Scribd
Upload
12 views5 pages

Frequency Domain

Uploaded by

sahin15-3971
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views5 pages

Frequency Domain

Uploaded by

sahin15-3971
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Spatial Domain

● Definition: The spatial domain refers to the image plane itself, where operations are
performed directly on pixel intensities.
● Representation: An image is represented as a 2D array of pixel intensity values
f(x,y)f(x, y)f(x,y), where xxx and yyy are the spatial coordinates.
● Techniques:
○ Point Operations: Modify individual pixel values, e.g., contrast adjustment,
brightness enhancement.
○ Neighborhood Operations: Use nearby pixel values, e.g., smoothing,
sharpening with convolution filters.
○ Example filters: Gaussian filter, Laplacian filter.
● Applications:
○ Noise reduction.
○ Edge detection.
○ Image enhancement by direct manipulation of pixel values.
● Advantages:
○ Intuitive and straightforward.
○ Effective for tasks requiring local pixel adjustments.

Frequency Domain

● Definition: The frequency domain represents an image as a sum of sinusoidal functions,


using its frequency components.
● Representation: An image is transformed using mathematical tools like the Fourier
Transform, resulting in a frequency spectrum F(u,v)F(u, v)F(u,v), where uuu and vvv
represent frequency components.
● Techniques:
○ Filtering is applied to the frequency spectrum, and then the result is transformed
back to the spatial domain.
○ Example filters: Low-pass filters (to remove high frequencies), high-pass filters
(to enhance edges).
● Applications:
○ Compression (e.g., JPEG uses Discrete Cosine Transform).
○ Noise removal by filtering specific frequencies.
○ Image reconstruction and pattern recognition.
● Advantages:
○ Efficient for global image manipulations.
○ Useful for periodic pattern analysis and removing structured noise.
Key Differences
Aspect Spatial Domain Frequency Domain

Representatio Pixel intensities (f(x,y)f(x, y)f(x,y)) Frequency components (F(u,v)F(u,


n v)F(u,v))

Operations Direct pixel manipulation Manipulation of frequency


components

Tools Filters like Gaussian, Laplacian Fourier Transform, DCT

Speed Slower for large, global operations Faster for global tasks

Applications Local enhancements, edge Compression, noise reduction


detection
Filters
The concept of filter in frequency domain is same as the concept of a mask in convolution.
After converting an image to frequency domain, some filters are applied in filtering process to
perform different kind of processing on an image. The processing include blurring an image,
sharpening an image e.t.c.
The common type of filters for these purposes are:
● Ideal high pass filter

● Ideal low pass filter


● Gaussian high pass filter
● Gaussian low pass filter

Blurring Masks

● Purpose:
To smooth or reduce noise in an image by averaging the intensity values of neighboring
pixels. This results in a blurred or less sharp image.
● Working Principle:
Blurring masks apply a low-pass filtering operation, which reduces high-frequency
components (sharp changes like edges) in the image.
● Common Masks:
Derivative Masks

● Purpose:
To detect edges, gradients, or abrupt changes in intensity in an image by
calculating the rate of intensity change.
● Working Principle:
Derivative masks apply high-pass filtering to emphasize high-frequency
components (sharp changes like edges).
Gaussian Low pass and Gaussian High pass filter:
Gaussian Low-Pass Filter (GLPF):Purpose:

Gaussian Low-Pass Filter (GLPF)

● Purpose:
To preserve low-frequency components (smooth or slow variations) and attenuate
high-frequency components (rapid changes such as noise or edges).
●

Effect on Image:

● Smoothens the image by reducing noise and fine details.


● Blurs sharp edges and high-frequency features.

Applications:

● Noise removal.
● Smoothing or image blurring.
● Preprocessing step for other operations like segmentation.

Gaussian High-Pass Filter (GHPF)

Purpose:

To preserve high-frequency components (edges, fine details) and attenuate


low-frequency components (smooth variations).
Effect on Image:

● Enhances sharp features like edges and fine details.


● Removes smooth background components and large-scale variations.

Applications:

● Edge detection.
● Highlighting high-frequency details.
● Image sharpening.

Visual Representation in Frequency Domain

1. Gaussian Low-Pass Filter:


Appears as a bright circular region at the center (low frequencies), fading toward
the edges.

2. Gaussian High-Pass Filter:


Appears as a dark circular region at the center (low frequencies blocked) and
brightens toward the edges.

You might also like