ME655

RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

3. Sustainable Energy Technologies Assessment
3b. Solar Energy Systems
3. Sustainable Energy Technologies Assessment

1. Solar Energy Systems:

2. Bio-mass Energy Systems
3. Hydro Energy Systems
4. Wind Energy Systems:
5. Geo-thermal.
6. Hydrogen fuel.
7. Waste heat recovery /harvest
8. Nuclear Energy.
 3.1 Solar Energy Systems

Wide range of study: Solar radiations data; Solar energy collection

and conversion, Storage and utilization; Solar heating and cooling;
Solar power generation; Solar Energy system Economics.
Solar Radiation
SOLAR Radiation
 The electromagnetic spectrum
• The heat radiated by a body is comprised of a range of
frequencies.
– Thermal radiation is defined as the portion of the spectrum
between: 10-7 and 10-4 m.
– Visible light is the portion of the spectrum between:
3.9x10-7 and 7.8x10-7 m.
– Solar radiation is the portion of the spectrum between: 10-5
and 3x10-6 m.

• Electromagnetic waves transport energy and travel at the

speed of light.
c0= 2.9979 x 108 m/s 8
The electromagnetic spectrum
Thermal radiation (10-7 to 10-4 m)

Solar radiation
(10-5 to 3x10-6 m)

(3.9x10-7 to 7.8x10-7 m)

9
 The Potentials of Solar Energy
• Solar energy represents an abundant and unlimited resource, which
theoretically could supply all the world’s energy demand.
• The Earths' surface receives so much solar energy from the sun everyday,
that if this energy is harnessed for even just 60 seconds, it would be enough
to power the world's total energy requirements for a year
• The Sun radiates energy at 3.9×1026 W, but energy received at the outer
atmosphere of Earth is 1368W/m2. This value varies in ±1.7% due to
changes in the Earth–Sun distance
• The maximum radiation is received during a sunny day, where 90% of the
extraterrestrial radiation become direct radiation while the rest are being
deflected as diffuse radiation, while conversely, on a cloudy day, nearly all
of the solar radiation is diffused
• Although solar energy is sufficient to meet the entire energy needs of the
world, currently it is not economical to do so because of the low
concentration of solar energy on earth ( W/m2) and the high capital cost of
harnessing it due to low conversion efficiency.
 Diffuse and direct beam solar radiation
The solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface can be divided into two
types of solar radiation: Direct beam solar radiation and diffuse solar
radiation.

As sunlight passes through the atmosphere, some of it enters the surface of the
Earth direct and undisturbed - the so called beam solar radiation. Beam solar
radiation throws sharp shadows and can be focused. Another component of
sunlight is the diffuse solar radiation. On it's way through the atmosphere it is
absorbed, scattered, or reflected by: Dust, Water vapor, Clouds, Pollutants

Diffuse solar radiation does not throw sharp shadows and cannot be focused.

The percentage of the sky's radiation that is diffuse is much greater in higher
latitude, cloudier places than in lower latitude, sunnier places.m Also, the
precentage of the total radiation that is diffuse radiation tends to be higher in the
winter than the summer in these higher latitude, cloudier places. The sunniest
places, by contrast, tend to have less seasonal variation in the ratio between
diffuse and direct radiation.

In tropical region, the % of diffuse solar radiation is high due to he presence of

clouds
• "Global insolation" is the total insolation: direct + diffuse +
reflected light.

• "Normal radiation" describes the radiation that strikes a

surface that is at a 90° angle to the sun's rays. By constantly
keeping solar collectors at a 90° angle with the sun, we
maximize the direct radiation received on that day.

• Photovoltaic and solar hot water systems can make use of

both direct radiation and diffuse radiation. Concentrated
solar power, on the other hand, requires a lot of direct
radiation to do much of anything at all
Seasonal changes
Solar Path Variation: Seasonal Change
0° latitude (the Equator) 20° latitude

50° latitude > 70° latitude

Typical Solar variation (temperate regions)
An azimuth is an angular measurement in
a spherical coordinate system

The azimuth angle is the compass direction

from which the sunlight is coming. At solar
noon, the sun is always directly south in the
northern hemisphere and directly north in the
southern hemisphere. The azimuth angle
varies throughout the day as shown
Solar Path Variation: Seasonal Change

2.1896° N, 102.2501° E 51.5072° N, 0.1276° W

The June solstice (summer solstice) The June solstice (summer solstice) on
in Melaka on June 21st,. In terms of June 21st, In terms of daylight, this day
daylight, this day is 20 minutes is 8 hours, 50 minutes longer than the
longer than the December Solstice December (Winter) Solstice on 21st
on 21st December. Disember.
 Solar Energy Technologies
• Solar Energy Technologies are characterized by how Solar
energy could be harnessed, either passive solar or active
solar depending on the way they capture, convert and
distribute solar energy.

• Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and

are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar
technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are
generally considered demand side technologies

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
 Active Solar Techniques
• Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic (PV)
panels , solar thermal collectors and concentrating solar
power to harness the energy.

• Other than PV systems, Active solar energy systems collect,

store and distribute solar energy by use of mechanical
devices such as pumps or fans. When air or water is warmed
by the sun, the active system circulates the warmer air or
water, replacing the medium in the collection device with cool
water or air, which is then warmed and cycled through the
system again.
Active Solar Techniques
 Passive Solar Techniques

• Passive solar energy systems harness the sun's light and heat
directly, without employing devices to capture and convert it
to electricity include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing
properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
• One example of passive solar energy is the placement of
windows to allow optimal amounts of sunlight into a room or
building, both lighting and heating the area without the need
for an external energy source.
• Passive solar energy can also be used, within a building, to
create air currents, which work with the ventilation system to
cool as well as provide heat.
 3.1.1 Photovoltaics (PV)

• Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by

converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using
semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic solar
cells convert solar energy into electricity by using photons of light to knock
electrons into a higher state of energy.
• A solar power cell consists of two layers of this treated silicon. The bottom
layer is positively charged (P-type) and the top layer is negatively charged
(N-type).
• The two layers form an electric field between them which only allows the
electrons to flow from the P-type silicon to the N-type silicon.
• When the solar power cell is part of an external circuit, this will allow it to
generate solar electricity when light strikes the top silicon surface
• Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon,
polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper
indium selenide/sulfide.
Cross-section of Silicon-Based Solar Cell
 Types of Solar PV

• Most solar panels can be classified as : monocrystalline,

polycrystalline or amorphous based on the silicon structure
that comprises the cell.
• Different panels use different materials that display the
photovoltaic effect.
• Each has different sensitivity to light and temperature and
may have different cell designs which affect the overall look
• Solar panel efficiency is still only about 13-18% efficient in
turning sunlight into electricity.
 Monocrystalline Solar Module

Polycrystalline silicon solar module

Thin Film Amorphous Solar Panels

Solar cells made out of silicon
currently provide a combination
of high efficiency, low cost, and
long lifetime. Modules are
expected to last for 25 years or
more, still producing more than
80% of their original power after
this time.
Monocrystalline PV panels
• Made from a single silicon crystal.
• The most efficient commercially viable panels producing the highest
wattage per square metre though more expensive, than
polycrystalline types. Hence not necessarily the first choice for
every home
• Very slow degradation, generally losing 0.25 - 0.5% per year
• The lifespan of a monocrystalline cell is a minimum of 25 years and
can be upto 50, i.e. worthwhile investment for long term use.
• The average size 400 W panel is about 200 cm length, 100 cm in
width, 3cm high, and weighs 25 kg with its aluminum frame.
• Extremely fragile,that means a rigid mounting is a must
• Don't perform as well as other panels in shady conditions or at high
temperatures
• costlier than polycrystalline options, but their longevity,
performance, and efficiency mean that they’re a good buy over a
longer period of time
Polycrystalline PV panels
• Similar to mono-crystalline panels, but the silicon used has a different structure
which is easier to make and therefore cheaper to buy and install than mono-
crystalline panels.
• perform a bit better in high temperatures.
• Poly-crystallines are slightly less efficient, so more panels may be needed for the
same output.

Amorphous PV panels
• Less expensive than the crystalline panels. If space is not an issue, than an
amorphous panel could be a great option.
• Perform better than crystalline panels in very hot temperatures and are also
slightly more tolerant of partial shading.
• The production process is more energy efficient than the other panel varieties so
the panels are generally cheaper to make and to purchase. Their light weight
makes them suitable for curved structures.
• They have a lower energy generation efficiency, so the panel is typically nearly
double the size than the other panel varieties
• Thin film has improved shade and temperature tolerances over both mono and
poly and has better embodied energy rates than both.
 …..Photovoltaics (PV)

• Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels comprising

a number of cells containing a photovoltaic material
• Photovoltaic systems are more versatile than other solar energy
systems and their popularity among solar power researchers and
enthusiasts has created a faster rate of advancement and
development.
• Photovoltaic solar energy systems are used in consumer,
commercial and industrial applications, which use the direct
production of electricity to power lights, cooling systems,
ventilation and many other applications.
• Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the
manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has
advanced considerably in recent years.
PV cells are grouped in the form of “modules” to produce arrays
which have the capability to produce a significant power.
Dimensions of the
photovoltaic panels
Approx. 200 cm x 100 cm x 40
mm
Weight of the photovoltaic
panels
Approx. 21.00 kg
Number of cells: 72
Power of the photovoltaic
panels
The power of the photovoltaic
module is
380-400 W
Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC)
• Depositing one or several thin layers of photovoltaic material onto a substrate
is the basic gist of how thin-film solar cells are manufactured. They are also
known as thin-film photovoltaic cells (TFPV).

