Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1

The ............... allows you to perform tasks related to data definition.

1. DDL
2. DML
3. TCL
4. None of these

Answer

DDL

Reason — The DDL (Data Definition Language) commands allow us to perform tasks
related to data definition, i.e., related to the structure of the database objects.

Question 2

The ............... allows you to perform tasks related to data manipulation.

1. DDL
2. DML
3. TCL
4. None of these

Answer

DML

Reason — The DML (Data Manipulation Language) commands are used to manipulate
data, i.e., records or rows in a table or relation.

Question 3

A ............... is a text that is not executed.

1. Statement
2. Query
3. Comment
4. Clause
Answer

Comment

Reason — A comment is a text which is ignored by the SQL compiler and is not executed
at all. It is given for documentation purpose only.

Question 4

............... are words that have a special meaning in SQL.

1. Keywords
2. Literal
3. Variable
4. Table

Answer

Keywords

Reason — A keyword refers to an individual SQL element that has a special meaning in
SQL.

Question 5

............... command helps to open the database for use.

1. Use
2. Open
3. Distinct
4. Select

Answer

Use

Reason — The USE command is used to open the database for use. The syntax for
opening database is : USE <database_name>;.

Question 6

............... command helps to fetch data from a relation.

1. Use
 2. Show
3. Fetch
4. Select

Answer

Select

Reason — The SELECT command is used to retrieve a subset of rows or columns from
one or more tables present in a database.

Question 7

The ............... keyword eliminates duplicate rows from the results of a SELECT statement.

1. Or
2. Distinct
3. Any
4. All

Answer

Distinct

Reason — The DISTINCT keyword in SQL is used to eliminate duplicate rows from the
results of a SELECT statement.

Question 8

............... command helps to see the structure of a table/relation.

1. Show
2. Select
3. Describe
4. Order by

Answer

Describe

Reason — To view a table structure, DESCRIBE or DESC command is used. It shows the
structure of the table along with the name of the columns, data type of the columns and
constraints applied on the columns.
Question 9

Which of the following types of table constraints will prevent the entry of duplicate rows?

1. Foreign Key
2. Distinct
3. Primary Key
4. NULL

Answer

Primary Key

Reason — A primary key is a set of one or more attributes or fields that uniquely identifies
a tuple or row in a table. Therefore, it ensures that each row in the table is unique and
prevents the entry of duplicate rows.

Question 10

Which command shows the list of database in MySQL?

1. desc databases;
2. show tables;
3. show databases;
4. describe databases;

Answer

show databases;

Reason — The SHOW DATABASES; command lists all the databases managed by the
MySQL server.

Question 11

Which of the following are DDL commands?

(A) Delete

(B) Create

(C) Update

(D) Alter
(E) Drop

1. (B), (D) and (E)

2. (A), (B) and (D)
3. (B), (C) and (D)
4. (A), (B) and (C)

Answer

(B), (D) and (E)

Reason — DDL (Data Definition Language) commands are used to create and define
tables and other database objects in SQL (Structured Query Language). DDL commands
such as CREATE, ALTER, and DROP, are used to create, define, change and delete
objects like tables, indexes, views, and constraints.

Question 12

Identify the correct statement(s):

Statement 1 (S1): Char data-type in MySQL stores fixed length strings.

Statement 2 (S2): Char data-type stores string smaller than the maximum field size.

1. (S1) : Correct, (S2) : Correct

2. (S1) : Incorrect, (S2) : Correct
3. (S1) : Correct, (S2) : Incorrect
4. (S1) : Incorrect, (S2) : Incorrect

Answer

(S1) : Correct, (S2) : Incorrect

Reason — The CHAR data type provides fixed-length memory storage. It specifies a
fixed-length character string. If the input string is shorter, MySQL pads it with spaces to fill
the fixed length. If the input string is longer, it is truncated to fit the fixed length.

Question 13

Which of the following keywords is used to display non-repeated values in MySQL?

1. Unique
2. All
3. Order by
4. Distinct
Answer

Distinct

Reason — The DISTINCT keyword is used to display the unique values of the column in
MySQL.

Question 14

The SQL statements always end with ............... .

1. ,
2. :
3. ;
4. "

Answer

Reason — The SQL statements always end with semicolon (;).

Question 15

Shivam wants to see the table structure in MySQL. Select an appropriate command to
help him.

1. Use
2. Show
3. Desc
4. Display

Answer

Desc

Reason — The DESCRIBE or DESC command is used to view a table structure in

MySQL.

Question 16

Rajat wants to delete a primary key constraint from the table. Select an appropriate
command to do so.

1. Create
 2. Alter
3. Drop
4. Delete

Answer

Alter

Reason — The ALTER TABLE command is used to delete a primary key constraint from
the table.

Question 17

Rajveer wants to rename column in display result for his query. Select the appropriate
query for the same:

1. Select Ename, Salary*12 Annual Salary From Emp;

2. Select Ename, Salary*12 Rename "Annual Salary" From Emp;
3. Select Ename, Salary* 12 Change "Annual Salary" From Emp;
4. Select Ename, Salary*12 as "Annual Salary" From Emp;

Answer

Select Ename, Salary*12 as "Annual Salary" From Emp;

Reason — The AS keyword is used to give an alias to a column or expression in

the SELECT statement. In this case, AS "Annual Salary" is used to rename the
column Salary*12 to "Annual Salary" in the display result.

