose from l1 the point (1, −4, −2) and the point (4, 2, 6) from l2 then by the formula of
a distance of a point from a plane we obtain the equation

|4 − 4 + D| = | − 2 + 12 + D|.

That is
D2 = (10 + D)2 ⇒ D = −5.
Finally, the plane’s equation is

−y + 2z − 5 = 0 .

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Problem 2 (15 points)

1. Find the tangent plane and the normal line of the surface x2 − xy + z 2 = 9 at the
point (2, 2, 3). (8 p.)

2. Write Taylor’s expansion, up to second degree (including second degree), of the

function Z x
2
f (x, y) = 4 (y + 1)et dt
0

around (0, 0). (7 p.)

Hint: The fundamental theorem of Calculus.

Answer

1. Since the given surface is a level surface of an everywhere differentiable function (it
is a polynomial function) then the normal of the tangent plane at the given point is
parallel to the gradient of the function f (x, y, z) = x2 − xy + z 2 at the given point.
Hence,
~
∇f = (2x − y, −x, 2z) (2,2,3) = (2, −2, 6),
(2,2,3)

~ = (1, −1, 3).

which means that we can choose the normal to the tangent plane as N
The plane’s equation is
x − y + 3z + D = 0.
Plugging (2, 2, 3) yields

2 − 2 + 9 + D = 0 ⇒ D = −9,

thus the tangent plane equation is

x − y + 3z − 9 = 0 .

The normal line at the relevant point is

~l(t) = (2, 2, 3) + t(1, −1, 3) .

Rx 2
2. Since y 6= t we can write f as f (x, y) = 4(y + 1) 0
et dt. Now we can use the
fundamental theorem of Calculus to derive f .
Z 0
∂f 2 ∂f 2
f (0, 0) = 0, (0, 0) = 4(y + 1)ex (0,0)
= 4, (0, 0) = 4 et dt = 0,
∂x ∂y 0

∂ 2f 2 ∂ 2f 2 ∂ 2f
2
(0, 0) = 4(y + 1) · 2xex (0,0)
= 0, (0, 0) = 4ex (0,0)
= 4, (0, 0) = 0.
∂x ∂y∂x ∂y 2
Therefore,
1
p(x, y) = 0 + 4x + 0y + (0x2 + 2 · 4xy + 0y 2 ) = 4x + 4xy .
2

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Problem 3 (15 points)
Let f (x, y) = x2 + xy + 2x + 2y + 1.

(a) Find and classify the critical points of the function f (x, y) in the plane R. (8 p.)

(b) Find the minimum and the maximum of the function f (x, y) on the square
−3 ≤ x ≤ 3, −3 ≤ y ≤ 3. (7 p.)

Answer

1. The function is differentiable everywhere and therefore it doesn’t have special critical
points such as cusps.
∂f ∂f
= 2x + y + 2, = x + 2.
∂x ∂y
Solving ∂f
∂x
= 0, ∂f
∂y
= 0 yields a critical point (−2, 2). Let’s check the critical point’s
type by second derivative test.

fxx = 2 > 0,
fxx fxy 2 1
= = −1 < 0.
fyx fyy 1 0
Implying that (−2, 2) is a saddle point.

2. From section (a) one infers that there are no extremum points inside the square (the
only inner critical point turns to be a saddle point). Let’s look for critical points
along the boundaries y = ±3, x ∈ (−3, 3) and x = ±3, y ∈ (−3, 3). We also need
to check the vertices of the square since they might be cusps on the function’s graph
(problem with differentiability at the edge).

x = −3, y ∈ (−3, 3) :
f (y) = 9 − 3y − 6 + 2y + 1 = 4 − y.
f 0 (y) = −1 < 0 ⇒ No critical points along this side.
x = 3, y ∈ (−3, 3) :
f (y) = 9 + 3y + 6 + 2y + 1 = 5y + 16.
f 0 (y) = 5 > 0 ⇒ No critical points along this side.
y = 3, x ∈ (−3, 3) :
f (x) = x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 + 1 = x2 + 5x + 7.
f 0 (x) = 2x + 5 = 0 ⇔ x = −2.5.
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Critical point: (−2.5, 3). f (−2.5, 3) = (−2.5)2 −3·2.5−5+6+1 = 4
− 15
2
+2 = − 34 .
y = −3, x ∈ (−3, 3) :
f (x) = x2 − 3x + 2x − 6 + 1 = x2 − x − 5.
f 0 (x) = 2x − 1 = 0 ⇔ x = 0.5.
Critical point: (0.5, −3). f (0.5, −3) = 14 − 23 + 1 − 6 + 1 = −5.25.

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Checking the vertices:
f (3, 3) = 9 + 9 + 6 + 6 + 1 = 31,
f (3, −3) = 9 − 9 + 6 − 6 + 1 = 1,
f (−3, 3) = 9 − 9 − 6 + 6 + 1 = 1,
f (−3, −3) = 9 + 9 − 6 − 6 + 1 = 7.

Since the given square is a closed and bounded domain and since the function is
continuous over this domain, then by Weirestrass theorem the function obtains a
minimal and a maximal values over it. That is, one (or more) of the values of the
function at the critical points is minimal and one (or more) of the values of the
function at the critical points is maximal. In our case, the minimal value is −5.25
and the maximal value is 31 .

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Problem 4 (15 points)
Let (
xy
x2 +y 2
(x, y) 6= (0, 0)
,
f (x, y) =
0, otherwise.
(a) Compute the limit
lim f (x, y),
(x,y)→(0,0)

or show that the limit does not exist. Is the function f continuous? (8 p.)
(b) Does the function f have partial derivatives at the point (0, 0)? If yes, find their
values. (7 p.)

Answer

1. Choose the path y = mx, then

mx2 m
lim 2 2 2
= lim = D.N.E.
x→0 x + m x x→0 1 + m2

The above result also implies that f is not continuous at (0, 0).

2.
h·0
∂f f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) h2 +02
−0
(0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
∂x h→0 h h→0 h
∂f
Similarly one shows that ∂y
(0, 0) = 0.

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Problem 5 (15 points)
Let D be the object defined by

D = {(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2 − x2 − y 2 }.

Determine
(a) the volume of D. (7 p.)
(b) the surface area of D. (8 p.)

Answer
The object D:

1.  
ZZZ ZZ Z2 −y2
2−x ZZ
V = dV = dz  dxdy = 2 − (x2 + y 2 )dxdy =
 

V x2 +y 2 ≤1 0 x2 +y 2 ≤1

Z2π Z1 Z1 1
!
r4
= Polar coordinates = dθ (2 − r2 )r dr = 2π 2r − r3 dr = 2π r2 − =
4 0
0 0 0
 
1 3
= 2π 1 − = π.
4 2

2. We divide the surface area into 3 parts, the basis, the cylinder and the dome.

The basis:
SBasis = area of a unit disk = π · 12 = π.

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The cylinder (not including caps):
SCylinder = Circumference of the unit circle times the height = 2π · 1 · 1 = 2π.

The dome:
f (x,y)
z }| {
~r(x, y) = xî + y ĵ + 2 − x2 − y 2 k̂ where D = {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}. We have seen
in
q tutorials that in thispkind of parameterizations the length of the normal equals
(fx0 )2 + (fy0 )2 + 12 = 4(x2 + y 2 ) + 1. Hence

ZZ p Z2π Z1 √
SDome = 4(x2 + y 2 ) + 1 dxdy = Polar coordinates = dθ 4r2 + 1 r dr
x2 +y 2 ≤1 0 0

!
1
1 3 π 3 
= 2π (4r2 + 1) 2 = 52 − 1 .
12 0 6

π
 3
 π 3 
Total area= SBasis + SCylinder + SDome = π + 2π + 6
5 2 − 1 = 3π + 52 − 1 .
6

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Problem 6 (15 points)
Verify the statement of Green’s theoremfor the function f~(x, y) = (xy 2 , 2x2 y), when
D is the region bounded by the ellipse C = (x, y) 4x2 + 9y 2 = 36 .

Remark: ”Verify” means that you need to compute it twice, once using the definition
of a line integral of a vector field and once using Green’s theorem and show that you obtain
the same results.

Answer
Directly,
A natural parametrization for the given ellipse is ~r(t) = (3 cos t, 2 sin t), which implies
0
~r (t) = (−3 sin t, 2 cos t). Plugging everything in the requested line integral yields:

Z2π Z2π
(12 cos t sin2 t, 36 cos2 t sin t)·(−3 sin t, 2 cos t) dt = −36 cos t sin3 t+72 cos3 t sin t dt =
0 0

Z2π Z2π
= (−36 sin3 t+72 cos2 t sin t) cos t dt = (−36 sin3 t+72(1−sin2 t) sin t) cos t dt = Substitution:
0 0

Z0
(x = sin t, dx = cos t dt) = (−36x2 + 72(1 − x2 )x) dx = 0 .
0

Using Green’s theorem,

First notice that all the premisses of the theorem holds and the field has a polynomial
components (hence, differentiable everywhere).

ZZ ZZ
Qx − Py dxdy = 2xy dxdy = Skew polar coordinates: x = 3r cos t, y = 2r sin t,
D D

Z2π Z1 J
z}|{ Z2π Z 1

0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π = 2 3r cos t·2r sin t· 6r drdt = 2 sin 2t dt 18r3 dr = 0 .

0 0
|0 {z }0
=0

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Problem 7 (15 points)
Let F~ (x, y, z) = (x, y, z). Find the flux of F~ coming out from the ball x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9
by using
(a) a direct calculation. (8 p.)
(b) the Gauss divergence theorem. (7 p.)

Answer

1. Let’s parameterize the given sphere using spherical coordinates, namely

~r(ϕ, θ) = 3(sin ϕ cos θ, sin ϕ sin θ, cos ϕ), D = {(ϕ, θ) | 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π}.

The normal to the sphere is

0 0
~r ϕ × ~r θ = 9(sin2 ϕ cos θ, sin2 ϕ sin θ, sin ϕ cos ϕ).

ZZ Zπ Z2π
F~ ·n̂ dr = 3(sin ϕ cos θ, sin ϕ sin θ, cos ϕ)·9(sin2 ϕ cos θ, sin2 ϕ sin θ, sin ϕ cos ϕ)dϕdθ =
D 0 0

Zπ Z2π
= 27 sin3 ϕ cos2 θ + sin3 ϕ sin2 θ + sin ϕ cos2 ϕ dϕdθ =
0 0

Zπ Z2π Zπ Z2π
= 27 sin3 ϕ + sin ϕ cos2 ϕ dϕdθ = 27 sin ϕ dϕdθ =
0 0 0 0
 π
= 54π − cos ϕ = 108π .
0

2. Notice that all the premises of Gauss’s theorem are satisfied.

ZZ ZZZ ZZ
~ ~ ~ 4
F · n̂ dr = ∇ · F dV = 3 dV = 3 · π · 33 = 108π .
3
D V V

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