SRI MANAKULA VINAYAGAR

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AnAutonomousInstitution)
Puducherry-605107

RegisterNo. :

Name :

Subject :

Branch :

Year/Semester:

Certificate
Certified that this is the bonafide record of Practical Work done by
theabovestudentinthe ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
(U23EEPC01)duringtheacademicyear .

Staffin-Charge HeadoftheDepartment

SubmittedfortheEndSemesterPracticalExaminationheldon

InternalExaminer ExternalExaminer
List of Experiments:

1. Domestic Wiring Practice (Staircase Wiring, Doctor’s Room Wiring, Godown Wiring)
2. Load test on single phase transformer.
3. Load test on 3 phase transformers
4. Measurement of three phase power using two wattmeter method
5. OCC and Load test on DC shunt Generator.
6. Load test on DC shunt motor.
7. Load test on DC series motor
8. Speed control methods of DC motor.
9. Load test on single phase Induction Motor.
10. Load test on 3 phase induction motor.
 CONTENTS

Ex. PageN
Date TitleoftheExperiment Marks Signature
No. o.

10

11

12
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
EXP NO: DOMESTIC WIRING PRACTICE DATE:

AIM:

To study about the various types of wiring and to verify its truth table experimentally.

A) STAIR-CASE WIRING

OBJECTIVE:

To control an incandescent lamp from two different places

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the components Rating Quantity

1 One –way junction box 19 mm 1
2 Three – way junction box 19 mm 1
3 Switch box 4x4 2
4 PVC pipes 19 mm 4
5 G.I. clamps (3/4 inch) 4
6 Screws --- 15
7 Fuse 230V, 10A 1
8 Two – way switch 230V, 10A 2
9 Batten holder 230V, 10A 1
10 Incandescent lamp (Bulb) 230V, 60W 1
11 Connecting wires (multi-stand Cu.) --- ---
12 Wooden working board --- ---

PROCEDURE:
➢ Initially suitable junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are selected
➢ As per the layout diagram (1b) junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are fixed
rigidly on the wooden board with the help of GI clamps.
➢ As per the circuit diagram (1a) the connections are given:
➢ The Phase wire is connected to the common terminal of the two-way switch (SPDT-1)
through fuse.
➢ From the other two throw points of SPDT-1, wires are connected to the two throw
points of SPDT-2. (ie. top terminals of SPDT-1 and SPDT-2 are connected and
bottom terminals of SPDT-1 and SPDT-2 are connected).
➢ From the common terminal of SPDT-2, wire is taken to any one terminal of the
incandescent lamp (bulb).
➢ The other terminal is taken out as the neutral line.
➢ Connections are checked using the wiring diagram (1c) and the truth table (1d) is
verified for different combinations.
➢ Now the lamp can be controlled from two places irrespective of the position of the
switches.
WIRING DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

S1 S2 Lamp

T T On

T B Off

B B On

B T Off
RESULT:

Thus the experiment of various wiring done and verified the truth table.

INFERENCE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
 B. DOCTOR’S ROOM WIRING

OBJECTIVE:

To make a doctor’s room wiring

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the components Rating Quantity

1 One –way junction box 19 mm 2
2 Three – way junction box 19 mm 1
3 Four - way junction box 19 mm 1
4 Switch box 4x4 2
5 PVC pipes 19 mm 6
6 G.I. clamps (3/4 inch) 6
7 Screws --- 20
8 Fuse 230V, 10A 1
9 Two – way switch 230V, 10A 1
10 Batten holder 230V, 10A 1
11 Bell push 230V, 10A 1
12 Buzzer 230V, 10W 1
13 Ceiling rose 230V, 10A 1
14 Incandescent lamp (Green + Red) 230V, 15W 1+1
15 Connecting wires (multi-stand Cu.) --- ---
16 Wooden working board --- ---

PROCEDURE:

➢ Initially suitable junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are selected. Required
connecting wires are taken.

➢ As per the layout diagram (2b) junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are fixed
rigidly on the wooden board with the help of GI clamps.

➢ As per the circuit diagram (2a) the connections are given:

➢ The phase wire is connected to the top terminal of the bell push S1 through proper
fuse.

➢ From the bottom terminal of the S1, wire is taken and connected to the common
terminal of S2 (SPDT).
WIRING DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

Bell Switch SPDT Lamp In Lamp Out

Buzzer
S1 S2 (Green) (Red)

ON T RING ON OFF
ON B OFF OFF ON
OFF T/B OFF OFF OFF
 ➢ From top terminal of the switch S2, two wires are taken, one wire is connected to one
terminal of batten holder (lamp-1) and other wire is connected to one terminal of the
ceiling rose (buzzer).

➢ From the bottom terminal of S2, a wire is taken and connected to one terminal of the
batten holder (lamp-2).

➢ Other terminals from the button holders (L1 – L2) and the ceiling rose (buzzer) are
connected together and taken out as neutral wire.

➢ Connections are checked using the wiring diagram (2c) and the truth table (2d) is
verified for different combinations.

➢ Now the lamps (Lamp in and Lamp out) and the buzzer can be controlled.

RESULT:

Thus the experiment of Doctors room wiring has done and verified the truth table.

INFERENCE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
 C).GODOWN WIRING

OBJECTIVE:

To make a Go-down wiring

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the components Rating Quantity

1 One –way junction box 19 mm 3
2 Three – way junction box 19 mm 1
3 Four - way junction box 19 mm 2
4 Switch box 4x4 3
5 PVC pipes 19 mm 9
6 G.I. clamps (3/4 inch) 9
7 Screws --- 25
8 Fuse 230V, 10A 1
9 One-way switch 230V, 10A 1
10 Two – way switch 230V, 10A 2
11 Batten holder 230V, 10A 3
12 Incandescent lamp 230V, 60W 3
13 Connecting wires (multi-stand Cu.) --- ---
14 Wooden working board --- ---

PROCEDURE:

➢ Initially suitable junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are selected. Required
connecting wires are taken.
➢ As per the layout diagram (3b) junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are fixed
rigidly on the wooden board with the help of GI clamps.
➢ As per the circuit diagram (3a) the connections are given:
➢ The phase wire is given to the top terminal of the switch S1 (SPST) through proper fuse.
➢ The bottom terminal of S1 and the common terminal of switch S2 (SPDT) are connected.
➢ The top terminal of S2 is connected to one end of the batten holder (for L1) and the
bottom terminal of S2 is connected to the common terminal of switch S3 (SPDT).
➢ Again the top terminal of the switch S3 is connected to the one terminal of the batten
holder (for L2) and the bottom terminal of S3 is connected to any one terminal of the
batten holder (for L3).
WIRING DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

S1 S2 S3 L1 L2 L3

OFF T/B T/B OFF OFF OFF

ON T T ON OFF OFF

ON B T OFF ON OFF

ON B B OFF OFF ON

ON B T OFF ON OFF

ON T T ON OFF OFF

OFF T T OFF OFF OFF

 ➢ The remaining unconnected terminals of the batten holders are connected together
and taken out as neutral wire.
➢ Connections checked using the wiring diagram and the truth table is verified for
different combinations.
➢ Now the three lamps can be controlled from three different places.

RESULT:

Thus the experiment of Godown wiring has done and verified the truth table.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
EXP.NO.: DATE:

LOADTESTON SINGLE PHASETRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to obtain percentage regulation
and efficiency.