Question 18

The symbol Asterisk (*) in a select query retrieves ............... .

1. All data from the table

2. Data of primary key only
3. NULL data
4. None of these

Answer

All data from the table

Reason — The asterisk symbol (*) is a wildcard character in SQL that retrieves all
columns or fields from a table. When used in a SELECT statement, it returns all columns
and rows from the specified table.

Question 20

Consider a table Student having two fields—FName varchar(20) and LName char(20). If
in a record, value stored in Fname is 'Anuj' and LName is 'Batra', then FName and LName
will consume ...............and ............... Character space, respectively.

1. 4, 5
2. 4, 20
3. 20, 4
4. 20, 20

Answer

4, 20

Reason — FName is a varchar(20) field, which means it can store a variable-length string
up to a maximum of 20 characters. Since the value stored in FName is 'Anuj', it will
consume 4 character spaces (A-n-u-j). LName is a char(20) field, which means it is a
fixed-length string that always occupies 20 character spaces, regardless of the actual
length of the string. Since the value stored in LName is 'Batra', it will still consume 20
character spaces, with the remaining 15 characters being padded with spaces.
Assertions and Reasons

Question 1

Assertion (A): A database can have only one table in MySql.

Reasoning (R): If a piece of data is stored in two places in the databases, then storage
space is wasted.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is false but R is true.

Explanation
A database can have multiple tables. Data redundancy, which occurs when the same data
is repeated in multiple places within a database, leads to wastage of storage space. A
DBMS eliminates data redundancy by integrating files, ensuring that multiple copies of the
same data are not stored.

Question 2

Assertion (A): A database constraint can be added or removed any time in/from the
database tables.

Reasoning (R): Alter table command is used to change the structure of the table.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
A database constraint can be added or removed from database tables using the ALTER
TABLE command, even after the table has already been created. This command is used
to modify the structure of a table by altering the definition of its columns.

Question 3

Assertion (A): SQL has efficient mechanisms to retrieve data stored in multiple tables in
a MySQL database.

Reasoning (R): The SQL statement CREATE is used to retrieve data from the tables in a
database and is also called query statement.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is true but R is false.

Explanation
SQL provides efficient mechanisms, such as JOIN operations, to retrieve data from
multiple tables in a MySQL database. The SQL statement CREATE is used to create new
database objects such as tables, indexes, or views. The SELECT statement is used to
retrieve data from tables in a database and is known as a query statement.

Question 4

Assertion (A): The SQL keyword Like is used with wildcards only.

Reasoning (R): '_' underscore and "%" per cent are the two wildcard characters used
with LIKE clause.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
The SQL LIKE keyword allows the use of wildcard characters to perform pattern matching.
SQL provides two wildcard characters to use with the LIKE operator: the percent sign (%)
which matches any string, and the underscore ("_") which matches any single character.

Question 5

Assertion (A): DISTINCT clause must be used in an SQL statement to eliminate

duplicate rows.

Reasoning (R): DISTINCT works with numeric data type only.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is true but R is false.

Explanation
The DISTINCT clause is used to remove duplicate rows from the results of
a SELECT statement. It retrieves only unique values for a column in the table.
The DISTINCT keyword in SQL can be used with any data type.
Question 6

Assertion (A): ORDER BY clause is used to sort the records of a table.

Reasoning (R): SQL provides two keywords for sorting in ascending and descending
orders, ASC and DESC.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation
The SQL ORDER BY clause is used to sort the data is ascending or descending order
based on one or more columns. This clause sorts the records in ascending order ( ASC) by
default. To sort the records in descending order, DESC keyword is used.

Question 7

Assertion (A): FLOAT and DOUBLE are data types.

Reasoning (R): Both can hold any number up to 23 digits.

1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.

Answer

A is true but R is false.

Explanation
FLOAT and DOUBLE are data types in SQL, used to store decimal numbers. FLOAT can
store values with a precision of around 6-7 digits, while DOUBLE can store values with a
precision of around 15-16 digits.

Solutions to Unsolved Questions

Question 1
What is an Alternate Key?

Answer

A candidate key that is not the primary key is called an alternate key.

Question 2(a)

Define Relation.

Answer

A relation is a table i.e., data arranged in rows and columns.

Question 2(b)

Define tuple.

Answer

The rows of tables (relations) are called tuples.

Question 2(c)

Define attribute.

Answer

The columns of tables (relations) are called attributes.

Question 2(d)

Define domain.

Answer

A domain is a pool of values from which the actual values appearing in a given column are
drawn.

Question 3

What do you understand by the terms candidate key and alternate key in relational
database?

Answer
All attribute combinations inside a relation that can serve as primary key are candidate
keys as they are candidates for the primary key position.

A candidate key that is not the primary key is called an alternate key. In other words, any
attribute that is a candidate for the primary key, i.e., which is capable of becoming a
primary key but is not a primary key, is an alternate key.

Question 4

What is SQL? What are the different categories of commands available in SQL?

Answer

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language for accessing and manipulating
databases.

The different categories of SQL commands are as follows:

1. Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands
3. Data Query Language (DQL) command
4. Data Control Language (DCL) commands
5. Transaction Control Language (TCL) Commands

Question 5

What is a database system? What is its need?

Answer

A Database Management System is a general purpose software system that facilitates the
process of defining, constructing and manipulating databases for various applications.
The database system is used to eliminate the problems of data redundancy and data
inconsistency.