• Depending on the technology, thin-film module prototypes have reached

efficiencies between 7–13% and production modules operate at about
9%. Future module efficiencies are expected to climb close to the about 10–
16%

• Advantages
— Mass-production is simple. This makes them and potentially cheaper to
manufacture than crystalline-based solar cells.
— Their homogenous appearance makes them look more appealing.
— Can be made flexible, which opens up many new potential applications.
— High temperatures and shading have less impact on solar panel performance.
— In situations where space is not an issue, thin-film solar panels can make
sense
http://energyinformative.org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline-thin-film/
Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC)
Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC) Solar Farm
PV R&D…..
The flexibility of the modular PV system allows designers to create
solar power systems that can meet a wide variety of electrical needs
 Solar DC-AC inverter
A solar inverter is an electrical converter which changes the direct current (DC) electricity
captured by solar panels, into alternating current (AC), which is the standard flow of
electricity required for electrical circuits and domestic appliances. It is a critical balance of
system (BOS)–component in a PV system, allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered
equipment/appliances

Solar inverters may be classified into four broad types:

• Stand-alone inverters, used in isolated systems where the inverter draws its DC energy
from batteries charged by photovoltaic arrays..
• Grid-tie inverters, which match phase with a utility-supplied sine wave. Grid-tie
inverters are designed to shut down automatically upon loss of utility supply, for safety
reasons.
• Battery backup inverters, are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from
a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger, and export excess energy
to the utility grid.
• Intelligent hybrid inverters, manage photovoltaic array, battery storage and utility grid,
which are all coupled directly to the unit. These modern all-in-one systems are usually
highly versatile and can be used for grid-tie, stand-alone or backup applications but
their primary function is self-consumption with the use of storage. They have special
functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point
tracking
String Solar Inverter

https://www.inverter.com/what-is-the-string-solar-inverter

In string solar inverter, a number of solar panels connected to each other in series. String
solar inverters are easy to install, and the multiple presence of string solar inverters will
support control and monitoring works on the entire solar system.

As solar panels connected in series rather than in parallel, the voltage will be high and the
current will be low, so wire gauge between solar array and string inverter will be lower and
power losses will be lower as well.

The main disadvantage is that the solar panels are still connected in series, so shaded or
failed solar panel will affect the yield of the whole string.
Central solar inverter and micro solar inverter.
Micro inverters are mounted directly on each solar panel and convert the electrical
current at the source of creation, whereas a string inverter is mounted on your house
and converts the electrical currents from all the solar panels in one central location.
Because each panel can work on its own, microinverters offer a 5-15% increase in
production for vs string inverters. This is often due to their superiority in the
aforementioned shading situations https://instylesolar.com/blog/micro-inverters-vs-dc-optimisers
 Types of PV Solar Energy Systems

1. PV Stand-Alone (off-grid) Systems

• These are designed to operate independent of the electric utility grid, and
are generally designed and sized to supply certain DC and/or AC electrical
loads. Stand-alone off-grid systems can be applied to remote homes, lighting,
TV, computers, water pumps and greenhouse ventilation systems
• The output of an off-grid system is entirely dependent upon the intensity of
the sun. The more intense the sun exposure, the greater the output. The
electricity generated is used immediately, so the system must function on
direct current and variable power output
• The simplest type of stand-alone system is a direct-coupled system, where
the DC output of a solar module or array is directly connected to a DC load.
• If a certain power output guarantee is required at any time of the day or
night, either some kind of storage device is necessary. Most off-grid systems
use batteries to store power during periods of low to no sunlight .
 PV Direct Systems

PV Direct systems are usually very simple

systems where the photovoltaic panel is
connected directly to a motor or
pump which matches the voltage and
amperage output of the panel
http://www.aladdinsolar.com/pvsystems.html
Stand Alone (off-grid) Systems: DC output
Small PV Stand Alone Systems
Solar powered CCTV Solar powered weather stations
Solar PV water pumps for irrigation
Stand Alone (off-grid) Systems: AC output

Solar PV system generation output is rated as kWp or kWac

Stand Alone (off-grid)
PV Systems

The Off-Grid or Stand-Alone PV System

incorporates large amounts of battery storage to
provide power for a certain number of days (and
nights) in a row when sun is not available. The array
of solar panels must be large enough to power all
energy needs at the site and recharge the batteries
at the same time.
Off-grid home PV systems.
2. Stand-Alone (Off-Grid) PV Hybrid Systems

• The systems may be powered by a solar array only or may be combined with another
energy supply such as wind turbine, propane or a diesel generator as an auxiliary power
source in what is called a solar-hybrid system (see Chapter 5 hybrid systems).
• To meet the largest power requirements in an off-grid location, the PV system can be
configured with a small diesel generator. This means that the PV system no longer has
to be sized to cope with the worst sunlight conditions available during the year. Use of
the diesel generator for back-up power is minimized during the sunniest part of the
year to reduce fuel and maintenance costs.
 Stand-Alone (Off-Grid) PV-Diesel Hybrid Systems

Energy storage systems (battery) are essential to supply energy at night.