APPARATUSREQUIRRED:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Wattmeter
4 AutoTransformer
5 Resistiveload
6 ConnectingWires

THEORY:

When the secondary is loaded the secondary current I 2is setup. The magnitudeand
phase of I2 with respect to V2 is determined by the characteristics of the load.
Thesecondarycurrentsetsupitsownmmfandhenceitsownfluxф 2which is inopposition
to main primary flux ф which is due to I 0 the secondary ampere turns N 2*I2are known
as demagnetizing ampere turns .The opposing secondary flux I 2 weakensthe primary
flux ф momentary. Hence primary back Emf E 1 tends to be reduced. For amoment
V1gain the upper handover E 1and hence causes more current to flow in primary.
Lettheadditionalprimarycurrent be I 21 .It is known as load component
ofprimarycurrent.Thiscurrentisantiphase with I21 the additional primary mmf
N1*I2setsupitsown flux ф21 which is in opposite to ф2 and is equal to its
magnitude.Hencethetwocanceleachother out. So the magnetic effects of secondary
current I2areimmediatelyneutralizedbytheadditionalprimarycurrentI 21.Hence whatever
theloadconditionsbe,the net fluxpassingthrough coreisapproximatelythe same as no-load.
NamePlateDetails:
Capacity =2KVA
Frequency =
50HzNo.ofPhase
=1ØTypeo
fSupply
=1ØACPri
maryVoltage =230V
SecondaryVoltage =115V

CalculationofRatedcurrentonprimaryandsecondary:
P
Primarycurrent(I1) =
V1Cos(1)
2000
=
230*1
=8.69A

P
Secondarycurrent(I2) =
V2Cos (2)
2000
=
115*1
=17.39A
CalculationofFuseRating:
Forloadtestfuserating125%

Primary fuserating =8.69*1.25

=10.86A

Secondaryfuserating =17.39*1.25
=21.72A
FORMULAUSED:

Output
%𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦𝜂=
powerinputp
ower

E0 −𝑉
%𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=
V
Tabulation:

Wattmeter W
Primar 1
Primary Multiplicatio Secondary Inputp Output
ycurre Secondary
voltage nfactor=2 current ower( power( %Efficiency %
S.No. ntI1 VoltageV2(
V1 I2( W) W) (ή) Regulation
(Volts) (A) Volts)
A)
Obs Act

5
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Theautotransformershouldbekeptatminimumvoltageposition.
2. Beforeswitchingoffthesupplythevariacshouldbebroughtbacktominimumposition.
3. Initiallyloadshouldoffcondition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connectasperthecircuitdiagram
2. ClosetheDPSTswitch
3. AdjusttheAutotransformertilltheratedvoltageisreached
4. Notedownthereadingsofprimaryvoltmeter,ammeterandwattmeter&secondaryvolt
meter,ammeter.
5. Applyloadinstepsandnotedownthecorrespondingreadingtill
theratedcurrentisreached.
ModelCalculation:

Actualreadingofwattmeter1(W1) =MF*observedreadingofwattmeter1
=2*240=480W

InputPower =W1
=480W
OutputPower =V2×I2cosΦ
=7.5×112×1
Efficiency(ƞ) = Output power ×100
inputpower
= 440×100
480
=91.6%

NoLoadvoltage(VNL) =115V
LoadVoltage (VL) =114V
%Regulation
VNL−
=
VFLV
F
L

115−114
= *100
114
=0.87%
MODELGRAPH:


R
RegulationR %
Efficiency%

GRAPHS: Loadcurrent(A)

1. OutputpowerVsefficiency
2. OutputpowerVs%regulation
RESULT:

Thus,theloadtestonsinglephasetransformerwasperformedandtherespectivegraphswe
replotted.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. What is the principle of transformer?
Transformerisastaticdevice
bywhichelectricpoweristransformedfromonecircuittoanothercircuitwithoutanychange
infrequency.ItisbasedontheFaradayslawsofelectromagneticinduction.
2. What is the purpose of load test on transformer?
The purpose of load test of a transformer is used to find the efficiency
andpercentageregulationofatransformer.
3. What are the types of transformer?
Basedonthetypeofcorearrangement
i. coretype
ii. Shelltype
iii. Spiralwound
Basedontypeofcoolingarrangement
i. oilfilledselfcooled
ii. Oilfilledwatercooled
iii. AirblasttypeBasedontransformationratio
i. stepupand
ii. Stepdown
4. Why transformer rating is specified as kVA not in kW?
In transformer, core loss depends on voltage (V) and copper loss depends
oncurrent (A).The total transformer loss depends on volt ampere (VA) and noton
phase angle between voltage and current i.e. it is independent of
loadpowerfactor.ThatiswhytransformerratingisspecifiedinkVAnotinkW.
5. Define Ideal Transformer?
An idealtransformerisone thathas,
(i).Nowindingresistance
(ii). Noleakageflux
(iii). NoIronloss(Hysteresislossandeddycurrentloss)
6. What are faradays laws of electromagnetic induction?
Faraday’sFirstLaw
Whenevertheconductorcutsthefluxorfluxcutstheconductor,anemfisinduced.
Faraday’sSecondLaw
It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rateof
change of flux linkages with the coil. The flux linkages of the coil is
theproductofnumberofturnsinthecoilandfluxassociatedwiththecoil.
7. How can identify primary and secondary in transformer?
 Theterminalwhichisgiventoinputsupplyiscalledprimaryandwhichisconnec
tedtoloadorothersideiscalledsecondary.
8. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?
WhenCopperlossisequaltoIronlosswewillgetmaximumefficiencyinatransform
er.
9. What type of load is used for conducting load test on transformers?
Variableresistivetypeload
10. What is auto transformer?
Autotransformeriskindofelectricaltransformerwhere
p r im ar yandsecondarysharessamecommonsinglewinding.
11. What is the use of auto transformer?
Theautotransformerisusedtoincreasethevoltageorcurrent
togettheexactratedvoltage.
12. List out the applications of a transformer.
➢ ItcanriseorlowerthelevelofVoltageorCurrentinanACcircuit.
➢ Itcanincreaseordecreasethevalueofcapacitor,aninductororresistanceina
nACcircuit.
➢ ItcanbeusedtopreventDCfrompassingfromonecircuittotheother.
➢ Itcanisolatetwocircuitselectrically.
EXP NO: DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF 3 Ø POWER USING TWO WATTMETER METHOD
AIM
To conduct a suitable experiment on a 3-phase load to measure the three phase power and
Power factor using two wattmeter method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Resistive load
5 Auto Transformer
6 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

The connection diagram for the measurement of power in a three-phase circuit using two
wattmeters, is given in Fig. 20.1. This is irrespective of the circuit connection – star or delta. The
circuit may be taken as unbalanced one, balanced type being only a special case. Please note the
connection of the two wattmeters. The current coils of the wattmeters, 1 & 2, are in series with
the two phases, R&B, with the pressure or voltage coils being connected across Y R− Y and B−
Y respectively. Y is the third phase, in which no current coil is connected.
So, it can be concluded that the sum of the two wattmeter readings is the total power
consumed in the three-phase circuit, assumed here as a star-connected one. This may also be
easily proved for delta connected circuit. As no other condition is imposed, the circuit can be
taken as an unbalanced one, the balanced type being only a special case, as stated earlier.
FORMULA USED:

1. Total power P = W1+W2 (watts)

2.  = Tan-1 3[W1-W2/W1+W2] watts

3. P1 =3VL IL Cos.

4. P.F = Cos.

P1- P2
5. Percentage Error = ------------------- x 100%
P1

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.
2. There should be no load at the time of starting.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the Auto transformer till the rated voltage is reached.
3. If any Wattmeter shows negative reading then interchange M and L connections and
readings are taken in negative.
4. At no load, the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted.
5. Load is gradually increased. All meter readings are noted at each stage.
6. The above procedure is repeated till the rated current is reached.

GRAPHS:

Load Current Vs % Error

 TABULATION:

Wattmeter W1 Wattmeter W2
Load M.F = M.F = Φ = tan-1√3 Power P1 =
Load Power P2 = % Error = ((P1 –
S.No. Current ((W1–W2)/ Factor √3VLILcos
Voltage VL W1+W2 P2) / P1) × 100
IL Obs Act Obs Act (W1+W2)) cosΦ Φ
MODEL CALCULATION:
 RESULT:
Calculated the three phase wattmeter using two wattmeter method and calculated % error and
plotted the curve

INFERENCE:
EXPTNO: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON A THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To calculate the percentage efficiency and percentage voltage regulation for the given
3φ transformer at various load.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:
S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Wattmeter
4 Resistiveload
5 AutoTransformer
6 ConnectingWires

