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Index

English

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11 views5 pages

Index

English

Uploaded by

tirthrajchauhan721
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Index:

Introduction

Chapter 1: Teaching Your Tongue to Speak English . . . . . 1

Chapter 2: Four Rules for Learning Spoken English . . . . . 12

Chapter 3: Grammar and Writing in Spoken English Study 17

Chapter 4: Do You Need Beginning and Advanced Lessons? 21

Chapter 5: Selecting a Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 6: Studying the English Verb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Chapter 7: Success in Spoken English Study . . . . . . . . . 43


Introduction

You have an opportunity for a better paying job, but you need to
improve your English before you can apply. Or, you want to enroll in a
university in the United States, but your English is not good enough yet.
You have already taken English classes for two years in secondary
school. Maybe you have studied more English at the university. You
know English grammar and can write, but you need to learn how to
speak English.
And you need to improve your spoken English very quickly.
This book will tell you how to retrain your mind—and your
tongue—in order to learn fluent spoken English.
With the information from this book, you can learn to speak English
in half of the time it normally takes.
Throughout this book, I will emphasize spoken English.
Chapter 1: Teaching Your Tongue to Speak English explains the con-
cept on which this Spoken English Learned Quickly method is built.
The remaining chapters tell you how to apply that information as you
learn to speak English fluently.
I wish you the best of success as you study spoken English.
Chapter 1: Teaching Your Tongue to Speak English

Chapter Summary: Speech is controlled in your mind by feed-


back from your hearing and mouth position as much as it is from
your memory. If you want to speak fluent English, it is just as im-
portant to retrain your tongue as it is to train your memory. To be
effective, however, you must retrain your mind, tongue, and hear-
ing at exactly the same time because they must work together
when you speak English.
Why have you studied English so long in school without learn-
ing to speak fluently? It is because your teachers have tried to
train your mind with written exercises without retraining your
tongue at the same time.

If you want to learn to speak English fluently, it will help you to


understand how the human mind produces speech.
However, before looking at the mechanics of speech, I want to draw
an analogy from machine control because the analogy closely parallels
neurological responses in spoken language.

Open-loop machine control


Wikipedia describes an open-loop control system as follows:
An open-loop controller, also called a non-
feedback controller, is a type of controller
which computes its input into a system using
only the current state . . . of the system. A
characteristic of the open-loop controller is
that it does not use feedback to determine if
its input has achieved the desired goal. This
means that the system does not observe the
output of the processes that it is
2 Learning Spoken English

controlling. Consequently, a true open-loop


system . . . cannot correct any errors that
it could make.
For example, a sprinkler system, programmed
to turn on at set times could be an example
of an open-loop system if it does not measure
soil moisture as a form of feedback. Even if
rain is pouring down on the lawn, the
sprinkler system would activate on schedule,
wasting water.
Figure 1 shows an
open-loop control
system. The control Open-Loop Control
may be a simple
Control
switch, or it could be a
combination of a
switch and a timer.
Yet, all it can do is
turn the machine on. It
cannot respond to
anything the machine
is doing.
Figure 1: An open-loop machine control.

Closed-loop machine control


Wikipedia then describes closed-loop control as follows:
To avoid the problems of the open-loop
controller, control theory introduces
feedback. A closed-loop controller uses
feedback to control states or outputs of a
dynamical system. Its name comes from the
information path in the system: process
inputs (e.g. voltage applied to a motor) have
an effect on the process outputs (e.g.
velocity . . . of the motor), which is
measured with sensors and processed by the
controller; the result (the control signal)
is used as input to the process, closing the
loop.
Teaching Your Tongue to Speak English 3

Wikipedia's definition of a closed-loop system subsequently


becomes too technical to use here. However, as Wikipedia suggests
above, a sprinkler incorporating a soil moisture sensor would be a
simple closed-loop system. The sprinkler system would have both a
timer and a control valve. Either could operate independently, and either
could shut the water off, but both would need to be open in order for the
sprinkler to operate. The arrangement is shown in Figure 2.

Water pipe
Sprinkler

Timer
Valve Soil moisture probe

Figure 2: A closed-loop sprinkler system.

If the soil is already moist, the sprinkler will remain off whether or
not the timer is open. When the moisture probe senses dry soil, the valve
is opened. However, after the sprinkler is on, if the soil becomes moist
enough, the valve will close even if the timer is still open. Thus, the
sprinkler uses feedback from its own operation to control itself.
Figure 3 shows a simple
closed-loop machine
control.
Closed-Loop Control
Notice that Figure 3 also
shows a calibration Control
function. Irrespective of
whether it is a soil moisture Calibration
sensor on a sprinkler—or a
counter on a machine— Feedback
there must be some way of
setting the control so that it
wi l l r e sp on d in a
predetermined way. In a Figure 3: A closed-loop machine control.

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