Function:

Algebra
Is a relation in which for every element in domain there’s one image in range.

1 4 {{(1,4)(2,5)(3,6)}}

EST2
2 5
3 6
Y

X Y

Input Output 1 4 X

Algebra
Domain Range 2 5

𝒙 𝒚 3 6

EST2
4 7 1
5
5 8 2 6
6 9 3
7

Algebra
Function Not Function

{{(1,4)(2,5)(3,6)(3,7)}}

Y
Same 𝒙
EST2

X
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

If we have two points on the same vertical line, then the relation not a function.

1
Vertical Line Test:

Algebra
Y Y

EST2
X X

Function Function

(No two points on the same

vertical line)

Algebra
Y Y

EST2
X X

Not Function
Not Function

Algebra
EST2
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

2
Function Notation:

Algebra
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 Linear Equation

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 Linear Function

Ex:

EST2
If 𝒇(𝒙) = 3𝑥 + 4

Find: 1. 𝒇(𝟒)

2. 𝒇(𝟓)

Algebra
3. 𝒇(𝒎)

4. 𝒇(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒)

Solution

EST2
1. 𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟑(𝟒) + 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟔 (4,16)

The value of 𝒚 when 𝒙 = 𝟒

2. 𝒇(𝟒𝟓) = 𝟑(𝟓) + 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟗 (5,19)

Algebra
1.
3. 𝒇(𝒎) = 𝟑(𝒎) + 𝟒

4. 𝒇(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒) = 𝟑( )+𝟒

= 𝟑(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒) + 𝟒
EST2

= 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟒

= 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

3
Ex:

Algebra
(1,2) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

EST2
(2,1)

Algebra
Find: 1. 𝒇(𝟏) 𝟐. 𝒇(𝟐) 𝟑. 𝒇 (𝟑)

EST2
𝟒. 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝒇 (𝒕)𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒕 ≠ 𝟐

Solution

1. 𝑓 ( 1) = 2
2. 𝑓 ( 2) = 1
3. 𝑓 ( 3) = 0

Algebra
4. 𝑓 (2) = 𝑓 (𝑡)

𝑓(2) = 1 = 𝑓 (𝑡)

𝑓 ( 5) = 1

𝑡=5
EST2
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

4
Function Translation:

Algebra
1. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄 ↑ Shift Up C – Units. C = +ve number.

EST2
𝟏

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇 (𝒙) + 𝟏

Algebra
2. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒄 ↓ Shift Down C – Units.

EST2
−𝟐

Algebra
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇 (𝒙) − 𝟐

EST2
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

5
3. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒄) → Shift Right C – Units.

Algebra
𝟐

EST2
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝟐)

4. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒄) ← Shift Left C – Units.

Algebra
−𝟐

𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝟐)

EST2
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

1. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄 ↑

Algebra
2. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒄 ↓
3. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒄) →
4. 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒄) ←
EST2
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

6
Domain: All possible values of 𝑥 for which 𝑦 is real.

Algebra
• The Domain for all polynomial function is {𝑅}
{𝑅 } = 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠

Ex:

EST2
1. 𝑓( 𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 8 Domain ={𝑅 }
2. 𝑓( 𝑥) = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 11 Domain ={𝑅 }
3. 𝑓( 𝑥) = 3𝑥3 − 8𝑥2 + 10 Domain ={𝑅 }
4. 𝑓( 𝑥) = 𝑥4 − 8𝑥3 + 11𝑥 Domain ={𝑅 }

Algebra
• Domain for rational function is 𝑅 − { 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟}

Ex:
3
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥−10 Find the domain.

EST2
Solution

𝑥 − 10 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 10
Domain = 𝑅 − {10}

= All real numbers except 10

Algebra
Ex:
4
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −10𝑥 +16 Find the domain.
2
EST2

Solution
𝑥2 − 10𝑥 + 16 = 0
𝑥=2 𝑥=8
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

Domain = {𝑅} − {2,8}

=All real numbers except {2,8}

7
Ex:

Algebra
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 + 18 Find the domain.
Solution

𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖 ≥ 𝟎

EST2
𝒙 ≥ −𝟏𝟖 ➔ Domain

Domain= All real numbers greater than or equal -18

Ex:

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √ 𝑥2 − 4 Find the domain.

Algebra
Solution
𝑥2 −4 ≥ 0
𝑥2 ≥4
𝑥 ≥ 2 or 𝑥 ≤ −2 ➔ Domain

EST2
Domain = All real numbers greater than or equal 2 and smaller than or equal -2

Algebra
EST2
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

8
Range: All real possibile values of 𝒚.

Algebra
Ex:
If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 , where − 𝟑 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒. Find the range of 𝒇( 𝒙) .