THEORY:
Thethreecoresarearrangedat120 ofromeachother.Onlyprimarywindings are show
on the cores for simplicity. The primaries are connected to the three-phase supply.
The primaries carry the currents IR, IY and IB
producingthefluxesΦR,ΦYandΦBintheindividualcores.Thecommonlegofthecores
i.e.centerlegformedcarriessumoftheallthreefluxes.
But at any instant, in a three-phase system, ĪR + ĪY + ĪB = 0, hence the
sumofthethreefluxesisalsozeroatanyinstant.Hencethecenterlegdoesnotcarry any flux.
So if center leg is removed, It hardly makes any difference in theother conditions of
the transformer. If it is removed, any two legs provide
thereturnpathforthecurrentandhencethefluxinthethirdleg.This is
thegeneralprincipleusedinthedesignofthreephasecoretypetransformers.
The three phase transformers can be core type or shell type. The three-
coretypesinglephasetransformerscanbecombinedtogetthreephasecoretypetransformers.
Similarly,threesinglephaseshelltypetransformers canbecombinedtogethertoformathree-
phaseshelltypetransformer.
NamePlateDetails:
Capacity =3KVA
Frequency =50Hz
No.ofPhase =3Ø
TypeofSupply =3ØAC
PrimaryVoltage =440V
SecondaryVoltage =220V

CalculationofRatedcurrentonprimaryandsecondary:
Primarycurrent(I1) = P3V1Cos(
1)

3000
=
3*440*1
=3.93A
P
Secondarycurrent(I2) =
3V2Cos(2)
3000
=
3*220*1
=7.87A
CalculationofFuseRating:
Forloadtestfuserating125%
Primary fuserating =3.39*1.25
=4.91A
FORMULAUSED:

InputPower =W1+W2(watts)

OutputPower =3V2I2Cos(Watts)

Outputpower
%Efficiencyη= X100
Inputpower

VNL–VFL
%Regulation =
X100
VNL

PRECAUTIONS:

1. AutoTransformershouldbeinminimumposition.
2. Thereshouldbenoloadatthetimeofstarting.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connectionsaregivenasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Auto transformer is adjusted for voltmeter in the primary side to read
theratedvoltage.
3. Theoutputvoltagecorrespondingtotheratedprimary voltage is
noted.Thisisnoloadsecondaryvoltage.
4. Thewattmeterandammeterreadingscorrespondingtonoloadisalsonoted.
5. Loadisgraduallyincreased.Allmeterreadingsarenotedateachstage.
6. The above procedure is repeated till the secondary current exceeds ratedcurrent.
Tabulation:

WattmeterW1 WattmeterW2
Multiplication Multiplication V2 Inputpower( Outputpower( % %
V1 I1( I2(
factor=2 factor=2 (Volts) W) W) Efficiency Regulatio
(V) A) A)
W1+W2 √𝟑V2I2Cos(Ø2) (ή) n
OBS(W ACT( OBS(W
ACT(W)
) W) )
ModelCalculation:

Actualreadingofwattmeter1(W1) =MF*observedreadingofwattmeter1
=2*360=720w

Actualreadingofwattmeter2(W2) =MF*observedreadingofwattmeter2
=2*440=880w

InputPower =W1+W2
=720+880
=1600W

LoadvoltageV2 =200V
LoadCurrentI2 =3.1A
Outputpower =√3V2I2Cos(Ø2)
=√3*200*3.1 [Cos(Ø2)=1]
=1073.81W

Efficiency =(OutputPower/InputPower)*100
1073.81
= 1600 ∗100
=67.1%

NoLoadvoltage(VNL) =210V
LoadVoltage(VL) =200V
%Regulation =
VNL−V
NLV
NL
MODELGRAPH:

RegulationR % 
Efficiency%

Loadcurrent(A)

GRAPHS:

1. OutputpowerVsefficiency2.Out
putpowerVs%regulation
RESULT:
Thustheloadtestonsinglephasetransformerwasperformedandtherespectivegraphswer
eplotted.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. Whatisthefunctionoftransformer?
Ittransformselectricpowerfromonecircuit toanother circuit
withoutanychangeinfrequency
2. Whytheefficiencyofatransformerishigherthanthatofmotors?
Motorshasmovingpartssothereisalwaysaloss,buttransformerhasnomovingp artsso
moreefficiency.
3. Distinguishbetweencoretypeandshelltypetransformers?Co
retypetransformer
Thecoilsarewoundaroundthetwolimbsofarectangularmagneticcore.
Thewindingsurroundsthecore
Singlemagneticpath
Shelltypetransformer
The coilsarewoundonthecentral limbofathreelimbcore.
Thecoresurroundsthewinding
Twomagneticpaths
4. Whatisthepowerformulaforsinglephaseandthreephase?
Electric power is the rate of energy consumption in an electrical circuit.
Forsinglephase(1Φ)– P=VIcosΦ
Forthreephase(3Φ)–P=current 3 VLILcosΦIn termsof line voltage and line
Forthreephase(3Φ)–P=3VPIPcosΦIntermsofphasevoltageandphase
current
5.Defineregulationandefficiencyofthetransformer?
Theregulationof thetransformerisdefinedasthereductioninmagnitude of the terminal
voltage due to load, with respect to the no-loadterminalvoltage.
% regulation = (V2on no-load – V2when loaded/ V2on no-load) ×
100Transformerefficiencyƞ=(outputpower/inputpower)×100
 EXP.NO. DATE:
OCCANDLOADTESTONDCSHUNTGENERATOR
AIM:
Todraw the OCC and load characteristics of Self Excited DC shunt
Generator.
APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
5 ResistiveLoad
ConnectingWire
6
s

THEORY:
A DC generator requires an excitation circuit to generate an induce
voltagedependingonwhetherexcitation circuit consumes power for the armature
ofthemachineorfromseparatelyrequirepowersupply. Generators may
beclassifiedasselfexcitedor separately excited generators
respectively.TheinducedemfinDCgeneratorsis given by the equation PфZN/60A
volts.StateP,Z,AareconstantstheaboveequationarewrittenasEg=KфN.Ifthespeedofthegene
ratoralsomaintainedconstantthenEg=KфbutthefluxisdirectlyproportionaltothecurrentHe
nceEg=K2If.Fromtheaboveequationitisclearthattheinducedemfisdirectlypropositionaltot
hefieldcurrentwhenspeedmaintained constant,. The plot between the induced emf and
the field current isknownasopencircuitcharacteristics of the DC generator. The
induced
emfwhenthefieldcurrentiszeroisknownasresidualvoltage.Thisemfisduetothepresenceofas
mallamountoffluxdetained. In the field poles of
thegeneratorcalledresidualflux.OncetheOCCis obtained parameters such
ascriticalfieldresistance,criticalspeedandthemaximumvoltagetowhichthemachinecanbuil
dupcanbedetermined.If required the OCC at a differentspeeds can also be obtained.
Critical speed is minimum speed below which thegeneratorshuntfailstoexcite.
NameplatedetailsofDCMotor:

Capacity :3W
Voltage :220V
Current :19A
Speed :1500RPM

NameplatedetailsofDCGenerator:

Capacity :3W
Voltage :220V
Current :16A
Speed :1500RPM

CalculationofFuseRatingforloadtest:

ForloadtestonDCgenerator=ratedcurrent*1.25
=16*1.25
=20A

ForMotor =ratedcurrent*1.25
=19*1.25
=23.75A

CalculationofFuseRatingforOCCtest:

ForOCCtestonDCgenerator =ratedcurrent*0.25
=16*0.25
=4A

ForMotor =ratedcurrent*1.25
=19*0.25
=4.75A
 A DC generator works on the principle of Faraday’s Law of
Electromagneticinduction,whichsaysthat,“Wheneveraconductorismovedinmagneticfi
eld,anEMFisgeneratedinit”.
“ThemagnitudeofinductionEMFisdirectlyproportionalto the rate
ofchangeofflux”.Thevoltageequation for a DC shunt generator is given; byVL=Eg–
IaRa;UnderNoLoadCondition;SinceIa,Isnegligiblysmall, From
theaboveequation,theterminalvoltage(VL),Istheno;loadinducedEMF(Eg),astheloadontheg
eneratorincreases,theloadcurrentandhencethearmaturecurrentincreasesduetoarmaturer
eactiontheinducedEMFinthearmaturedecreases.
Also increased armature current causes increase in IaR adrop. Hence theterminal
voltage decreases with increase load. The plot between the
terminalvoltage(VL)andloadcurrent(IL)isknownastheexternalofloadcharacteristics.T
heplotbetweentheinducedEMF(Eg)andthearmaturecurrent(Ia)isknownastheinternal
ortotalcharacteristics.Thetypeofgraphofinternalandexternalcharacteristicsisshownin
modelgraph.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Removethefusecarriersbeforewiringandstartwiringasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Keepthemotorfieldrheostatatminimumresistancepositionandgeneratorfieldrheos
tatatmaximumresistiveposition.
3. TheSPSTswitchiskeptopenatthetimeofstartingtheexperiment.
4. Astheno-
loadtestisconductingtherequiredfuseratingsare20%ofmotorratedcurrent.
5. Replacethefusecarrierswithappropriatefusewiresafterthecircuitconnectionsarech
eckedbythestaff-in-charge.
PROCEDURE:
OPENCIRCUITCHARACTERISTICS
1. Theconnectionsaregivenasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. SupplyisgiventomotorbyenclosingDPSTS1
3. Motor isstarted using Three point Starter.
4. ThefieldRheostatofmotorisvariedtomakethemotorrunatratedspeedofthegenerator.
5. NoteresidualvoltagebeforeclosingtheSPSTswitch.
6. Thevoltmeterandammeterreadingsarenoted.
7. Thefieldrheostatofgeneratorisvariedgraduallyandthereadingsofammeterandvoltmeter
arenotedinsteps.
8. Bringthegeneratorfieldrheostatandmotorfieldrheostattotheoriginalpositionandope
ntheDPSTS1.
TABULATION:

OCCCHARACTERISTICS:

Open circuit voltageV0 Field current

Sl.No.
(v) If(A)

LOADCHARACTERISTICS:

Armature Armature InducedE

Loadcu Loadvo Fieldcu
Sl. current voltage MF
rrentIL ltageVL rrentIf( Ia=If+IL(A) Va=IaRa(V Eg=VL+Va(
No.
(A) (V) A) ) V)

MODELCALCULATIONFOROCCCHARACTERISTICS:

CriticalfieldResistance=V1/If2
=70/0.1
Rc =700Ω

CriticalSpeed RN =(XY/XZ)*1500
=(6/12)*1500
=750RPM
LOADCHARACTERISTICS:
1. Theconnectionsaregivenasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. SupplyisgiventomotorbyenclosingDPSTS1.
3. Motor isstarted using Three point Starter.
4. ThefieldRheostatofmotorisvariedtomakethemotorrunatratedspeedofthegenerator.

5. NowtheloadsideDPST2isclosedandloadisappliedgraduallyuptoratedcurrent.
6. Thespeedismaintainedconstantateachload.
7. Thereadingsofammeterandvoltmeterarenotedateachload.
8. Removetheloadcompletely.
9. OpentheloadsideDPST2.Bringthefieldrheostatofgeneratorandmotortoitsoriginalpo
sitionandopentheDPST1.
CIRCUITDIAGRAMTOMEASURERa

TABULATIONTOFINDTHEARMATURERESISTANCE:

Armature Armature
ResistanceR
Sl.No. currentIa voltageVa
a(Ω)
(A) (V)

4
Average
CIRCUITDIAGRAMTOMEASURERsh

TABULATIONTOFINDTHEFIELDRESISTANCE:

Sl.No. FieldcurrentI FieldvoltageV ResistanceRf(

f(A) f(V) Ω)

Average

MODELCALCULATIONFORLOADCHARACTERISTICS:

LoadcurrentIL =3.6A
LoadvoltageVL =210V
FieldcurrentIf =0.76
ArmaturecurrentIf+IL
=3.6+0.76=4.36AEmfinducedingeneratorE g
=VL+(Ia*Ra)
=210+(1.103*4.36)
=210.85V
GRAPHS:
1. FieldcurrentVsGenerated voltage
2. Load currentVsLoadvoltage
MODELGRAPH:
OpenCircuitCharacteristics:

V1 XY
CriticalResistanceR C = ,CriticalSpeed N= ratedspeed
If2 C
XZ

Loadcharacteristics:
RESULT:

Thus,theOCCandloadcharacteristicsofDCshuntgeneratorwhenitisseparatelyexcited
aredetermined.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. Whatisself–excitedgenerator?
Selfexcitedgeneratorsarethosewhosefieldmagnetsareenergizedbythecurrentproduced
bythegeneratorthemselves.
2. Whatarethetypesofself–excitedgenerator?
Basedonthetypeofarmatureconnectiontheself-
excitedgeneratorsareclassifiedinto3types
(i) Shuntwound
(ii) Serieswound
(iii) Compoundwound
3. HowwillyoufindresidualvoltageinDCseriesgenerator?
Thus by making SPST switch open, there will not be any current flow in
fieldwindinganditdoesnotproduce flux.In that case, the voltage which
isinducedduetoresidualflux(someflux storedinsidethemachine)iscalledresidualvoltage.
4. Whatismeanbyexcitation?
The process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current
iscalledexcitation.
5. Whatisthepurposeofmotorfieldrheostatinthecircuit?
Toadjustthemotorspeedasrequired(ratedspeed).
Byadjustingthefieldrheostat,wecanchangethefieldcurrentandcorrespondinglyfluxchan
ges.Asspeed(N)inverselyproportionaltoflux (∅),
wecanvaryspeedasrequired. N = k 1∅
6. Whatisthepurposeofgeneratorfieldrheostatinthecircuit?
Tovarythefieldcurrentofgenerator(Initialtomaximumexcitationcurrent).ToperformOC
Ctestingenerator,weneedtoincreasethefieldcurrentandcorrespondingly flux increases.
Due to that generated emf will be
increased.AsGeneratedemf(E)directlyproportionalspeed(N)andflux (∅).
EαNΦ (speed(N)–constant)
VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. Whatistheprincipleofgenerator?
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced emf is produced in
it according to the Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
2. DefineFlemingrighthandrule?
The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of right hand are held so that these fingers
are mutually perpendicular to each other, then forefinger gives the direction of the
lines of flux, thumb gives the direction of the relative motion of conductor and middle
finger gives the direction of the emf induced.
3. Whatismeanresidualmagnetism(or)residualflux?
Themagneticfieldthatremainsinamagneticmaterial(awindingcore)aftertheremovalo
felectricpowerorthemagnetizingforce.
4. What is critical field resistance and critical
speed?Criticalfieldresistance
If field resistance is more than critical resistance at start than induced emf fails to
drive current through field circuit and generator fails to excite at given speed.
Thus we can define the critical resistance as that resistance of the field circuit at a
given speed at which generator just excites and starts voltage building while beyond
this value generator fails to excite.
Criticalspeed
Criticalspeedofageneratoristhatspeedforwhichthegivenfieldresistancewill represent
critical field resistance. Is the speed is below the critical
speedthegeneratorwouldfailtoexcite.
5. Whatisprimemover?
A device supplying the turning force necessary to turn the shaft of a generator or
alternator. Steam turbines or diesel engines are the most common prime movers for AC
generators.
6. WhywepreferDCshuntmotor asprime mover in
generatorexperimentswhynotDCseriesorDCcompoundmotor?
Because DC shunt motor is a constant speed motor. We cannot use series motor
because DC series motor cannot be operated under no load condition.
7. Whyitiscalledseparatelyexcitedgenerator?
A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from an independent
external d.c. source (e.g., a battery etc.) is called a separately excited generator.
 8. Defineresidualvoltage?
Thevoltagewhichisinducedduetoresidualflux(somefluxstoredinsidethemachine)is
calledresidualvoltage.
9. How will you find residual voltage in DC separately excited generator?
In this type of generator, the field winding is supplied from separate DC source. So, if
the field input supply DPST switch is opened then there will not beany current flow in
field winding and it does not produce flux. In that case, the voltage which is induced due
to residual flux (some flux stored inside the machine) is called residual voltage.
EXP.NO.: DATE:

LOADTESTONDCSHUNTMOTOR

AIM:

ToconductloadtestonD.Cmotorandtoobtainperformancecharacteristics

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
ConnectingWire
5
s

THEORY:

The shunt motor has a definite no load speed hence it does not run awaywhen
load is suddenly thrown off provided the field circuit remains closed.
Thedropinspeedfromno-
loadtofullloadissmallhencethismotorisusualreferredtoaconstantspeedmotor.

Theefficiencycurveisusuallyofthesameshapeforallelectricmotorsandgenerators.Th
eshapeofefficiencycurveandthepointofmaximumefficiency can be varied considerably
by the designer, though it is advantageousto have an efficiency curve which is fairly
flat. So that there is little change inefficiency between load and 25% overload and to
have the maximum efficiencyasneartothefullloadaspossible.