Question 6

Differentiate between DDL and DML commands.

Answer

Data Definition Language (DDL) Data Manipulation Language

DDL provides a set of definitions to specify the storage structure and DML is a language that enables us
 Data Definition Language (DDL) Data Manipulation Language

access methods used by the database system. access or manipulate data as organ
the appropriate data model.

DDL commands are used to perform tasks such as creating, altering, and
DML commands are used to retrie
dropping schema objects. They are also used to grant and revoke
insert, delete, modify data stored i
privileges and roles, as well as for maintenance commands related to
database.
tables.

Examples of DML commands are

Examples of DDL commands are CREATE, ALTER, DROP, GRANT,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SE
ANALYZE etc.
etc.

Question 7

What is a data type? Name some data types available in MySQL.

Answer

Data types are means to identify the type of data and associated operations for handling
it. The data types available in MySQL are int, float, date, time, char, varchar etc.

Question 8

Differentiate between char and varchar data types.

Answer

Char datatype Varchar datatype

Char datatype specifies a fixed length string. Varchar datatype specifies a variable length string.

Defining a length is not required, but the default is 1. Defining a length is required.

CHAR(n) ensures that all values stored in that VARCHAR(n) columns have a maximum size of n bytes,
column are of length n bytes, padding shorter values storing values exactly as specified without adding blanks for
with blanks while maintaining a fixed size of n bytes. shorter lengths. Exceeding n bytes results in an error message.

Question 9

Which operator concatenates two strings in a query result?

Answer

The + operator is used to concatenate two strings in a query result.

Question 10

How would you calculate 13*15 in SQL?

Answer

To calculate 13 * 15 in SQL, we can use SELECT statement to retrieve rows computed

without reference to any table. For example,
mysql> SELECT 13 * 15;

Question 11

Which keyword eliminates the redundant data from a query?

Answer

DISTINCT keyword eliminates the redundant data from a query result.

Question 12

Write SQL queries to perform the following based on the table Product having fields as
(prod_id, prod_name, quantity, unit_rate, price, city)

(a) Display those records from table Product where prod_id is more than 100.

(b) List records from table Product where prod_name is 'Almirah'.

(c) List all those records whose price is between 200 and 500.

(d) Display the product names whose quantity is not given.

(e) Show the detailed records in the table Product.

Answer

(a)

SELECT * FROM PRODUCT

WHERE prod_id > 100;
(b)

SELECT * FROM PRODUCT

WHERE prod_name = 'Almirah';
(c)

SELECT * FROM PRODUCT

WHERE price BETWEEN 200 AND 500;
(d)

SELECT prod_name
FROM PRODUCT
WHERE quantity IS NULL;
(e)

SELECT * FROM PRODUCT;

Question 13(a)

Define Database.

Answer

A database is defined as a collection of interrelated data stored together to serve multiple

applications.

Question 13(b)

Define Data Inconsistency.

Answer

Mismatched multiple copies of same data is known as data inconsistency.

Question 13(c)
 Define Primary Key.

Answer

A primary key is a set of one or more attributes that can uniquely identify tuples within the
relation.

Question 13(d)

Define Candidate Key.

Answer

All attribute combinations inside a relation that can serve as primary key are candidate
keys as they are candidates for the primary key position.

Question 15

Differentiate between the following commands:

(a) ALTER and UPDATE

(b) DELETE and DROP

Answer

ALTER statement UPDATE statement

The ALTER statement is used to modify the

The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing data in a
structure of database objects, such as tables,
table.
views, or schemas.

It can be used to add, modify, or drop columns, It is used to change the values of one or more columns in a table
constraints, or indexes in a table. based on specified conditions.

For example: UPDATE Employees SET Email =

For example: ALTER TABLE Employees
'[email protected]' WHERE EmployeeID =
ADD Email VARCHAR(255);
101;
(a) Differences between ALTER and UPDATE statements:

(ii) Differences between DELETE and DROP statements:

 DELETE statement DROP statement

The DELETE statement is

used to remove one or The DROP statement is used to remove entire database objects, such as tables, v
more rows from a table indexes, or schemas,
based on specified from the database.
conditions.

It deletes specific rows of

data while keeping the It deletes the entire object along with its structure and data.
table structure intact.

For example, DELETE

FROM Employees
For example, DROP TABLE Products;
WHERE Department =
'Marketing';

Question 16

Consider the following tables STORE and SUPPLIERS. Write SQL commands for the
statements (i) to (iii) and give the output for SQL query (iv).

Table: STORE

Rat
ItemNo Item Scode Qty LastBuy
e

Sharpener
2005 23 60 8 2009-06-31
Classic

2003 Ball Pen 0.25 22 50 25 2010-02-01

Gel Pen
2002 21 150 12 2010-02-24
Premium
 Gel Pen
2006 21 250 20 2009-03-11
Classic

2001 Eraser Small 22 220 6 2009-01-19

2004 Eraser Big 22 110 8 2009-12-02

2009 Ball Pen 0.5 21 180 18 2009-11-03

Table: SUPPLIERS

Scode Sname

21 Premium Stationery

23 Soft Plastics

22 Tetra Supply

(i) To display details of all the items in the Store table.

(ii) To display ItemNo and item name of those items from store table whose rate is more
than 15.

(iii) To display the details of those items whose supplier code is 22 or Quantity in store is
more than 110 from the table Store.