Solution

EST2
−3 < 𝑥 ≤ 4 x2 𝒇(𝟒) = 𝟐(𝟒) + 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟑
𝒐𝒓
−6 < 2𝑥 ≤ 8 +5 𝒇(−𝟑) = 𝟐(−𝟑) + 𝟓 = −𝟏

−1 < 2𝑥 + 5 ≤ 13 −1 < 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ≤ 13

−1 < 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 13
𝑰𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.

Algebra
−1 < 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ≤ 13

Ex:
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 1, where −3 < 𝑥 < 3. Find the range of 𝑓(𝑥).

EST2
Solution

−3 < 𝑥 < 3
0 ≤ 𝑥 2 < 32

Algebra
0 ≤ 𝑥2 < 9 x2

0 ≤ 2𝑥2 < 18 +1

1 ≤ 2𝑥 2 + 1 < 19
1 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 < 19
EST2
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

9
Ex:

Algebra
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4, where −2 < 𝑥 < 4. Find the range of 𝑓(𝑥).

Solution

−2 < 𝑥 < 4
0 ≤ 𝑥 2 < 42

EST2
0 ≤ 𝑥 2 < 16 -4

−4 ≤ 𝑥 2 − 4 < 12
−4 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 < 12

Algebra
EST2
Algebra
EST2
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

10
Function Composition: 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))

Algebra
Ex: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐. Find 𝒇(𝒈( 𝒙)) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) .

Solution

• 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 2(

EST2
)+1

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2(3𝑥 − 2) + 1

= 6𝑥 − 4 + 1

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 6𝑥 − 3

Algebra
• 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 3 ( )− 2

= 3(2𝑥 + 1) − 2
= 6𝑥 + 3 − 2
= 6𝑥 + 1

EST2
Algebra
EST2
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

11
Inverse Function: = Exchange 𝒙 with 𝒚

Algebra
[Domain ⟺ Range]

5
5 1
1 6
6 2

EST2
2 3
3 7
7
8 4
4 8

Relation A Inverse of A = A-1

Algebra
Ex1:
• If (3,4) is a point on 𝑓(𝑥) then (4,3) must be a point on 𝑓 −1(𝑥).

Ex2:

EST2
If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 Find 𝑓 −1(𝑥).

Solution

1. Replace 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑦 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 12

2. Exchange 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑦 𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 12

Algebra
3. Solve for 𝑦 𝑥 + 12 = 3𝑦
𝑥+12
3
=𝑦
𝑥+12 1
𝑓 −1(𝑥) = 3
or 𝑓 −1(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 + 4

Ex3: Find 𝑓 −1(𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 8

EST2

Solution
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 8
𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 8
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

𝑥 − 8 = 2𝑦
𝑥 −8
=𝑦
2
𝑥−8 1
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 − 4
2 2

12
 If 𝒇( 𝒙) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) are inverse functions then,

Algebra
𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙

𝒙+𝟏𝟐
Ex: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟑

Check if 𝒇(𝒙) & 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔.

EST2
Solution

𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝟑 ( ) − 𝟏𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
=𝟑 ( ) − 𝟏𝟐
𝟑

Algebra
= 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐
=𝒙
Then 𝒇(𝒙) & 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

EST2
Ex: if 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) are inverse functions which of the following must be true.
A. 𝑓( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥
B. 𝑔( 𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 3

Algebra
C.
1
D. 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥
E. 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2𝑥

Solution

If 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒙

EST2

C
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

13
Even Function:

Algebra
1. All powers are even.

Ex: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 ( 𝟓 = 𝟓𝒙𝟎)

Ex: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟖𝒙𝟐

EST2
2. The graph of 𝒇( 𝒙) 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒀 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.

Algebra
3. 𝒇( 𝒙) = 𝒇(−𝒙)

Ex: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐

EST2
𝒇( 𝟑) = 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟗 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝒇(−𝟑)

𝒇( −𝟑) = (−𝟑) 𝟐 = 𝟗

Algebra
EST2
Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

14
 Algebra
Odd Function:
1. All powers are odd.

Ex: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙

EST2
Ex: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙

2. The graph of 𝒇( 𝒙) 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏.

Algebra
EST2
Algebra
Sin Curve
EST2

3. 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒇(−𝒙) or 𝒇(−𝒙) = −𝒇(𝒙)

Ex: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑

𝒇( 𝟐) = 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟖 𝒇(−𝟐) = −𝒇(𝟐) or 𝒇( 𝟐) = −𝒇(−𝟐)

Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim

𝒇( −𝟐) = (−𝟐) 𝟑 = −𝟖

15