From the curves it is observed that is certain value of current is requiredeven

when output is zero. The motor input under no-load conditions goes
tomeetthevariouslosses,occurringwithinthemachine.
NameplatedetailsofDCMotor:

Capacity :3.6W
Voltage :220V
Current :16A
Speed :1500RPM

CalculationofFuseRating:

ForloadtestonDCMotor =ratedcurrent*1.25
=16*1.25
=20A
MODELCALCULATION:

LoadvoltageVL =216V
LoadcurrentIL =8.6
SpeedN =1464RPM
SpringBalancereadingS1 =8Kg
S2 =4Kg

Torquedeveloped =9.81*Radius*Force
=9.81*0.5*(8-4)
=5.886NM

Inputpower =VI*II
=216*8.6
=1857.6W

Outputpower =(2*Π*N*T)/60
=902.7W

Efficiencyƞ =(Outputpower/Inputpower)*100
=902.7/1857.6
=48.5%
FORMULAUSED:
T
RadiusR=r+ inmetre.
2
Torqueτ=9.81xRx(S1~S2)N-m
InputPowerWi =Vi Ii Watts
2NT
OutputPower,Wo= Watts
60
OutputPower
PercentageEfficiency= 100
InputPower
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensurethatthereisnoloadonthebrakedruminitially.
2. Checkforcorrectfuserating.
3. Ensurethattherearenolooseconnections.
4. Field rheostat should be kept inminimum resistive position initially.
5. Themotorshouldbecooledbycirculatingwaterinthebrakedrumthroughouttheexp
eriment.
6. ItisensuredthattheMC(MovingCoil)metersareconnectedwithproperpolarities.

GRAPHS:

1. OutputpowerVsefficiency
2. OutputpowerVscurrent
3. OutputpowerVstorque
4. OutputpowerVsspeed
Tabulation:

Springbalance
Loadvo Loadcu Reading
SpeedN( TorqueN Input Outputp Efficiency
Sl.No ltageVL rrentIL RPM) m power ower %
(V) (A) S1 S2
Kg Kg

5
PROCEDURE:

1. Theconnectionsaremadeasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Ensure that no load is applied to the brake drum and the field rheostat is kept
inminimumresistivepositioninitially.
3. SupplyisgiventothemotorbyclosingtheDPSTswitch,motorisstartedusinga3–
pointstarter.
4. Thefieldrheostatisadjustedtomakethemotorrunattheratedspeed.
5. Atnoload,thereadingsofammeter,voltmeter,tachometerandspringbalancereadings
arenoted.
6. Theloadisthenincreasedinstepsandthereadingsarenoteduptoratedcurrent. The
load on the brake drum is released fully to no load condition.
Thefieldrheostattooriginalresistiveposition
7. ThesupplytothemotorisswitchedoffbyopeningtheDPSTswitch.
MODELGRAPH
RESULT:

Thus,theperformanceandloadcharacteristicsofaDCshuntmotoraredrawn.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. Whatistheprincipleofmotor?
Whenacurrent-carryingconductorisplacedinamagneticfieldperpendiculartothe
conductor, the conductor experiences a force perpendicular to itself and to
theexternalmagneticfield.
2. Definelenzlaw.
The law that whenever there is an induced electromotive force (emf) in a
conductor, it is always in such a direction that the current it would produce would
oppose the change which causes the induced emf.
3. Why shouldthefield rheostatbekept inminimumposition?
Itiskeptatminimumposition to produce more torque which is required
forstartingamotor.
4. WhatistheloadingarrangementusedinaDCmotor?
Braketypeofload
5. HowcanthedirectionofrotationofaDCmotorbereversed?
The directionofrotationof aDC motor (shunt, series or compound) can
bereversedbychangingthepolarityofeitherthearmaturecoilorthefieldcoil.
6. WhatarethemechanicalandelectricalcharacteristicsofaDCshuntmotor?
Mechanical characteristicscan bedrawn betweenspeedand torque.
Electricalcharacteristicsare
a. OutputpowerVsspeed
b. OutputpowerVsefficiency
c. OutputpowerVsinputpower
d. Outputpower V slinecurrent
e. OutputpowerVstorque
7. Whytheefficiencyofthegeneratorisgreaterthanthatofthemotor?Why?
In a generator, the mechanical losses are supplied by prime mover. But in case of
amotor, the motor has to meet the mechanical losses, so the efficiency of generator
isgreater.
8. DefineFleminglefthandrule?
The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of left hand are held so that these fingers
aremutuallyperpendicularto eachother, then forefinger gives the direction ofmagnetic
field, middle finger gives the direction of the current and thumb gives
thedirectionoftheforceexperiencedbytheconductor.
9. WhataretheapplicationsofDCshuntmotor?
Lathes
CentrifugalpumpsBlowersandmachinetoolsReciprocatingpumps
 10. Definebackemf.
Whenthemotorarmature rotates, the conductors also rotate and
hence cut theflux.By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, emf is
induced in them, whichis in opposition to applied voltage(lenz law).
Because of its opposing direction, it isreferredtoascounteremforbackemf.
11. WhyYouNeedBackEMFinDCMotor?
Thebackemfcontrols(or)regulatescurrent.Thismeansitisresponsiblefor
theamount of electricity coming from the motor. Without a back emf, the
motor wouldsimply always send out maximum power, which would easily
overload lower or evenmediumpoweredappliances.
12. What is a DC shunt motor and from where we are getting DC
for the inputsupply?
Theshuntwounddcmotorfallsunderthecategoryofselfexciteddcmotors,wh
erethefieldwindingsareshuntedtoorare connected in parallel to the
armaturewindingofthemotor.
AndwearegettingDCfortheinputsupplyfromrectifierpanel.
EXP. NO.: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on DC series motor and to obtain performance characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Tachometer
4 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

The drop in speed with increased load is much prominent in series motor than in a shunt
motor hence a series motor is not suitable for application requiring a substantially constant speed.

For a given current input a starting torque developed by a series motor is greater than that
developed by a shunt motor. Hence series motors are used where huge starting torques is necessary
that means for cranes and traction purpose. In addition to huge starting torque there is another
unique characteristic of series motor which makes this especially desirable for traction work that
means when a load comes on a series motor it response by decreasing its speed and supplies the
increased torque with a small increase in current.

On the other hand a shunt motor under the same condition would hold its speed nearly
constant and would supply the required increased torque with a large increase of input current.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity : 3W
Voltage : 220V
Current : 20A
Speed : 1500RPM

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For load test on DC Motor = rated current *1.25

=20*1.25
=25A
FORMULA USED:

T
Radius R = r + in metre.
2
Torque  = 9.81 R  (S1 S2 ) N - m
Input Power Wi = Vi Ii Watts
2N
Output Power, Wo = Watts
60
Output Power
Percentage Efficiency = 100
Input Power

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that some load is applied to the brake drum initially (S 1=S2=5kg).
2. Check the correct fuse ratings.
3. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
4. Under no circumstances, the motor should be unloaded fully during operation.
5. The motor should be cooled by circulating water in the brake drum throughout the
experiment.
6. It is ensured that the MC (Moving Coil) meters are connected with proper polarities.
Tabulation:

Spring balance
Load Load Reading
Speed Torque Input Output Efficiency
Sl. No voltage current
N(RPM) Nm power power %
VL(V) IL(A)
S1 S2
Kg Kg
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that some load is applied to the brake drum initially (S1=S2=5Kg).
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST Switch.
4. Motor is started using the two point starter.
5. The readings of ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer and spring balance are noted.
6. The load is then gradually increased in steps and the readings are noted up to rated load.
7. Decrease the load on the brake drum (until S1=S2=5Kg).
8. The motor is switched off using the DPST switch.
MODEL CALCULATION:

Load voltage VL =170 V

Load current IL =14A
Speed N =1550RPM
Spring Balance reading S1 =8Kg
S2 =4Kg

Torque developed = 9.81*Radius*Force

=9.81*0.5*(12-4)
=11.77 NM

Input power =VI*II

=170*14
=2380W

Output power = (2*Π*N*T)/60

= 1910.4 W

Efficiency ƞ = (Output power/Input power)*100

= (1910.4/2380)*100
=80.2%
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT:

