Department of Mathematical Sciences

R AJIV G ANDHI I NSTITUTE O F P ETROLEUM T ECHNOLOGY, J AIS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (MA 121)

20-24 January 2025 Problem Set 2 GR, SD

Solution of first order and first degree ODE

dy d2 y di y
Notations : y′ ≡ dx , y′′ ≡ dx2
, y (i ) ≡ dxi
for i = 3, 4, 5, . . . .

1. Solve the following ODEs. [Using separating the variables, special substitutions, solution exact
equations and finding integrating factors]
h i
dy p p
(i) x dx − y = x x2 + y2 Put y = vx, Ans: y + x2 + y2 = cxe x
dy
(ii) dx + 2xy = x2 + y2 Ans: y − x − 1 = c (y − x + 1) e2x
 
h y
i
dy dy
(iii) y2 + x2 dx = xy dx Ans: y = ce x
h i
dy p p
(iv) x3 dx = y3 + y2 y2 − x2 Ans: y + y2 − x2 = cxy
Ans: 5x2 + 8xy + 5y2 − 8x − 10y = c
 
(v) (5x + 4y − 4) dx + (4x + 5y − 5) dy = 0
Ans: 9 ln 3y + 2x + 22 3



(vi) (2x + 3y + 4) dx = (4x + 6y + 5) dy 7 = 14 3y − 2 x + c
(vii) cos2 x − y cos x dx − (1 + sin x ) dy = 0


[Ans: 2 (1 + sin x ) y = x + sin x cos x + c]
3 2


(viii) dy + x sin 2y − x cos y dx = 0 (Hint: write in appropriate h form and use the substitution i
2
Ans: 2 tan y = x2 − 1 + ce− x


z = tan y)

(ix) a2 − 2xy − y2 dx − ( x + y)2 dy = 0, where a is fixed constant. a2 x − x2 y − xy2 − 13 y3 = c

 

2. Solve the following ODEs. [Linear and Bernoulli’s equations type]

dy 4x 1
Ans: y( x2 + 1)2 = tan−1 x + c
 
(i) dx + x 2 +1
y = ( x 2 +1)3
dy
(ii) cos2 x + y = tan x [Ans: y = 1 + tan x + ce− tan x ]
dx h i
dy
(iii) dx + y cos x = yn sin 2x Ans: y1−n = 2 sin x − 1−2 n + ce(n−1) sin x
Ans: y = 1x (1 + ce− x )
 
(iv) x dy + ( xy + y − 1) dx = 0
 
y2
(v) y dx + xy2 + x − y dy = 0 −


Ans: xy = 1 + c e 2

h 2
i
(vi) dy + 4y − 8y3 x dx = 0 Ans: y12 = 2 + ce4x

dy y y h i
(vii) + ln y = 2 (ln y)2 1
Ans: x ln y = 1
2x2
− c
dx x x
dy 1 1
(viii) + tan y = 2 tan y sin y
dx x x
3. Consider the differential equation of the form

y + x f x2 + y2 dx + y f x2 + y2 − x dy = 0.

 


(a) Show that an equation of this form is not exact.

 2

1
(b) Show that is an integrating factor of an equation of this form.
x2 + y2
4. Solve the following ODEs by finding integrating factor.
2
i h
(i) 3x2 y4 + 2xy dx + 2x3 y3 − x2 dy = 0 Ans: x3 y2 + xy = c

1
h i
(ii) (1 + xy) y dx + (1 − xy) x dy = 0 Ans: x = cye xy
 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1
(iii) xy2 − x2 dx + 3x2 y2 + x2 y − 2x3 + y2 dy = 0



6y 
2 x y − 3 x + 6 y − 18 y + 108 e =c
1 1
  h i
(iv) xy2 − e x3 dx − x2 y dy = 0 Ans: 3y2 − 2x2 e x3 = cx2

1
5. Show that is an integrating factor for the ODE
( x + y + 1)4

2xy − y2 − y dx + 2xy − x2 − x dy = 0

h i
and hence solve it. Ans: xy = c ( x + y + 1)3

6. Solve the initial value problem


dy 2, 0 ≤ x < 1,
+ y = f ( x ), y (0) = 0 where f (x) = .
dx 0, x ≥ 1,

2 (1 − e− x ) , 0 ≤ x < 1,
  
Ans: y( x ) =
2 (e − 1) e− x , x ≥ 1.
7. Solve the initial value problem

e− x , 0 ≤ x < 2,

dy
+ y = f ( x ), y(0) = 1 where f (x) =
dx e−2 , x ≥ 2,

(1 + x ) e−x , 0 ≤ x < 2,
  
Ans: y( x ) =
2e− x + e−2 , x ≥ 2.
dy
8. Consider the ODE a + by = k e−λx , where a, b and k are positive constants and λ is a non-
dx
negative constant.

(i) Solve this equation.

(ii) Show that if λ = 0 every solution approaches k
b as x → ∞, but if λ > 0 every solution
approaches 0 as x → ∞.

9. The equation

dy
= A ( x ) y2 + B ( x ) y + C ( x ) (1)
dx
is called Riccati’s equation. Note that (or check yourself) if A( x ) = 0 for all x, then equation (1) is
a linear equation, whereas if C ( x ) = 0 for all x, then equation (1) is a Bernoulli equation.

(i) Show that if f is any solution of (1), then the transformation

1
y= f+
v
reduces equation (1) to a linear equation in v (dependent variable) and x (independent
variable).
 (ii) Using the above, solve the following ODE

dy
= −y2 + xy + 1,
dx
given solution f ( x ) = x.

10. If M ( x, y) dx + N ( x, y) dy = 0 is an exact equation with M and N are homogeneous functions of

degree n(̸= −1), then the general solution (or primitive) of the given equation is

x M ( x, y) + y N ( x, y) = constant.
h i
Hint. Use Euler’s theorem (on homogeneous function) to both M and N, that is x ∂M ∂M
∂x + y ∂y = nM

11. Find the solution of the following IVP.

2y′ − y = 4 sin 3t, y (0) = y0

Determine all possible behaviours of the solution as t −→ ∞. If this behaviour depends on the
value of y0 give this dependence.

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