(iv) SELECT Rate*Qty FROM STORE WHERE Itemno = 2004;

Answer

(i)

SELECT * FROM STORE;

Output

+--------+-------------------+-------+-----+------+-----------
-+
| ItemNo | Item | Scode | Qty | Rate | LastBuy
|
+--------+-------------------+-------+-----+------+-----------
-+
| 2001 | Eraser Small | 22 | 220 | 6 | 2009-01-19
|
| 2002 | Gel Pen Premium | 21 | 150 | 12 | 2010-02-24
|
| 2003 | Ball Pen 0.25 | 22 | 50 | 25 | 2010-02-01
|
| 2004 | Eraser Big | 22 | 110 | 8 | 2009-12-02
|
| 2005 | Sharpener Classic | 23 | 60 | 8 | 2009-06-30
|
| 2006 | Gel Pen Classic | 21 | 250 | 20 | 2009-03-11
|
| 2009 | Ball Pen 0.5 | 21 | 180 | 18 | 2009-11-03
|
+--------+-------------------+-------+-----+------+-----------
-+
(ii)

SELECT ItemNo, Item FROM STORE WHERE Rate > 15;

Output

+--------+-----------------+
| ItemNo | Item |
+--------+-----------------+
| 2003 | Ball Pen 0.25 |
| 2006 | Gel Pen Classic |
| 2009 | Ball Pen 0.5 |
+--------+-----------------+
(iii)

SELECT * FROM STORE WHERE Scode = 22 OR Qty > 110;

Output

+--------+-----------------+-------+-----+------+------------+
| ItemNo | Item | Scode | Qty | Rate | LastBuy |
+--------+-----------------+-------+-----+------+------------+
| 2001 | Eraser Small | 22 | 220 | 6 | 2009-01-19 |
| 2002 | Gel Pen Premium | 21 | 150 | 12 | 2010-02-24 |
| 2003 | Ball Pen 0.25 | 22 | 50 | 25 | 2010-02-01 |
| 2004 | Eraser Big | 22 | 110 | 8 | 2009-12-02 |
| 2006 | Gel Pen Classic | 21 | 250 | 20 | 2009-03-11 |
| 2009 | Ball Pen 0.5 | 21 | 180 | 18 | 2009-11-03 |
+--------+-----------------+-------+-----+------+------------+
(iv) SELECT Rate*Qty FROM STORE WHERE Itemno = 2004;

Output

+------------+
| Rate * Qty |
+------------+
| 880 |
+------------+

Question 17

An organization ABC maintains a database EMP-DEPENDENT to record the following

details about its employees and their dependents.

EMPLOYEE(AadhaarNo, Name, Address, Department, EmpID)

DEPENDENT(EmpID, DependentName, Relationship)
Use the EMP-DEPENDENT database to answer the following SQL queries:

(i) Find the names of the employees with their dependents' names.

(ii) Find employee details working in a department, say, 'PRODUCTION'.

(iii) Find employee names having no dependents.

Answer

(i)

SELECT e.Name, d.DependentName

FROM EMPLOYEE e, DEPENDENT d
WHERE e.EmpID = d.EmpID;
(ii)

SELECT *
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE Department = 'PRODUCTION';
(iii)

SELECT e.Name
FROM EMPLOYEE e, DEPENDENT d
WHERE e.EmpID = d.EmpID AND d.DependentName IS NULL;

Question 18

Write SQL commands for (i) to (v) on the basis of relation given below:

Table: BOOKS

book_id Book_name author_name Publishers Price Type

k0001 Let us C Y. Kanetkar EPB 450 Comp

p0001 Genuine J. Mukhi FIRST PUBL. 755 Fiction

m0001 Mastering C++ K.R. Venugopal EPB 165 Comp

n0002 VC++ advance P. Purohit TDH 250 Comp

k0002 Programming with Python Sanjeev FIRST PUBL. 350 Fiction

(i) To show the books of FIRST PUBL. written by J. Mukhi.

(ii) To display cost of all the books published for FIRST PUBL.

(iii) Depreciate the price of all books of EPB publishers by 5%.

(iv) To display the Book_Name and price of the books more than 3 copies of which have
been issued.

(v) To show the details of the book with quantity more than 30.

Answer

(i)
SELECT *
FROM BOOKS
WHERE Publishers = 'FIRST PUBL.' AND author_name = 'J. Mukhi';

Output

+---------+-----------+-------------+-------------+--------+--
-------+-----+
| book_id | Book_name | author_name | Publishers | Price |
Type | qty |
+---------+-----------+-------------+-------------+--------+--
-------+-----+
| p0001 | Genuine | J. Mukhi | FIRST PUBL. | 755.00 |
Fiction | 24 |
+---------+-----------+-------------+-------------+--------+--
-------+-----+
(ii)

SELECT SUM(Price) AS TotalCost

FROM BOOKS
WHERE Publishers = 'FIRST PUBL.';

Output

+-----------+
| TotalCost |
+-----------+
| 1105.00 |
+-----------+
(iii)

UPDATE BOOKS
SET Price = Price - (Price * 0.05)
WHERE Publishers = 'EPB';
(iv)

SELECT Book_name, Price

FROM BOOKS
WHERE qty > 3;

Output
+-------------------------+--------+
| Book_name | Price |
+-------------------------+--------+
| Let us C | 427.50 |
| Programming with Python | 350.00 |
| Mastering C++ | 156.75 |
| VC++ advance | 250.00 |
| Genuine | 755.00 |
+-------------------------+--------+
(v)

SELECT *
FROM BOOKS
WHERE qty > 30;

Output

+---------+---------------+----------------+------------+-----
---+------+-----+
| book_id | Book_name | author_name | Publishers |
Price | Type | qty |
+---------+---------------+----------------+------------+-----
---+------+-----+
| m0001 | Mastering C++ | K.R. Venugopal | EPB |
156.75 | Comp | 60 |
| n0002 | VC++ advance | P. Purohit | TDH |
250.00 | Comp | 45 |
+---------+---------------+----------------+------------+-----
---+------+-----+

Question 19

Write SQL commands for (a) to (e) on the basis of PRODUCTS relation given below:

Table: PRODUCTS

PCODE PNAME COMPANY PRICE STOCK MANUFACTURE WAR

P001 TV BPL 10000 200 2018-01-12 3

PCODE PNAME COMPANY PRICE STOCK MANUFACTURE WAR

P002 TV SONY 12000 150 2017-03-23 4

P003 PC LENOVO 39000 100 2018-04-09 2

P004 PC COMPAQ 38000 120 2019-06-20 2

P005 HANDYCAM SONY 18000 250 2017-03-23 3

(a) To show details of all PCs with stock more than 110.

(b) To list the company which gives warranty of more than 2 years.

(c) To find stock value of the BPL company where stock value is the sum of the products
of price and stock.

(d) To show products from PRODUCTS table.

(e) To show the product name of the products which are within warranty as on date.

Answer

(a)

SELECT *
FROM PRODUCTS
WHERE PNAME = 'PC' AND STOCK > 110;

Output

+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+-----
-----+
| PCODE | PNAME | COMPANY | PRICE | STOCK | MANUFACTURE |
WARRANTY |
+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+-----
-----+
| P004 | PC | COMPAQ | 38000 | 120 | 2019-06-20 |
2 |
+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+-----
-----+
(b)

SELECT DISTINCT COMPANY

FROM PRODUCTS
WHERE WARRANTY > 2;

Output

+---------+
| COMPANY |
+---------+
| BPL |
| SONY |
+---------+
(c)

SELECT COMPANY, SUM(PRICE * STOCK) AS StockValue

FROM PRODUCTS
WHERE COMPANY = 'BPL';

Output

+---------+------------+
| COMPANY | StockValue |
+---------+------------+
| BPL | 2000000 |
+---------+------------+
(d)

SELECT * FROM PRODUCTS;

Output

+-------+----------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+--
--------+
| PCODE | PNAME | COMPANY | PRICE | STOCK | MANUFACTURE |
WARRANTY |
+-------+----------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+--
--------+
| P001 | TV | BPL | 10000 | 200 | 2018-01-12 |
3 |
| P002 | TV | SONY | 12000 | 150 | 2017-03-23 |
4 |
| P003 | PC | LENOVO | 39000 | 100 | 2018-04-09 |
2 |
| P004 | PC | COMPAQ | 38000 | 120 | 2019-06-20 |
2 |
| P005 | HANDYCAM | SONY | 18000 | 250 | 2017-03-23 |
3 |
+-------+----------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+--
--------+
(e)

SELECT PNAME
FROM PRODUCTS
WHERE DATE_ADD(MANUFACTURE, INTERVAL WARRANTY YEAR) >=
CURDATE();
There is no output produced because the warranty of all products has expired.

Question 20

What are DDL and DML?

Answer

The Data Definition Language (DDL) part of SQL permits the creation or deletion of
database tables. It also defines indices (keys), specifies links between tables, and
imposes constraints on tables. DDL contains necessary statements for creating,
manipulating, altering, and deleting tables. Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a part of
SQL that helps users manipulate data. It contains necessary statements for inserting,
updating, and deleting data.

Question 21

Differentiate between primary key and candidate key in a relation.

Answer

Primary key Candidate key

A primary key is a set of one or more attributes/fields A candidate key refers to all the attributes in a relati
which uniquely identifies a tuple/row in a table. are candidates or are capable of becoming a primary
 Primary key Candidate key

A table can have multiple candidate keys. Only one

There can be only one primary key per table.
is chosen as the primary key.

Question 22

What do you understand by the terms Cardinality and Degree of a relation in relational
database?

Answer

The number of tuples/rows in a relation is called the Cardinality of the relation.

The number of attributes/columns in a relation is called the Degree of the relation.

Question 23

Differentiate between DDL and DML. Mention the two commands for each category.

Answer

Data Definition Language (DDL) Data Manipulation Language

DML is a language that enables us

DDL provides a set of definitions to specify the storage structure and
access or manipulate data as organ
access methods used by the database system.
the appropriate data model.

DDL commands are used to perform tasks such as creating, altering, and
DML commands are used to retrie
dropping schema objects. They are also used to grant and revoke
insert, delete, modify data stored i
privileges and roles, as well as for maintenance commands related to
database.
tables.

Examples of DML commands are

Examples of DDL commands are CREATE, ALTER, DROP, GRANT,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SE
ANALYZE etc.
etc.

Question 24
Consider the given table and answer the questions.

Table: SCHOOLBUS

Rtno Area_Covered Capacity Noofstudents Distance Transporter

1 Vasant Kunj 100 120 10 Shivam Travels 3

2 Hauz Khas 80 80 10 Anand Travels 3

3 Pitampura 60 55 30 Anand Travels 4

4 Rohini 100 90 35 Anand Travels 5

5 Yamuna Vihar 50 60 20 Bhalla Travels 3

6 Krishna Nagar 70 80 30 Yadav Travels 4

7 Vasundhara 100 110 20 Yadav Travels 3

8 Paschim Vihar 40 40 20 Speed Travels 3

9 Saket 120 120 10 Speed Travels 3

10 Janakpuri 100 100 20 Kisan Tours 3

(a) To show all information of schoolbus where capacity is more than 70.

(b) To show area_covered for buses covering more than 20 km but charges less than
4000.

(c) To show transporter-wise details along with their charges.

(d) To show Rtno, Area_Covered and Average cost per student for all routes where
average cost per student is—Charges/Noofstudents.

(e) Add a new record with the following data:

(11, "Motibagh", 35, 32, 10, "Kisan Tours", 3500)
Answer

(a)

SELECT *
FROM SCHOOLBUS
WHERE CAPACITY > 70;

Output

+------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+--
--------------+---------+
| Rtno | Area_Covered | Capacity | Noofstudents | Distance |
Transporter | Charges |
+------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+--
--------------+---------+
| 1 | Vasant Kunj | 100 | 120 | 10 |
Shivam Travels | 3500.00 |
| 2 | Hauz Khas | 80 | 80 | 10 |
Anand Travels | 3000.00 |
| 4 | Rohini | 100 | 90 | 35 |
Anand Travels | 5000.00 |
| 7 | Vasundhara | 100 | 110 | 20 |
Yadav Travels | 3500.00 |
| 9 | Saket | 120 | 120 | 10 |
Speed Travels | 3500.00 |
| 10 | Janakpuri | 100 | 100 | 20 |
Kisan Tours | 3500.00 |
+------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+--
--------------+---------+
(b)

SELECT AREA_COVERED
FROM SCHOOLBUS
WHERE DISTANCE > 20 AND CHARGES < 4000;
(c)

SELECT Transporter, SUM(Charges) AS Total_Charges

FROM SCHOOLBUS
GROUP BY Transporter;
Output

+----------------+---------------+
| Transporter | Total_Charges |
+----------------+---------------+
| Shivam Travels | 3500 |
| Anand Travels | 12500 |
| Bhalla Travels | 3800 |
| Yadav Travels | 7500 |
| Speed Travels | 6700 |
| Kisan Tours | 3500 |
+----------------+---------------+
(d)

SELECT RTNO, AREA_COVERED, (CHARGES/NOOFSTUDENTS) AS

AVERAEG_COST
FROM SCHOOLBUS;

Output

+------+---------------+--------------+
| RTNO | AREA_COVERED | AVERAEG_COST |
+------+---------------+--------------+
| 1 | Vasant Kunj | 29.166667 |
| 2 | Hauz Khas | 37.500000 |
| 3 | Pitampura | 81.818182 |
| 4 | Rohini | 55.555556 |
| 5 | Yamuna Vihar | 63.333333 |
| 6 | Krishna Nagar | 50.000000 |
| 7 | Vasundhara | 31.818182 |
| 8 | Paschim Vihar | 80.000000 |
| 9 | Saket | 29.166667 |
| 10 | Janakpuri | 35.000000 |
+------+---------------+--------------+
(e)

INSERT INTO SCHOOLBUS

VALUES(11, "MOTIBAGH", 35, 32, 10, "KISAN TOURS", 3500);

Question 25
Write SQL commands for (a) to (d) and write the output for (e) on the basis of the
following table:

Table: FURNITURE

S NO ITEM TYPE DATEOFSTOCK PRICE DISC

1 WhiteLotus DoubleBed 2002-02-23 3000 25

2 Pinkfeathers BabyCot 2002-01-29 7000 20

3 Dolphin BabyCot 2002-02-19 9500 20

4 Decent OfficeTable 2002-02-01 25000 30

5 Comfortzone DoubleBed 2002-02-12 25000 30

6 Donald BabyCot 2002-02-24 6500 15

(a) To list the details of furniture whose price is more than 10000.

(b) To list the Item name and Price of furniture whose discount is between 10 and 20.

(c) To delete the record of all items where discount is 30.

(d) To display the price of 'BabyCot'.

(e) Select Distinct Type from Furniture;

Answer

(a)

SELECT * FROM FURNITURE

WHERE PRICE > 10000;

Output

+----+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------+------
----+
| NO | ITEM | TYPE | DATEOFSTOCK | PRICE |
DISCOUNT |
+----+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------+------
----+
| 4 | Decent | OfficeTable | 2002-02-01 | 25000 |
30 |
| 5 | Comfortzone | DoubleBed | 2002-02-12 | 25000 |
30 |
+----+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------+------
----+
(b)

SELECT ITEM, PRICE

FROM FURNITURE
WHERE DISCOUNT BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

Output

+--------------+-------+
| ITEM | PRICE |
+--------------+-------+
| Pinkfeathers | 7000 |
| Dolphin | 9500 |
| Donald | 6500 |
+--------------+-------+
(c)

DELETE FROM FURNITURE WHERE DISCOUNT = 30;

(d)

SELECT PRICE
FROM FURNITURE
WHERE TYPE = 'BabyCot';

Output

+-------+
| PRICE |
+-------+
| 7000 |
| 9500 |
| 6500 |
+-------+
(e)

SELECT DISTINCT Type FROM Furniture;

Output

+-------------+
| Type |
+-------------+
| DoubleBed |
| BabyCot |
| OfficeTable |
+-------------+

Question 26

Write SQL commands for (a) to (d) and write the output for (e) and (f) on the basis of
given table GRADUATE:

Table: GRADUATE

S NO NAME STIPEND SUBJECT AVERAGE

1 KARAN 400 PHYSICS 68 1

2 RAJ 450 CHEMISTRY 68 1

3 DEEP 300 MATHS 62 2

4 DIVYA 350 CHEMISTRY 63 1

5 GAURAV 500 PHYSICS 70 1

6 MANAV 400 CHEMISTRY 55 2

7 VARUN 250 MATHS 64 1

 S NO NAME STIPEND SUBJECT AVERAGE

8 LIZA 450 COMPUTER 68 1

9 PUJA 500 PHYSICS 62 1

10 NISHA 300 COMPUTER 57 2

(a) List the names of those students who have obtained rank 1.

(b) Display a list of all those names whose average is greater than 65.

(c) Display the names of those students who have opted computer as a subject with
average of more than 60.

(d) List the names of all students.

(e) SELECT * FROM GRADUATE WHERE Subject = "Physics";

(f) SELECT RANK FROM GRADUATE;

Answer

(a)

SELECT NAME FROM GRADUATE

WHERE `RANK` = 1;

Output

+--------+
| NAME |
+--------+
| KARAN |
| RAJ |
| DIVYA |
| GAURAV |
| VARUN |
| LIZA |
| PUJA |
+--------+
(b)
SELECT NAME
FROM GRADUATE
WHERE AVERAGE > 65;

Output

+--------+
| NAME |
+--------+
| KARAN |
| RAJ |
| GAURAV |
| LIZA |
+--------+
(c)

SELECT NAME
FROM GRADUATE
WHERE SUBJECT = 'COMPUTER' AND AVERAGE > 60;

Output

+------+
| NAME |
+------+
| LIZA |
+------+
(d)

SELECT name
FROM GRADUATE;

Output

+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| KARAN |
| RAJ |
| DEEP |
| DIVYA |
| GAURAV |
| MANAV |
| VARUN |
| LIZA |
| PUJA |
| NISHA |
+--------+
(e)

SELECT * FROM GRADUATE WHERE Subject = "Physics";

Output

+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+------+
| S.No. | name | stipend | subject | average | RANK |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+------+
| 1 | KARAN | 400 | PHYSICS | 68 | 1 |
| 5 | GAURAV | 500 | PHYSICS | 70 | 1 |
| 9 | PUJA | 500 | PHYSICS | 62 | 1 |
+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+------+
(f) Since 'RANK' is a reserved keyword in SQL, we encounter an error while running this
query. To avoid such errors, we can enclose the column name 'RANK' in backticks to treat
it as a literal identifier.

The corrected query is :

SELECT `RANK` FROM GRADUATE;

Output

+------+
| RANK |
+------+
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 2 |
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 2 |
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 2 |
+------+

Question 27(a)

What is the difference between Candidate key and Alternate key?

Answer

Alternate Key Candidate Key

A candidate key refers to all the attributes in a relation that Any attribute which is capable of becoming a p
are candidates or are capable of becoming a primary key. key but is not a primary key is called an alterna

Question 27(b)

What is the degree and cardinality of a table having 10 rows and 5 columns?

Answer

The degree of a table is 5 and the cardinality of a table is 10.

Question 27(c)

For the given table, do as directed:

Table:STUDENT

Column name Datatype Size Constraint

ROLLNO Integer 4 Primary Key

SNAME Varchar 25 Not Null

GENDER Char 1 Not Null

DOB Date Not Null

 Column name Datatype Size Constraint

FEES Integer 4 Not Null

HOBBY Varchar 15 Null

(i) Write SQL query to create the table.

(ii) Write SQL query to increase the size of SNAME to hold 30 characters.

(iii) Write SQL query to remove the column HOBBY.

(iv) Write SQL query to insert a row in the table with any values of your choice that can be
accommodated there.

Answer

(i)

CREATE TABLE STUDENT(

ROLLNO INT(4) PRIMARY KEY,
SNAME VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
GENDER CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
DOB DATE NOT NULL,
FEES INT(4) NOT NULL,
HOBBY VARCHAR(15)
);
(ii)

ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY SNAME VARCHAR(30);

(iii)

ALTER TABLE STUDENT DROP HOBBY;

(iv)

INSERT INTO STUDENT(ROLLNO, SNAME, GENDER, DOB, FEES, HOBBY)

VALUES (1, 'ANANYA', 'F', '2000-01-01', 5000, 'COOKING');

Question 28

Write SQL queries based on the following tables:

Table: PRODUCT

P_ID ProductName Manufacturer Price Disc

TP01 Talcum Powder LAK 40 Null

FW05 Face Wash ABC 45 5

BS01 Bath Soap ABC 55 Null

SH06 Shampoo XYZ 120 10

FW12 Face Wash XYZ 95 Null

Table: CLIENT

C_ID ClientName City P_I

01 Cosmetic Shop Delhi TP01

02 Total Health Mumbai FW05

03 Live Life Delhi BS01

04 Pretty Woman Delhi SH06

05 Dreams Delhi FW12

(i) Write SQL query to display ProductName and Price for all products whose Price is in
the range 50 to 150.

(ii) Write SQL Query to display details of products whose manufacturer is either XYZ or
ABC.

(iii) Write SQL query to display ProductName, Manufacturer and Price for all products that
are not given any discount.

(iv) Write SQL query to display ProductName and price for all products.
(v) Write SQL query to display ClientName, City, P_ID and ProductName for all clients
whose city is Delhi.

(vi) Which column is used as Foreign Key and name the table where it has been used as
Foreign Key?

Answer

(i)

SELECT ProductName, Price

FROM PRODUCT
WHERE Price BETWEEN 50 AND 150;

Output

+-------------+-------+
| ProductName | Price |
+-------------+-------+
| Bath Soap | 55 |
| Face Wash | 95 |
| Shampoo | 120 |
+-------------+-------+
(ii)

SELECT * FROM PRODUCT

WHERE Manufacturer = 'XYZ' OR Manufacturer = 'ABC';

Output

+------+-------------+--------------+-------+----------+
| P_ID | ProductName | Manufacturer | Price | Discount |
+------+-------------+--------------+-------+----------+
| BS01 | Bath Soap | ABC | 55 | NULL |
| FW05 | Face Wash | ABC | 45 | 5 |
| FW12 | Face Wash | XYZ | 95 | NULL |
| SH06 | Shampoo | XYZ | 120 | 10 |
+------+-------------+--------------+-------+----------+
(iii)

SELECT ProductName, Manufacturer, Price

FROM PRODUCT
WHERE Discount IS NULL;
Output

+---------------+--------------+-------+
| ProductName | Manufacturer | Price |
+---------------+--------------+-------+
| Bath Soap | ABC | 55 |
| Face Wash | XYZ | 95 |
| Talcum Powder | LAK | 40 |
+---------------+--------------+-------+
(iv)

SELECT ProductName, Price

FROM PRODUCT;

Output

+---------------+--------+
| productname | price |
+---------------+--------+
| Bath Soap | 55.00 |
| Face Wash | 45.00 |
| Face Wash | 95.00 |
| Shampoo | 120.00 |
| Talcum Powder | 40.00 |
+---------------+--------+
(v)

SELECT C.ClientName, C.City, P.P_ID, P.ProductName

FROM PRODUCT P, CLIENT C
WHERE P.P_ID = C.P_ID AND C.CITY = 'DELHI';

Output

+---------------+-------+------+---------------+
| ClientName | City | P_ID | ProductName |
+---------------+-------+------+---------------+
| Cosmetic Shop | Delhi | TP01 | Talcum Powder |
| Live Life | Delhi | BS01 | Bath Soap |
| Pretty Woman | Delhi | SH06 | Shampoo |
| Dreams | Delhi | FW12 | Face Wash |
+---------------+-------+------+---------------+
(vi) The column used as a Foreign Key is P_ID in the CLIENT table, and it references the
P_ID column in the PRODUCT table.

Question 29

Answer the questions based on the table given below:

Table:HOSPITAL

sno Name Age Department Datofadm charges

1 Arpit 62 Surgery 1998-01-21 300

2 Zareena 22 ENT 1997-12-12 250

3 Kareem 32 Orthopaedic 1998-02-19 200

4 Arun 12 Surgery 1998-01-11 300

5 Zubin 30 ENT 1998-01-12 250

6 Ketaki 16 ENT 1998-02-24 250

7 Ankita 29 Cardiology 1998-02-20 800

8 Zareen 45 Gynaecology 1998-02-22 300

9 Kush 19 Cardiology 1998-01-13 800

10 Shilpa 23 Nuclear Medicine 1998-02-21 400

(i) To list the names of all the patients admitted after 15/01/98.

(ii) To list the names of female patients who are in ENT department.

(iii) To list names of all patients with their date of admission.

(iv) To display Patient’s Name, Charges and Age for only female patients.
Answer

(i)

SELECT NAME
FROM HOSPITAL
WHERE DATOFADM > '1998-01-15';

Output

+--------+
| NAME |
+--------+
| Arpit |
| Kareem |
| Ketaki |
| Ankita |
| Zareen |
| Shilpa |
+--------+
(ii)

SELECT NAME
FROM HOSPITAL
WHERE SEX = 'F' AND DEPARTMENT = 'ENT';

Output

+---------+
| NAME |
+---------+
| Zareena |
| Ketaki |
+---------+
(iii)

SELECT NAME, DATOFADM

FROM HOSPITAL;

Output

+---------+------------+
| name | dateofadm |
+---------+------------+
| Arpit | 1998-01-21 |
| Zareena | 1997-12-12 |
| Kareem | 1998-02-19 |
| Arun | 1998-01-11 |
| Zubin | 1998-01-12 |
| Ketaki | 1998-02-24 |
| Ankit | 1998-02-20 |
| Zareen | 1998-02-22 |
| Kush | 1998-01-13 |
| Shilpa | 1998-02-21 |
+---------+------------+
(iv)

SELECT NAME, CHARGES, AGE

FROM HOSPITAL
WHERE SEX = 'F';

Output

+---------+---------+-----+
| NAME | CHARGES | AGE |
+---------+---------+-----+
| Zareena | 250 | 22 |
| Ketaki | 250 | 16 |
| Ankita | 800 | 29 |
| Zareen | 300 | 45 |
| Shilpa | 400 | 23 |
+---------+---------+-----+