Thus,theperformanceandloadcharacteristicsofaDCshuntmotoraredrawn.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 EXP.NO.: DATE:

SPEED CONTROL METHODS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:

TocontrolthespeedofDCshuntmotorby
1. Armaturecontrolmethod
2. Fieldcontrolmethod

APPARATUSREQUIRRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
ConnectingWire
5
s

THEORY:
FLUXCONTROLMETHOD
ThespeedoftheDCmotorisinverselypropositionaltothefluxperpole,whenthearmaturev
oltageiskeptconstant. By decreasingthe flux the speed can beincreased and vice –versa.
Hence the main flux of field control method the flux of a
DCmotorcanbechangedbychangingfieldcurrent with help of a shunt field
rheostat.Sinceshuntfieldcurrentisrespectivelysmallshuntfieldrheostathastocarryonlyas
mallamountofcurrentwhichmeansI2R losses is small so that rheostat is small
insize.Thismethodisveryefficient.
ARMATURECONTROLMETHOD
Thismethodisusedwhenspeedbelowthenoloadspeedarerequired. As
thesupplyvoltageisnormallyconstantthevoltageacross the armature is varied
byinsertingavariablerheostat in series with the armature circuit. As
conductorresistanceisincreasedpotentialdifferenceacrossthearmatureisdecreased,herby
decreasingthearmaturespeed.Foraloadofconstanttorquespeedisapproximatelypropositi
onaltothepotentialdifferenceacrossthearmature.
TABULATION:

ARMATURECONTROLMETHOD:

FieldCurrentIf=1.0A FieldCurrentIf=0.9A
Armature Armature
S.No. Speed Speed
VoltageVa VoltageVa
N(RP N(RPM
(Volts) (Volts)
M) )

FIELDCONTROLMETHOD:

ArmatureVoltageVa=220 ArmatureVoltageVa=200
FieldCu FieldCu
S.No. Speed Speed
rrent rrent
N(RP N(RP
If(Amp If(Amp
M) M)
s) s)
1

3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Checkforthecorrectfuseratings.
2. Ensuretherearenolooseconnections.
3. Field rheostat should bekept in minimumresistive position initially.
4. Armatureresistancerheostatis kept initially atmaximumresistive position.

PROCEDURE:
1. Theconnectionsaremadeasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Fieldrheostatisinitiallykeptintheminimumresistivepositionandthearmaturerheos
tatisinthemaximumresistiveposition.
3. SupplyisgiventothemotorbyclosingtheDPSTswitch.
4. Motorisstartedusingathreepointstarter.
5. Adjustthearmaturerheostattogetratedvoltage.
6. Inactualcaseadjusttoabout200V,beyondthis speedwill be more than1500rpm.
7. Thefieldrheostatisadjustedtomakethemotorrunattheratedspeed.

ARMATURECONTROLMETHOD:
1. By varying the field rheostat, set the value of field current to a particular
valuesayIf=A
2. Now,byvaryingthearmaturerheostat,forvariousvaluesofarmaturevoltages,find the
values of speed and armature voltage, repeat this procedure for
variousvaluesoffieldcurrent.
3. Bringbackthearmaturerheostatand fieldrheostat toinitialresistiveposition.

FIELDCONTROLMETHOD:
1. Byvaryingthearmaturerheostat,setthevalueofarmaturevoltagetoaparticularvalue
sayVa=- V.
2. Now,byvaryingthefieldrheostat,forvariousvaluesoffiledcurrents,find
thevaluesofspeedandfiledcurrent,repeatthisprocedureforvariousvaluesofarmaturev
oltage.
3. Bringbackthearmaturerheostatandfieldrheostattotheinitialresistiveposition.
4. SwitchofftheDPSTswitch.
MODELGRAPH

NameplatedetailsofDCMotor:

Capacity :3.5W
Voltage :220V
Current :16A
Speed :1500RPM

CalculationofFuseRating:

ForspeedcontrolonDCMotor =ratedcurrent*0.25
=16*0.25
=4A

GRAPHS:

1. FieldcurrentVsspeed
2. ArmaturevoltageVsspeed
RESULT:
Thus,thespeedcontrolcharacteristicsofDCshuntmotorby(i)Armaturecontrol
method(ii)Fieldcontrolmethodaredone.

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. How does the speed of a DC shunt motor vary with armature
voltage and fieldcurrent?
V−I R
ThespeedoftheshuntmotorisgivenbyN=k a a
∅
Fromtheaboveexpressionthespeedisdirectlyproportionaltovoltageanditisinverselytot
hefieldcurrent.
2. What is the importance of speed control of dc motor in industrial
application?
The speed control of the DC motor is important because its speed can be
changedoverawidevarietyofsimplemethodswhichisnotpossibleinanACmotor.
3. Whichisoftwomethodofspeedcontrolisbetter?Why?
Flux control method is better and very efficient. Since I shis relatively small,
shuntfieldrheostathastocarryonlyasmallamount,whichmeansI 2Rlossisless.
4. WhythespeedofDCshuntmotorispracticallyconstantundernormallo
adconditions?
Forshuntmotors∅isassumedconstant,thenN𝖺 Eb.asEbisalso
practicallyconstant,speedisalsoconstant.
5. Why we are using low range ammeter (less than rated current) at
supply side?
Due to no load, current flow will be very low, for that 25 % of rated current is
enough to perform the test. So low range ammeters (25 % of rated current) are
used.
6. Whatarethemethodsavailableforspeedcontrolother thanthese
twomethods?
Voltagecontrol
(i) Multiplevoltagecontrol
(ii) WardLeonardmethod
(iii) Tappings
EXP.NO.: DATE:

LOADTESTONSINGLEPHASEINDUCTIONMOTOR
AIM:

Todeterminetheperformancecharacteristicofagivensinglephasecapacitorstartinductio
nmotorbyconductingloadtest.

APPARATUSREQUIRRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Tachometer
5 Autotransformer
6 Connectingwires

THEORY:
In the single-phase induction motor, single phase A.C. supply is given to the
statorwinding. The stator winding carries an alternating current which produces the flux
whichis also alternating in nature. This flux is called main flux. This flux links with the
rotorconductorsandduetotransformeractionE.M.F.getsinducedintherotor.Theinduced
E.M.F. drives current through the rotor as rotor circuit is closed circuit. This rotor
currentproduces another flux called rotor flux required for the motoring action. Thus
second fluxis produced according to induction principle due to induced E.M.F. hence the
motor iscalled induction motor. As against this in D.C. motor a separate supply is required
toarmature to produce armature flux. This is an important difference between D.C.
motorandaninductionmotor.Thesingle-phaseinductionmotorsarenotself-
starting,tomakeasingle-phaseinductionmotorself-starting,thefollowingmethodsareused
(i) Split-phasemotors
(ii) Capacitor-StartMotor
(iii) Capacitor-StartCapacitor-RunMotor
(iv) Shaded-polemotors
NAMEPLATEDETAILS

CapacityofMotor =1.5KW
RatedVoltage =220V
RatedCurrent =9.9A
RatedSpeed =1440RPM

FUSERATINGCALCULATION

Fusecurrent=120%*Ratedcurrent
=
=

FORMULAUSED

1.Inputpower,Pi=W(inwatts)2.Tor
que=(S1~ S2) ×R ×9.81
Where,R

=RadiusofbrakedrumofmotorinmeterS1,S2=spr

ing balance reading inkg

3. OutputPower,Po=2NT Watts
60

4. %Efficiency, = Outputpower
100
Inputpower
120f
5. Synchronousspeed, NS = (rpm)
P

Where,f=frequency inHz

P =no. ofpoles
NS −N
6. %Slip,s= 100
NS
Where,Ns=synchronousspeedinrpmNr

=speedof therotorin rpm

PinV
7. Powerfactor=cos=
I
L L
PRECAUTION

1) Before switching onthesupplytheautotransformeriskept in minimum position.

2) Thereshouldbenoloadwhilestartingthemotor.