Diesel generator supply the energy when the resources are low
Batteries, and other stand-alone equipment, are required for a fully functional off-
grid solar system and add to costs as well as maintenance
 3. PV Grid-Connected Systems

PV Grid-Connected Systems
• In grid-connected or grid-tied systems, solar energy is used during the day by the
system owner. At night, the user draws on the previously established electricity
grid.
• An addition benefit of the grid-tied system is that the solar system does not need
to be sized to meet peak loads—overages can be drawn from the grid.
• Surplus energy generated during the day can be exported back to the grid.
• Grid-connected systems must meet utility requirements. For example, inverters
must not emit noise that can interfere with equipment reception.
• Grid-connected systems can be applied to residential installations

PV Stand-Alone Grid-Tied Systems

• Stand-alone grid-connected systems are the same as grid-connected systems,
except with battery storage added to allow power to be generated even if the
electricity grid fails.
• Stand-alone grid-tied systems can be applied to residential and business systems
that require uninterrupted power
A "Grid-tie" solar system is useful for homes that are already connected to
the utility grid. The advantage of this type of system is the price reduction of
utility. The system has to be wired with an inverter that produces pure-sine-
wave AC electricity, which is necessary for connecting to the utility grid.
 A "Grid-tie" solar system with battery backup
(not allowed under FiT & NEM in Malaysia)

Solar panels will often generate more electricity than what is consumed. With net
metering, homeowners can put this excess electricity onto the utility grid instead
of storing it themselves with batteries.
 4. BIPV (Building Integrated PV)

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that are used

to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as
the roof, skylights, or facades The term building-applied photovoltaics (BAPV) is
sometimes used to refer to photovoltaics that are a retrofit – integrated into the
building after construction is complete. Most building-integrated installations are
actually BAPV. Some manufacturers and builders differentiate new construction
BIPV from BAPV
BIPV (Building Integrated PV)
Solar Power Plants

Roof-tops installation Typical 1MW-5 MW

http://electric-crunch.blogspot.my/2012/04/component-details-of-solarcentral.html
Large Solar Sytems (LSS) – Solar Power Plants

Tenaga Nasional Bhd (TNB)’s 50 MW Large Scale Solar (LSS) project

Locations : Broken Hill and Nyngan in New South Wales
Generating capacity: 159 MW
Electricity sufficient for: 30,000 homes
 Solar Tracker

Global Horizontal (GHI) = Direct Normal (DNI) X cos(θ) + Diffuse Horizontal (DHI)

• Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the
solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder - the diffuse
portion is the blue sky on a clear day and increases as a proportion on cloudy
days. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection
requires the sun to be visible to the panels as long as possible.

• A solar tracker is a device that orients various payloads toward the sun.
Northern hemisphere
 Solar Tracker

• In flat-panel photovoltaic (PV) applications, trackers are used to

minimize the angle of incidence between the incoming light
and a photovoltaic panel. This increases the amount of energy
produced from a fixed amount of installed power generating
capacity.
• the primary benefit of a tracking system is to collect solar
energy for the longest period of the day, and with the most
accurate alignment as the Sun's position shifts with the seasons
• Trackers add cost and maintenance to the system - if they add
25% to the cost, and improve the output by 25%, the same
performance can be obtained by making the system 25% larger,
eliminating associated maintenance
 Solar Tracker

Horizontal single axis tracker Linear horizontal axis tracker

 Solar Tracker

Tilted single axis tracker Dual axis tracker

Solar PV Efficiency Enhancement
 3.1.2 Solar Thermal Energy
• Solar thermal energy (STE) utilizes solar thermal collectors to
collect heat, which can then be transferred to air and water-
heating systems.
• STE systems could be classified to : Low temperature (eg. solar
ponds, domestic water heaters), medium temperature (eg.
large solar water heaters) and high temperature (solar thermal
power plants)
• Small STE for water heating collectors are similar to
photovoltaic collectors in appearance, but operate by
collecting and distributing heat through fluid-filled pipes to
provide solar space heating and solar water heating.
Solar Water Heating
Solar hot water collectors should be oriented geographically to maximize the
amount of daily and seasonal solar energy that they receive. In general, the
optimum orientation for a solar collector in the northern hemisphere is true
south. However, recent studies have shown that, depending on your location
and collector tilt, your collector can face up to 90º east or west of true south
without significantly decreasing its performance

http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/active-solar-heating
3.1.3 Concentrating Solar Power
(high temperature solar thermal systems)

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems utilize lenses, mirrors and

tracking systems to focus large amounts of sunlight into smaller areas. The
focused sunlight can then be used either as a direct source of heat, or to
boost the effectiveness of photovoltaic systems.
Parabolic collector
Parabolic collector fixed with solar tracker system
line-prabolic through collector
line-prabolic through collector
Small applications
eg: solar cooker
 Thermal Solar Power Plant
(line-prabolic through collector)
http://www.unenergy.org/
• The Andosol (150 MW), Spain, uses a molten salt thermal energy
storage to generate electricity from, even when the sun isn't shining.
Thermal Solar Power Plant
(Mirrror & Tower collector)
Thermal Solar Power Plant
(Mirrror & Tower collector)
Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is a concentrated solar thermal plant
in the California Mojave Desert, with a gross capacity of 392 (MW)
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park (Dubai UAE) A mega solar project
that, when fully completed, is expected to boast a total solar power capacity of
5,000 megawatts by 2030.
 Thermal Solar Power Plants
ADVANTAGES
Efficient and cost-effective
Today parabolic trough power plants still feature the most efficient and most cost-effective
technology for the generation of electricity from solar energy in power plants. Even in comparison
with conventional power plants, they constitute an interesting alternative for the covering of peak
load periods today.
Thermal energy can be stored
Solar thermal power plants allow for the cost-effective and efficient storage of thermal energy.
Thermal storage enables solar-thermal power plants to supply electricity even at night. This way, they
considerably contribute to power system stability and to the security of energy supplies for industry
and households.
Almost unlimited availability of appropriate areas
On a worldwide basis, there are more than enough vast deserts and regions with a semi-dry climate.
Less than three percent of the Sahara would already suffice to cover the world's demand for energy
with solar electricity.
Flexible implementation
In hybrid power plants, solar energy can be combined with other forms of electricity generation like
natural gas or biogas. This means that solar thermal power plants are able
to generate electricity 24 hours a day according to plan in a reliable way.
Proven technology
Solar thermal power plants have been commercially generating environmentally-friendly electricity
for approximately 25 years. These plants demonstrate the reliability and sustainability of their
technical components in an impressive http://www.flagsol.com/
 Solar pond

One way to tap solar energy is through the use of solar ponds. Solar ponds
are large-scale energy collectors with integral heat storage for supplying
thermal energy
A solar pond consists of a reservoir of salt water, which acts as a large-
scale solar thermal energy collector with integral heat storage for supplying
thermal energy . The salt water in any reservoir has an inherent salinity
gradient. That is, the water at the lower layers will have a higher
concentration of salt (around 90%) as compared to water at the top layer
(30% salinity).
A solar pond can be used for various applications, such as process
heating, desalination, refrigeration, drying and solar power generation.
Solar pond
 3.1.4 Passive Polar Systems
• Passive solar energy systems harness the sun's light and heat directly,
without employing devices to capture and convert it to electricity include
orienting a building to the Sun.
• Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as
possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less
heating and cooling from the building
• A good daylighting design can save up to 75 %of the energy used for
electric lighting in a building.
• Electric lights also generate significant heat in a building and by turning off
or dimming the lights when not needed, 10 to 20 %of the energy used to
cool a building can be saved ( -ve for hot regions, +for cold regions)
Day-lighting
Day-lighting
University of Washington Office
KLIA: day-lighting
 Passive Solar Heating design

The choice of the building orientation w.r.t to sun’s path is

crucial to maximize the solar energy the could be utilized.

Passive Solar Heating design is an aspect of building design in

which the solar cycle is exploited to provide passive building
heating for free. In essence the heat of the Sun is 'captured' in
Winter to provide building heat - so known as designing solar
heat gain.
Building orientation w.r.t to sun’s path is crucial to maximize the solar
energy
Solar Ventilation
 3.1.5 Solar cooling

• Solar cooling refers to any cooling system that uses solar

power. This can be done through passive solar, solar thermal
energy conversion and photovoltaic conversion.
• Technologies available for solar-driven cooling include :

1) absorption systems .
2) desiccant cooling systems.
3) direct conversion cooling systems (PV)
Solar Cooling Systems

Solar cooling systems can be either an absorption chiller system or a desiccant

system. Regular air conditioners use a compressor, while an absorption chiller uses
solar heat to evaporate a fluid. This evaporation removes heat from the environment,
creating a cooling effect. In a desiccant system, air passes over a common desiccant,
such as silica gel, to draw moisture from the air and make the air more
comfortable. Solar thermal energy dries the desiccant out to regenerate it.
Solar cooling
 Solar cooling

solar heat absorbtion AC system

solar PV AC system
 3.2 Solar Systems Installations in Malaysia
Malaysia: Annual average solar radiation
6.44oN 100.21oE

103.74o
1.52oN
E

Annual average solar radiation (MJ/m2 /day).

Source: Mekhilef et al., 2012.
• A tropical country such as Malaysia is generally sunny all year
around and experiences its rainy season during the end of the
year. With an average of 12 h of sunshine daily, the average
solar energy received is between 1400 and 1900kWh/m2
annually. However, the % diffuse solar radiation is high.
• Although Malaysia has high potential in solar electricity
generation, the present initiatives and efforts are lower than
the country’s actual potential.
• Currently, the solar energy conversion status in Malaysia is less
than 2,000 MW
 3.1.6 Solar Systems Installation in Malaysia

RMK7 - RMK9 (1995 – 2009)

• Harnessing solar energy has been limited. The largest solar installations are
solar water heating systems in hotels, small food and beverage industries
and upper middle class urban homes.

• A third of the Government's total allocation of RM469 million for rural

electrification programmes under the Seventh Malaysia Plan has been
allocated for the provision of solar powered installations for rural and remote
communities.

• A 100 kWp Demonstration Photovoltaic Project was implemented under the

initiatives of the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications, and the
Japanese Government, represented by NEDO in Marak Parak, Sabah. The
project was completed in 1995. The project has given the necessary
beginning for the effective and efficient transfer of technology in the field of
PV power generation.

http://www.kettha.gov.my/en/content/solar-energy
 Solar Systems Installation in Malaysia

• There is also a demonstration project 17,500 KWh per year 'Hybrid Solar PV -
Diesel” at Nature Education and Research Center (NERC) at Endau Rompin
National Park, Johor, Malaysia.

• At the end of 2008, Malaysia had cumulative total installed and

commissioned grid-connected PV capacity of approximately 740 kWp and
off-grid PV capacity of 7-8 MWp. The off-grid PV applications serve mainly
rural electrification and non-building structures and are almost fully funded
by the Government of Malaysia
RMK8-RMK9 Focus on Small Rural Electrification Projects
 MBIPV

• Suria 1000 Programme. A national MBIPV programme ‘SURIA 1000’, targeting the
residential and commercial sector will establish the new BIPV market and will
provide direct opportunities to the public and industry to be involved in renewable
energy initiatives and environmental protection.

• Suria 1000 Secretariat - MBIPV Project

Pusat Tenaga Malaysia
No. 2, Jalan 9/10, Persiaran Usahawan, Seksyen 9
43650 Bandar Baru Bangi
Selangor Darul Ehsan
Email: suria1000(a)mbipv.net.my
Address:
Photovoltaic Monitoring Centre,
Research Innovations on Sustainable Energy,
Institute Of Science, UiTM Malaysia,
Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA
http://pvmc.uitm.edu.my/pvmc2010/default.asp
• The Suria 1000 programme allows houses and commercial buildings
to become part of the country’s renewable energy initiative by
producing energy through solar power.
1. The MBPIV component that most benefit the public is Suria 1000. Here,
people can bid for PV system subsidies of up to 50%. This scheme has so
far given 30 house owners the rare opportunity of generating solar
power.
2. These developments will benefit from a 30% to 35% subsidy from the
Malaysian Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) project, which
funds PV systems for private dwellings, commercial buildings and
housing development, to promote solar energy. This scheme is
implemented by Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) and is partially
sponsored by the United Nations Development Programme/Global
Environment Facility.
3. The MBIPV project also backed development of the Ministry of Energy,
Water and Communications Low Energy (LEO) Building and PTM Zero
Energy (ZEO) Building. Both structures have incorporated PV cells and
energy-conservation features.
4. Numerous workshops were also held to build up expertise in BIPV
technology, promote a local PV industry, and outline laws and policies
that will encourage BIPV development.
2008 Solar homes for Malaysia (The Star, Tuesday July 8, 2008 )

1. MBIPV funding support has led to a growing number of PV-equipped

buildings which serve as demonstration sites: the Sri Aman school in Petaling
Jaya; shoplots in Damansara Uptown in Petaling Jaya; six bungalow show
units at Setia Eco Park in Shah Alam; Putrajaya Perdana office in Putrajaya; a
roof link bridge at Monash University in Bandar Sunway, Selangor; and four
bungalows at Precinct 16 in Putrajaya.
2. At Setia Eco Park in Shah Alam, Selangor, SP Setia is including PV systems in 20
of the 39 bungalows, which are going for around RM1.58mil. The 5kilowatt
peak (KWp) system cost over RM170,000 each and is expected to generate
RM150 worth of electricity every month.
3. In Precinct 16 of Putrajaya, developer Putrajana Perdana is offering PV
modules in 15 bungalows ranging in price from RM2.9mil to RM4mil. The PV
systems average around 5.4KWp each.
http://www.mbipv.net.my/
MBIPV Projects

