Operating System

Prof :Dr. Abhishek D. Pathak

Class :5 Sem IIOT)
LEC No :1
 Task of Operating System
Let’s check of many of you know what operating do for you?
Syllabus
Books
WINDOWS 10
Mac os
UBANTU
Android OS
Operating system
 Chapter 1: Introduction
What Operating Systems Do
Computer-System Organization
Computer-System Architecture
Operating-System Structure
Operating-System Operations
Process Management
Memory Management
Storage Management
Protection and Security
Distributed Systems
Special-Purpose Systems
Computing Environments
Open-Source Operating Systems
 Objectives
To provide a grand tour of the major operating systems components

To provide coverage of basic computer system organization

 What is an Operating System?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware

Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
Make the computer system convenient to use
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Four Components of a Computer System

Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices

Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware
among various applications and users

Application programs – define the ways in which

the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers,
database systems, video games

Users
People, machines, other computers
 What Operating Systems Do
Depends on the point of view
Users want convenience, ease of use
Don’t care about resource utilization
But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users happy
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources but frequently use
shared resources from servers
Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability and battery life
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded computers in devices
and automobiles
 Operating System Definition

OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use

OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer
 Operating System Definition (Cont.)

“The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel. Everything else is either a
system program (ships with the operating system) or an application program.
 Computer System Organization
Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing access to shared
memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
 Computer-System Operation
I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type

Each device controller has a local buffer

CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers

I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller

Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by causing an interrupt
 Function of Operating System
Security –
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques.
it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.

Control over system performance

Monitors overall system health to help improve performance. records the response time between
service requests and system response to having a complete view of the system health. This can
help improve performance by providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.

Job accounting –
Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this
information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of users.
 Function of Operating System
Error detecting aids
The operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the
malfunctioning of a computer system.

Coordination between other software and users

Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other
software to the various users of the computer systems.

Memory Management
The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up
of a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main
memory is fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed,
it should be first loaded in the main memory.
 Function of Operating System
Processor Management
In a multi-programming environment, the OS decides the order in which processes have access
to the processor, and how much processing time each process has. This function of OS is called
process scheduling. An Operating System performs the following activities for processor
management. Keeps track of the status of processes. The program which performs this task is
known as a traffic controller. Allocates the CPU that is a processor to a process. De-allocates
processor when a process is no more required.
 Function of Operating System
Device Management
An OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. It performs the following
activities for device management. Keeps track of all devices connected to the system. designates a
program responsible for every device known as the Input/Output controller. Decides which
process gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an effective and
efficient way. Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.

File Management
A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System carries out the
following file management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access
settings and status of every file, and more… These facilities are collectively known as the file
system.
The Operating System provides certain services to the
users
Program Execution: The Operating System is responsible for the execution of all types of programs whether it be user programs or
system programs. The Operating System utilizes various resources available for the efficient running of all types of functionalities.
Handling Input/Output Operations: The Operating System is responsible for handling all sorts of inputs, i.e, from the keyboard, mouse,
desktop, etc. The Operating System does all interfacing in the most appropriate manner regarding all kinds of Inputs and Outputs.
For example, there is a difference in the nature of all types of peripheral devices such as mice or keyboards, the Operating System is
responsible for handling data between them.
Manipulation of File System: The Operating System is responsible for making decisions regarding the storage of all types of data or files,
i.e, floppy disk/hard disk/pen drive, etc. The Operating System decides how the data should be manipulated and stored.
Error Detection and Handling: The Operating System is responsible for the detection of any type of error or bugs that can occur while
any task. The well-secured OS sometimes also acts as a countermeasure for preventing any sort of breach to the Computer System from
any external source and probably handling them.
Resource Allocation: The Operating System ensures the proper use of all the resources available by deciding which resource to be used
by whom for how much time. All the decisions are taken by the Operating System.
Accounting: The Operating System tracks an account of all the functionalities taking place in the computer system at a time. All the
details such as the types of errors that occurred are recorded by the Operating System.
Information and Resource Protection: The Operating System is responsible for using all the information and resources available on the
machine in the most protected way. The Operating System must foil an attempt from any external resource to hamper any sort of data
or information.