PROCEDURE

1. Connectionsaregivenasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Switchonthesupplyatnoloadcondition.
3. Applytheratedvoltagetothemotorbyadjustingautotransformer.
4. Thenoloadreadingsaretaken.
5. Varytheloadinsuitablestepsandnotedownallthereadingstillratedcurrentisreached
.
TABULARCOLUMN
ObservationTabulation
Spring
InputPowerPi,
Balance
LineVo LineCu M.F=
Speed( Reading (S1~
S.N ltageVL rrentIL
Observe N) S2)
o.
d Actual S1 S2

V A W W rpm Kg Kg Kg
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

CALCULATIONTABULATION:
PowerF Input
Sl.No. actor= co
Torque
%Slip Power
OutputP 
N-m ower(W) %
s Pi(W)
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.
MODECALCULATION
1. Inputpower= W

2. Torque=(S1 ~S2)×R×9.81 Where,R=0.11m

= × ×
= Nm
3.OutputPower= 2NT
60
=

= Watts

4. % = Output
100
Input
= ×100= %
NS−N
5. Slip= 100
NS
120f
N=
S
P
12050
N= =1500
S
4
Slip=

PinV
6. Powerfactor= cos=
I
L L

=
MODELGRAPHS:

GRAPHS:
1. OutputPowerVsspeed
2. OutputpowerVsTorque
3. OutputpowerVsEffecting
4. OutputpowerVsslip
5. Outputpower VsPowerfactor
RESULT
Thus,theloadtestonsinglephaseinductionmotorwasperformedandtherespective
graphsweredrawn.

Sl.No. Parameters
1. Maximumefficiency =
2. Maximumslip =

3. Maximumpowerfactor =

4. Maximumtorque =

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. Asinglephaseinductionmotorisnotself-starting.Why?
Whenasinglephasesupplyisconnectedacrossasingle
phasewinding,apulsatingmagneticfieldisproduced.Theforce experienced by the upper
conductors of
therotorwillbedownwardandtheforceexperiencedbythelowerconductorswillbedirectedu
pward.Thetwosetsofforce willcancelandtherotorwillexperience
notorque.Hencetherotorwillnotrotate.

2. How will you change the direction of rotation of a single phase

induction motor?
The direction of rotation of a single phase induction motor can be changed by
changing the direction of current either in the starting winding or in the running
winding.

3. Whattypeofmotorisusedforceilingfans?
Permanent magnet capacitor motor is used for ceiling fans.

4. Whysinglephaseinductionmotorhaslowpowerfactor?
The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by a
verylargeangle.Hencethepowerfactorislowinsinglephaseinductionmotor.

5. Whyarecentrifugalswitchesprovidedonsinglephaseinductionsmotor?
The centrifugalswitchesare provided on singlephase
inductionmotors,becausewhen the motor is running at 75% of the synchronous
speed, the centrifugal switchconnected in the auxiliary winding operates and
disconnect the auxiliary windingfromthesupply.

6. Whatisthefunctionofcapacitorinasinglephaseinductionmotor?
Capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the motor. Due to the
capacitorconnected in series with the auxiliary winding, the capacitive circuit draws a
leadingcurrentwhichincreasesthesplitphaseangleαbetweenthetwocurrentImandIst.

7. Whatarethe classificationsofsinglephaseinduction motorbasedonthe

methodofstarting?
a) Splitphasemotor
b) Capacitorstartmotor
c) CapacitorstartCapacitorrunmotor
d) Shadedpolemotor
 8. Whataretheapplicationsofsinglephaseinductionmotor?
Single-
phaseinductionmotorsareusedextensivelyforsmallerloadssuchascentrifugalpump,fanandcompres
sor.
EXP.NO.: DATE:

LOADTESTON3-PHASESQUIRRELCAGEINDUCTIONMOTOR
AIM:

Todeterminetheperformancecharacteristicsof3-
phasesquirrelcageinductionmotorbydirectloading.

APPARATUSREQUIRRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Tachometer
5 Autotransformer
6 Connectingwires

THEORY:
Induction motor works on the principle of Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
induction. When a three phase supply is given to the three phase stator winding, a
rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude will be produced. The speed of this
rotation magnetic field is synchronous speed Ns r.p.m.
Ns=120f/P
Now at this instant rotor is stationery and stator flux R.M.F. is rotating. So it’s
obvious that there exists a relative motion between the R.M.F. and rotor conductors.
Whenever conductor cuts the flux, e.m.f. gets induced in it. So e.m.f. gets induced in
the rotor conductors called rotor induced e.m.f. As rotor forms closed circuit,
induced e.m.f. circulates current through rotor called rotor current.
Any current carrying conductor produces its own flux. So rotor produces its
flux called rotor flux. This direction can be easily determined using right hand
thumb rule. Now there are two fluxes, one R.M.F. and other rotor flux. Both the
fluxes interact with each. On left of rotor conductor, two fluxes cancel each other to
produce low flux area. As flux lines act as stretched rubber band, high flux
density area exerts a push on rotor conductor towards low flux density area. So
rotor conductor experiences a force.
As all the rotor conductors experience a force, the overall rotor experiences a
torque and starts rotating.
NAMEPLATEDETAILS

CapacityofMotor =3.7KW
RatedVoltage =415V
RatedCurrent =7.5A
RatedSpeed =1430RPM

FUSERATINGCALCULATION

Fusecurrent=120%*Ratedcurrent
=(120/100)*7.5
=9.37A
=10.A

FORMULAUSED

1.Torque=(S1~S2) ×9.81 ×R N-m

Where,R
=RadiusofbrakedrumofmotorinmeterS1,S2=sp
ringbalancereading inkg
2. InputPower,(Pi) =(W1+W2) (Watts)

3. OutputPower,(Po)=2NT (Watt)
60

4. %Efficiency = Output
100
Input
120f
5. Synchronousspeed, NS = (rpm)
P

Where,f =frequencyinHz
P =no. ofpoles
NS−N
6. %Slip,s= 100
NS
Where,Ns=synchronousspeedinrpmNr
=speedof therotorin rpm
Where,R
=RadiusofbrakedrumofmotorinmeterS1,S2=sp
Pin inkg
ring balance reading
7. Powerfactor=cos= 3VLIL
PRECAUTION

1. 3-phaseautotransformershouldbeatminimumvoltageposition.
2. Thereshouldbeno-loadatthetimeofstarting.

PROCEDURE

1. Connectionsaregivenasperthecircuitdiagram.
2. Switchonthesupplyatnoloadcondition.
3. Applytheratedvoltagetothemotorbyadjustingautotransformer.
4. If anyWattmeter showsnegative readingthen interchangeMand Lconnections.
5. Thenoloadreadingsaretaken.
6. Varytheloadinsuitablestepsandnotedownallthereadingstillratedcurrentisreache
d.
TABULARCOLUMN
ObservationTabulation
InputPower
LineVo LineCu Spring
Sl. Pi(Watts) Speed (S1~S2)
ltageVL rrentIL( BalanceRea
No. W1 W2 (N)rpm Kg
(V) A) ding
Obs. Act. Obs. Act. S1Kg S2Kg
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

CALCULATIONTABULATION:

Sl.No.
PowerF
actor=c
Torque
%Slip
Input OutputP 
N-m PowerPi( ower(W)
os
W)
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
MODECALCULATION
1.Torque=(S1~S2) ×9.81 ×R N-m

= × ×
= Nm
2. InputPower=W1+ W2
= + Watts
= Watts
3. OutputPower=2NT
60

= Watts

4.% = Output
100
Input
=

NS−N
5. Slip= 100
NS

Pin
6. Powerfactor=cos=
3VLIL

=
MODELGRAPHS:

GRAPHS:
1. OutputPowerVsEfficiency
2. OutputPowerVsTorque
3. OutputPowerVsSpeed
4. OutputPowerVs%S
RESULT
Thus, the load test on 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motor was
performed andtherespectivegraphsweredrawn.