Location Sek. Men, Keb. St. John

Type Retrofitted School
Project By Green School Campaign
Capacity 5.04 kWp
KANEKA GEA060 ( Thin Film). 60 Wp x 84 units

Start of Operation 22 December 2010

Location Private Bungalows, Bandar Eco Setia

Type Retrofitted Residential

Project By Suria For Developer
Capacity 10.29 kWp
Mitsubishi PV-AD 180MF5 (Polycrystalline)180Wp x 28
Suntech STP 175S-24/Ac (Monocrsytalline)175Wp x 30
Fronius IG 60HV (2 units)

Start of 24 January 2011

Operation
Show Cases 1

Malaysian Green Technology &

Climate Change Corporation
(MGTC) was established on 12
May 1998 as Malaysian Energy
Centre or Pusat Tenaga
Malaysia Zero Energy Office
(PTM ZEO).
PUSAT TENAGA MALAYSIA (PTM) – BIPV
*The name has changed in 2011 to Malysian Green Tech and later to MGTCC
(2019)**The name has changed in 2011

The PTM Green Energy Office (GEO) / Zero Energy (ZEO) Building is the
office for the Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (Malaysia Energy Centre.
The GEO building is a pilot project to demonstrate the use of green building
design and the integration of energy efficiency and renewable energy
PUSAT TENAGA MALAYSIA (PTM) – MGTC
Show Case 2.

Energy Commission’s Diamond Building, Putra Jaya

PV installed: 71.4 kWp, which yields about 1,400 kWh/m2year

Solar Energy Research at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
 Feed-in Tariff (FiT)

• The Parliament passed the bills on the Renewable Energy Act and the Act
for a Feed-in Tariff Implementing Agency in October 2010 - the program
passed into law and launched in 2011.
• The legislation will establish the Sustainable Energy Development
Authority (SEDA) which will manage the feed-in tariff program.
• A feed-in tariff (FIT, standard offer contract advanced renewable tariff
or renewable energy payments) is a policy mechanism designed to
accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies. Offering long-
term contracts to renewable energy producers, typically based on the cost
of generation of each technology.
• The Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme enables companies and house-owners to
produce renewable energy from four sources – solar photovoltaic, biogas
(organic waste, landfill, sewage sludge), biomass (agricultural waste,
garbage) and small hydropower – and sell it to the grid (TNB, SESB).
The 2,000 units of crystalline solar PV
cover 4,000 m2 of roof space at Star
Publication Bukit Jelutong, Shah Alam. The
power generation capacity is 500 kWp.
Taking into consideration the 3.4 hours of
irradiance received on average within the
Shah Alam vicinity. The estimated total
energy generation to amount to 1,2000
MWh over the 21 years. Annually,
506MWh worth of energy is generated and
could made almost RM600,000 in gross
revenue. The total investment for the project
was RM6mil, which will be recouped after
nine years based on the return-on-
investment calculation. By the 21th year, he
says the estimated yield will be about
RM14.16mil. The saved carbon emissions
is approximately 376 tonnes, which would
have been released from the national grid
system through conventional-supplied
electricity.”
• Al Fateh Mosque – 12kW solar
energy system at the Al Fateh
Mosque in Bandar Baharu,
Kulim, Kedah introduced the
Kedah Green Agenda policy in
October 2015 with an objective
to promote green technology as
a driver to accelerate the
national economy and promote
sustainable development.
• The project which cost RM107k
could generates 46 kWh of
power per day or 16,790 kWh
annually could generate income
RM390,00 through Feed-in-
Tariff (FiT) scheme for 21 years.
 RMK-10 Focus – Solar Hybrid Systems for Isolated locations

TUESDAY, MAY 22, 2012

RM700 mil Hybrid Solar power for schools
With the huge sum of money spent on rural school electrification, it is
hoped that we can close the digital gap between urban and rural students.
It should. But of course the main issue is the educational aspects of the
rural areas.
Malaysian Deputy Education Minister told newsmen recently that the
government has allocated RM700 million (US$223 mil) for the
implementation of the hybrid solar supply system for 179 rural schools in
Sabah that have yet to receive electricity supply.
Out of the total, RM300 million had already been spent for the first phase
involving 78 schools which had been fully completed. Another RM400
million was for the implementation of the second phase of the hybrid solar
project involving 101 schools.

http://www.thegreenmechanics.com/2012/05/rm700-mil-hybrid-solar-power-for.html#ixzz2CgpoPxV0
RMK10 (2010-2015 )
Hybrid Solar power for isolated
villages, schools

