BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

By
Narendrakumar Chauhan
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Faculty of Technology. Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat.
Website: https://ddu.ac.in/Technology-Departments4.php
TEACHING SCHEME

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DETAILED SYLLABUS

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DETAILED SYLLABUS

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DETAILED SYLLABUS

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TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS

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 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
VOLTAGE:
• The electrical force, or "pressure", that causes current to flow in a
circuit.
• Voltage is the force that pushes the electrons.
• It is measured in VOLTS (V ).

CURRENT:
• Current is the movement of electrical charge - the flow of electrons through the
electronic circuit.
• Current is defined to flow from positive to negative voltages.
• Current is measured in AMPERES (AMPS, A or I).
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CAPACITOR

• Capacitance is the ability of something to store an electrical charge

• Charge is a property of matter that causes it to experience a force (attraction or

repulsion) when near other electrically charged matter. There are two types of
electric charges—positive and negative.

• Capacitance = Charge / Voltage [ C = q / V ]

• Capacitors are used in electrical circuits to store energy for later

release 8
INDUCTOR

• Inductance is the process by which a change in current creates voltage

• It is a property of a conductor whereby a voltage is “induced” in the conductor

itself and any nearby conductors

• Inductance = Voltage / Rate of Current Change

• An inductor stores energy in a magnetic field

• Like capacitors, inductors store energy for later release

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RESISTOR
• Resistance is anything that causes an
opposition to the flow of current in a circuit.
• Resistance controls the amount of voltage and - Voltage +
current in a circuit. Current
• Everything in a circuit has a resistance (even wire).
Resistance
• A resistor is a element designed specifically to have a constant resistance.
• It is measured in OHMS (Ω).

Design and analysis of electronic circuits hinges on thorough

understanding of the relationships between voltage, current, and
resistance. 10
COLOR CODING OF A RESISTOR

𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 ± 𝟏𝟎% 𝜴

𝟐. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 ± 𝟏𝟎% 𝜴 ? ? ?

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 QUANTIFICATION: OHM’S LAW
• Expresses the relationship between current, voltage and resistance.
• It was named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854).
• This is one of the most fundamental concepts in electronics. Learn Ohm’s
Law. Learn it inside and out!

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸 (𝑉)
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 (R) =
𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 (𝐼)

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 ELECTRONIC SCHEMATICS

• Electronic circuits are drawn using schematics which use standard symbols for
each type of electronic component

Circuit Schematic
Voltage
(Volts) I

Load/Resistor
V R
(Ohms)

Current
Current (Amps) Battery symbol Resistor symbol

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Q. If in this circuit we observe a current flow of 12 amps (12A) through the
resistive load of 1 Ohm (1W), what must the battery voltage be?

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Q. If in this circuit we observe a current flow of 12 amps (12A) through the
resistive load of 1 Ohm (1W), what must the battery voltage be?

According to OHM’s Law:

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸 (𝑉)
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 (R) =
𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 (𝐼)

V=IR
V = 12 (Amps) x 1 (Ohm)

V = 12 Volts (12V)
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If we knew the battery was supplying 12 volts, how do we predict the
current through a resistive load of 1 Ohm?

According to OHM’s Law: I?

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸 (𝑉)
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 (R) =
𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 (𝐼)

I =V/R

I = 12 (Volts)/ 1 (Ohm)

I = 12 Amps (12A)

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If we knew a 10V battery was supplying 5A of current, what must the load
(resistance) be?

According to OHM’s Law:

𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸 (𝑉) ?W
𝑅𝐸𝑆𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸 (R) =
𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 (𝐼)

10V
R=V/I

R = 10 (Volts)/ 5 (Amps) : 5

R = 2 Ohm (2 W)

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 SERIES CIRCUIT (KVL)

A series circuit is one with all the loads in a row.

Power Source
There is only ONE path for the electricity to
flow.
If this circuit was a string of light bulbs,
and one blew out (became an open Load 1 Load 2
circuit), the remaining bulbs would turn
off.
Total load (R) = Load 1 (R1) + Load 2 (R2)

Circuit components in series experience the same current. 19

 PARALLEL CIRCUIT (KCL)
Power Source

A parallel circuit is one that has two or more

paths for the electricity to flow – similar to a
fork in a river
Load 1
In other words, the loads are parallel to each
other.
If the loads in this circuit were light bulbs and
Load 1
one blew out, current would still flow to the
others.
Total load (1/R) = (1/R1) + (1/R2)
Circuit components in parallel experience the same voltage. 20
 EXERCISE

Parallel R
R1 R2 Series (R = R1 + R2) 1 1 1
= +
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2

100Ω 100Ω

100KΩ 10KΩ

4.7KΩ 10KΩ

330Ω 4.7KΩ
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 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
The algebraic sum of all the currents entering any node in a circuit equals zero.
Formulation 1:
Sum of currents entering node = sum of currents leaving node
Formulation 2:
Algebraic sum of currents entering node = 0
• Currents leaving are included with a minus sign.
Formulation 3:
Algebraic sum of currents leaving node = 0
• Currents entering are included with a minus sign.
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 Currents entering the node:
i2
i3
i1 Currents leaving the node:

i4

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 Currents entering the node:
-10 mA
i
5 mA
Currents leaving the node:

15 mA

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 TERMINOLOGY: NODE AND BRANCH

Node: A point where two or more circuit elements are connected

i2
i3
Branch: A path that connects two nodes i1

i4

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 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any loop in a circuit equals zero.

Formulation 1:
Sum of voltage drops around loop = sum of voltage rises around loop

Formulation 2:
Algebraic sum of voltage drops around loop = 0
• Voltage rises are included with a minus sign.
Formulation 3:
Algebraic sum of voltage rises around loop = 0
• Voltage drops are included with a minus sign.
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 PLEASE NOTE: WHAT THE ‘+’ AND ‘-’ NEXT TO A
DEVICE AND WHAT AN ‘ ‘ NEXT TO A WIRE MEAN

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EXAMPLE (KVL)

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EXAMPLE (KCL)

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EXAMPLE (KCL)

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EXAMPLE (KVL)

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HOME WORK

Use KCL to obtain VA and VB

Use KVL to obtain Current

passing through RL

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 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

• Superposition theorem is a circuit analysis theorem that is used to solve

the network where two or more sources are present and connected.

• Superposition theorem states the following:

“If more than one source acts simultaneously in an electric circuit, then
the current through any one of the branches of the circuit is the
summation of currents which would flow through the branch for each
source, keeping all the other sources dead.”

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PROBLEM

Considering both the sources:

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Considering only V1 = 12 Volts:

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Considering only V2 = 5 Volts:

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POWER ????

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 LIMITATIONS
• The theorem does not apply to non-linear circuits. (e.g. Diodes and Transistors).
• The requisite of linearity indicates that the Superposition Theorem is only
applicable to determine voltage and current, but not power. Power dissipation is a
nonlinear function that does not algebraically add to an accurate total when only
one source is considered at a time.
• The application of the superposition theorem requires two or more sources in the
circuit.
• In order to calculate load current or voltage for several choices of load resistance,
one needs to solve for every voltage and current source in the network several
times. With a simple circuit this is fairly easy, but in a large circuit with many
sources this method becomes a painful experience!
• Thevenin / Norton equivalent with Mesh/Node analysis is a better choice in
that case.
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 THEVENIN’S THEOREM

• Thevenin’s theorem simplifies the process of solving for the unknown

values of voltage and current in a network by reducing the network to
an equivalent series circuit connected to any pair of network terminals.

• Any network with two open terminals can be replaced by a single

voltage source (VTH) and a series resistance (RTH) connected to the
open terminals. A component can be removed to produce the open
terminals.

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THEVENIN’S THEOREM

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 THEVENIN’S THEOREM

VTH

1. Remove RL
2. Connect the DMM across that terminal to
measure Voltage = VTH

RTH
1. Remove RL
2. Make energy source equals zero
3. Connect the DMM across that terminal to measure equivalent resistance = RTH
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 APPLICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Application of Thevenin’s theorem. (a) Actual circuit with terminals A

and B across RL. (b) Disconnect RL to find that VAB is 24V. (c) Short-
circuit V to find that RAB is 2Ω.
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 APPLICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

(d) Thevenin equivalent circuit. (e) Reconnect RL at terminals A and B

to find that VL is 12V.
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PROBLEM

Verify Thevenin's theorem to get

current passing through the RL

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SOLUTION

Applying KCL @A

Applying KCL @B

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SOLUTION

Applying KCL @A

Applying KCL @B

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SOLUTION
Applying Thevenin’s Theorem
RTH

VTH

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 SOLUTION

VTH
1. Remove RL
2. Connect the DMM across that terminal to
measure Voltage = VTH

VTH

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 SOLUTION

RTH
1. Remove RL
2. Make energy source equals zero
3. Connect the DMM across that terminal to measure
equivalent resistance = RTH

RTH
RTH

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SOLUTION

RTH

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 AC CIRCUITS
Objective:

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DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

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ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

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ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

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TIME SCALES

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FREQUENCY

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PERIOD

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AMPLITUDE & PEAK-TO-PEAK VALUE

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THE BASIC SINE EQUATION

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INSTANTANEOUS VALUE

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RADIAN MEASURE

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ANGULAR VELOCITY

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ω, T & f

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EXAMPLE

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PHASE SHIFTS

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Questions ?
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