Sl.No. Parameters
1. Maximumefficiency =
2. Maximumslip =

3. Maximumpowerfactor =

4. Maximumtorque
=

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. Whatarethefundamentalcharacteristicsofarotatingmagneticfield?
The resultant of three alternating fluxes separated from each other by 120 degree
has constant amplitude of 1.5 Фm, where Фm is maximum amplitude of an individual
flux due to any phase.
The resultant always keeps on rotating with certain speed in space, and the speed
is given by Ns = 120f / P
2. Whatarethetypesofthreephaseinductionmotor?
(a). Squirrel cage induction motor (b). Slip ring induction motor
3. CanN=Nsinthreephaseinductionmotor?
When rotor starts rotating it tries to catch the speed of rotating magnetic field.
If it catches the speed of rotating magnetic field, the relative motion between rotor
and RMF will vanish. In fact the relative motion is the main cause for the individual
emf in the rotor. So induced emf will vanish and hence there cannot be rotor current
and rotor flux which is essential to produce the torque on the rotor. Eventually motor
will stop. The induction motor never rotates at synchronous speed.
4. Whatistheeffectofsliponfrequency,inducedemfandpowerfactor?
(a). fr=sf
(b). E2r=sE2
(c). CosФ2r=R2/Z2r
5. Thesquirrelcagerotorisalsoknownasshortcircuitedrotor.Why?
In squirrel cage rotor, the copper bars are placed in the slots. These bars are short
circuited at each end with the help of conducting copper ring called end ring. The
entire rotor resistance is very small. Hence this rotor is also called as short circuited
rotor.
CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
EXP.NO.: DATE:

LOADTESTONSINGLEPHASEALTERNATOR
AIM:

To conduct load test on single phase alternator and to obtain the

performancecharacteristics.

APPARATUSREQUIRRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Tachometer
5 Autotransformer
6 Connectingwires

THEORY:
Thealternatorsworkontheprincipleofelectromagneticinduction.Whenthereisarelativ
emotionbetweentheconductors andthe flux, E.M.F. gets inducedin
theconductors.Considerarelativemotionofasingleconductorunderthemagneticfieldprod
ucedbytwostationarypoleswhichisshownbelow.

Fig.Alternator
Let conductor starts rotating from position 1. At this instant, the entire velocity
component is parallel to the flux lines. Hence there is no cutting of flux lines by the
conductor. So dΦ/dt at this instant is zero and hence induced E.M.F. in the conductor is
also zero.
 NamePlatedetails
Nameplatedetails ofDCMotor:

Capacity =
Voltage =
Current =
Speed =
NameplatedetailsofAlternator:
Capacity =
Voltage =
Current =
Speed =
Excitationvoltage =
Excitationcurrent =

FUSERATINGCALCULATION
Forloadtestonalternator=125%*Rated currentofalternator
=(125/100)*
= A
= A

ForMotor =125%* Ratedcurrent ofDC motor

=(125/100)*
= A
 A
FORMULAUSED
1. DCMotorInput power=Vm×Im Watts
2. DCMotorOutputpower=MotorInputpower Watts
100
3. Assumeefficiencyofmotor=80%
4. OutputPowerofAlternator=VLILcos

cosØ =1(forresistiveload)
5. InputPower ofalternator=Output PowerofDC motor

6. %Alternatorefficiency = Output
100
Input
VNL−VFL
7. %Regulation= 100
VNL

VNL- No load
voltageVFL-
Fullloadvoltage
 As the conductor moves from position 1 towards position 2, the part of the velocity
component becomes perpendicular to the flux lines and proportional to that, e.m.f. gets
induced in the conductor. The magnitude of such an induced e.m.f. increases as the conductor
moves from position 1 towards 2.
At position 2, the entire velocity component is perpendicular to the flux lines. Hence there
exists maximum cutting of the flux lines. At this instant, the induced E.M.F. in the conductor is
at its maximum. As the position of conductor changes from 2 towards 3, the velocity
component perpendicular to the flux starts decreasing and hence induced E.M.F. magnitude
also starts decreasing. At position 3, again the entire velocity component is parallel to the flux
lines and hence at this instant induced E.M.F. in the conductor is zero. As the conductor
moves from 3 towards 4, the velocity component perpendicular to the flux lines again starts
increasing. But the direction of velocity component now is opposite to the direction of
velocity component existing during the movement of the conductor from position 1 to 2.
Hence an induced E.M.F. in the conductor increases but in the opposite direction.
At position 4, it achieves maxima in the opposite direction, as the entire velocity
component becomes perpendicular to the flux lines.

Fig.AlternatingnatureoftheinducedE.M.F.
Again from position 4 to 1, induced E.M.F. decreased and finally at position 1, again
becomes zero. This cycle continues as conductor rotates at a certain speed. So if we plot the
magnitudes of the induced E.M.F. against the time, we get an alternating nature of the
induced E.M.F. as shown in the Fig.
PRECAUTION

1. Motor filed rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position at the time
ofstarting.
2. The potential divider should be kept at maximum resistance position at the time
ofstarting
3. Thereshouldbenoloadatthetimeofstarting

PROCEDURE

1. Connectionaregivenasperthecircuitdiagram
2. ThesupplyisgivenandtheDCmotorisstartedusinga3pointstarter
3. Thefieldrheostatinthemotorsideisadjustedtillsynchronousspeedisreached
4. TheDPSTswitchisclosedandthepotentialdividerisvariedforratedvoltageofalternat
or
5. Thenoloadreadingsaretaken.
6. Varytheloadinsuitablestepsandnotedownallthereadingstillratedcurrentisreache
d.Maintainthespeedofthemotorasconstantthroughouttheexperiment.
TABULARCOLUMN
ObservationTabulation
Motorinpu Alternatorout
Motor Alternatoroutpu
t put voltageVL Alternator
S.No. inputCurr tcurrentIL(A)
voltageVm (V) FieldCurre
entIm(A)
(V) nt
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

CALCULATIONTABULATION:
Motor
MotorInput Alternatorou Alternator
output
%
S.No. power( tputpower( %Regulation
power
W) W)
(W)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
MODECALCULATION
1. DCMotorInput power= Vm×Im Watts
= ×
= W
2. DCMotorOutputpower=MotorInputpower
100
=

= Watts
3. OutputPowerofAlternator=VLILcos

= × ×
= Watts

4.% = Output
100
Input
= ×100%= %
VNL−VFL
5.%Regulation= 100
VNL

%Regulation =
MODELGRAPHS:

GRAPHS:
1. LoadcurrentVsEfficiency
2. LoadcurrentVs% Regulation
3. LoadcurrentVsLoadvoltage
RESULT
Thus,theloadtestonthreephasealternatorwasperformedandtherespectivegraphswere
drawn.
Maximumefficiencyofthreephasealternator=Maxi
mumoutputpower=
MaximumRegulation=M
aximumDropinvoltage=

INFERENCE:

Viva Marks 10
Experiment 15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. Writetheemfequationofanalternator.
E=4.44fФTKcKdvolts
2. CanaDCgeneratorbeconvertedintoanalternator?How?
Yes, by providing two collector rings on end of the armature and connecting these
two rings to two points in the armature windings 180 degree apart.
3. Definethetermsdistributionfactorandpitchfactor.
The factor by which there is a reduction in the emf due to distribution of coils is
called distribution factor, denoted by Kd.
The factor by which induced emf gets reduced due to short pitching of coil is called
pitch factor, denoted by Kc.
4. ComparesalientpoleandNonsalientpolerotor.

Sl.No SalientPoleRotor Non-SalientPoleRotor

1 Thediameteroftherotoristoreducetheperipheralveloci
Largediameterandsmall axial length
tyofrotor
2 Itisemployedwithhydraulicturbines
Usedinhigh-speedturbines
dieselengines.

5. What is the necessity of damper winding?

Most of the alternators have the pole shoes slotted for receiving copper bars of a grid
ordamperwinding.Theyareusefulinpreventingthehuntingingeneratorsandareneededinsy
nchronousmotorstoprovidethestartingtorque.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Expt. No.
Date : UNIVERSAL MOTOR

AIM:
To examine the construction of the universal motor; to determine its no-load and full-loadcharacteristics.

THEORY:

The AC/DC universal motor is found in portable tools such as electric drills, saws, sanders, etc., and in
home appliances such as vacuum cleaners, electric mixers, blenders, etc., where high speed, power and small
size are an advantage. However, it is closer in concept to the DC motor than to the AC motor and, therefore,
has some inherent disadvantages, which could be avoided in purely AC induction motors; chiefly, the
need for commutation and brushes.

The universal motor is basically a series DC motor which is specially designed to operate on AC as well as
on DC. A standard DC series motor has very poor characteristics when operated on AC,mainly due to two reasons:
a) The high reactance of both the armature and field windings limits AC current to a much lower value than
DC current (for the same line voltage).
b) If solid steel is used for the stator frame, AC flux will produce large eddy currents in the frame with
consequent heating.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
RESULT:

Thus constructed the universal motor and know the application of this.

INFERENCE: