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4 views3 pages

Ass2 Bmi

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Ahmed
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Question: Enlist multiple types of detectors used in biomedical equipment, explain anyone of

them with suitable schematic and block diagram

There are several types of detectors used in biomedical equipment, some of the most common
ones are:

1 . Photo detectors: Used to measure the intensity of light, such as photodiodes, phototransistors,
and photomultiplier tubes.
2 . Ionization detectors: Used to detect ionizing radiation, such as Geiger counters, scintillation
detectors, and proportional counters.
3 . Magnetic detectors: Used to measure magnetic fields, such as superconducting quantum
interference devices (SQUIDs) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers.
4 . Ultrasound detectors: Used to detect and measure ultrasonic waves, such as piezoelectric
transducers and capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs).
5 . Electromagnetic detectors: Used to detect and measure electromagnetic signals, such as
electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes, magnetoencephalography (MEG) sensors, and
radiofrequency (RF) detectors.
6 . Thermal detectors: Used to measure temperature, such as thermocouples, resistance
temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermistors.
7 . Pressure detectors: Used to measure pressure, such as piezoelectric transducers, strain gauge
transducers, and capacitive pressure sensors.

These detectors play a crucial role in a wide range of biomedical applications, including imaging,
diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring systems.

Magnetic detectors

Magnetic detectors are devices used to measure magnetic fields, such as those generated by the
brain or other biological tissues, or by electronic devices such as magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) machines. In MRI, magnetic detectors are used to detect the tiny changes in the magnetic
field caused by the protons in the patient's body.

These changes are detected using a type of magnetic sensor known as a gradient coil or gradient
magnetic detector. The gradient coil is positioned near the patient and generates a magnetic field
that is applied along the three orthogonal axes (x, y, and z) to encode spatial information about
the patient's body.

The magnetic field generated by the gradient coil is measured by the receiving coils, which are
positioned on the opposite side of the patient. The signals generated by the gradient coils are then
used to construct an image of the patient's body. The signals are processed using a technique
known as Fourier transformation, which converts the signals from the spatial domain to the
frequency domain. The resulting image is a representation of the spatial distribution of proton
density within the patient's body, providing information about the internal structure of the body
and any pathological changes.
In summary, magnetic detectors play a crucial role in MRI by detecting changes in the magnetic
field caused by the patient's body and providing the information needed to construct an image of
the patient's internal anatomy.

Here is a block diagram of a magnetic detector:

Source Detector Amplifier

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

Digital signal processor (DSP)

Display or data storage

Figure1. Block diagram of magnetic detector

In the above block diagram, the magnetic detector detects the magnetic field and produces an
electrical signal proportional to the field strength. The signal is then amplified by an amplifier to
increase its strength. The amplified signal is then converted from analog to digital by an ADC,
and processed by a DSP. The processed signal is then displayed or stored for further analysis.

This is a general block diagram of a magnetic detector, and the specifics of the diagram may vary
depending on the specific application and the type of magnetic field being detected. For example,
the design of a magnetic detector used for MEG will be different from that of a magnetic
detector used for magnetocardiography (MCG).

Schematic diagram of magnetic detector

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of magnetic detector


References:

[1] Jian Yang and Zengfeng Huang, CT Imaging: Physical Principles, Clinical Applications, and Quality
Control" edited by Jian Yang and Zengfeng Huang.
[2] et al. Ebrahim Ghafoorian, Computed Tomography: Principles, Design, Artifacts, and Recent
Advances" edited by Ebrahim Ghafoorian, et al.
[3] MRI Physics for Radiologists: A Visual Approach" by Ramesh Venkatesan.
[4] Advances in X-Ray Optics and Related Fields" edited by Kazuaki Sakurai and Minoru Oikawa.
[5] Handbook of Medical Ultrasound" edited by Wei Zeng and Rongxing Li.
[6] Handbook of Photonics for Biomedical Science" edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh.
[7] Optical Sensing and Detection: Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications" edited by Hongxing
Jiang and Xiaoming Mao.

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