Small Solar Farm in Kg. Kalabakan

Sabah
SK Pulau Sepanggar hybrid system: The 25kWp solar PV is coupled with diesel
generator set
Solar-diesel generator hybrid power in kinabatangan, Sabah. This system
was installed and commissioned in sept 2012
Solar Hybrid Systems

edotco Malaysia
Solar PV Installation in Schools
Solar-hybrid systems require a large energy storage system
in the forms of acid-battery
Cheaper lead-acid battery are used
in low cost installation, posing threat
to the environment if not properly
disposed.
Solar PV-Diesel Hybrid
• Solar power generation is on the rise in Malaysia. With solar panels
becoming cheaper and more efficient, households and businesses are
finding it possible and worthwhile to install solar photovoltaic (PV) systems
to produce renewable energy.
• The attractive Feed in tariff (FiT) scheme introduced in 2011 under the
administration of SEDA has accelerated the solar PV system installations in
Malaysia
• The energy can be supplied and sold to the national grid under the Feed-in
Tariff (FiT) scheme, enabling homes and companies to generate revenue. If
not sold, the solar power can be used within the buildings, reducing their
dependence on fossil-fuel-based electricity.
• FiT scheme for solar PV ended in 2016, and replaced by Net Energy
Metering NEM
CYPARK RESOURCES BERHAD

8MW solar farm by Cypark Resources built on landfill.

One of the Grid connected Solar Farm Malaysia under Feed In Tariff Scheme
Malaysia is located at Pajam, Negeri Sembilan.

Total installed Capacity of 8MW Solar farm and 1MW Biogas Engine is located on
safely closed landfill ground (zero land cost from state government) and exporting
to TNB grid system with the special tariff of RM0.90/kwh .

Daily generating capacity of solar farm (kwh) is about 85% x 8MW x 5 hours in
average.
The 5MW Fortune 11 solar farm in Sepang, Selangor, sits on oil palm land
leased from Malaysia Airports Holdings Bhd. The panels move with the sun
so as to tap maximum solar radiation (Solar Tracker).
The 2,000 units of crystalline solar PV cover 4,000 m2 of roof space at Star
Publication Bukit Jelutong, Shah Alam. The power generation capacity is 500 kWp.
Taking into consideration the 3.4 hours of irradiance received on average within the
Shah Alam vicinity. The estimated total energy generation to amount to 1,2000 MWh
over the 21 years. Annually, 506MWh worth of energy is generated and could made
almost RM600,000 in gross revenue. The total investment for the project was
RM6mil, which will be recouped after nine years based on the return-on-investment
calculation. By the 21th year, he says the estimated yield will be about RM14.16mil.
The saved carbon emissions is approximately 376 tonnes, which would have been
released from the national grid system through conventional-supplied electricity.”
Solar Energy - Corporate Image
RMK 11 – 2016-2020.

Net Energy Metering (NEM)

For Solar PV, the Feed-in tariffs (FITs), implemented in 2011 was replaced by Net Energy
Metering (NEM) in 2016.
What is NEM?
• NEM or Net Energy Metering is a mechanism for you to use solar energy that you
produced for your own consumption. The excess energy generated will be exported to
TNB grid and will be turned to credit that may be used to offset part of the electricity
bill.
Is NEM the same as FIT?
• No it is not. FiT or Feed-in Tariff is a mechanism for granted selected customers to
export all solar energy produced to TNB grid and the quota has long been fulfilled for
solar. The main difference is NEM mechanism allows you to generate your own energy
and use it to reduce electricity bill. You can sell the excess energy to TNB and we will
offset it in the next electricity bill.
 Net Energy Metering (NEM)

• The Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme enables companies and house-owners to

produce renewable energy from four sources – solar photovoltaic, biogas
(organic waste, landfill, sewage sludge), biomass (agricultural waste,
garbage) and small hydropower – and sell it to the grid (TNB,SESB).

• The Feed-in tariffs (FITs), implemented in 2011 was replaced by net

metering, also known as net energy metering (NEM) 2016

• Feed-in tariffs (FITs) and net metering (NEM), are both methods designed
to accelerate investments in renewable energy by allowing energy
producers (e.g. homeowners) to be compensated for the energy they feed
back into the grid.
 Net Energy Metering (NEM)
• NEM allows self-consumption of electricity generated by Solar PV system
users, while selling the excess energy at the prevailing Displaced Cost to
Distribution Licensee (TNB/SESB)

• Malaysia is implementing its 500 megawatts (MW) of capacity for net

energy metering (NEM) beginning 2016 until 2020, with 100MW capacity
limit a year in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. It is a new mechanism
designed to replace the Feed-in Tariff which already closed for registration
since 2016.

• NEM allows self-consumption of electricity generated by solar

photovoltaic (PV) system users, while selling the excess energy to
Distribution Licensee at prevailing Displaced Cost.
 NEM 1.0 & NEM 2.0
The Cumulative NEM approved from 2016 to 2019

Year Approved Quota Category Approved Capacity

2016 0.01MW Domestic 7.67MW

2017 2.33MW Commercial 25.18MW

2018 11.53MW Industrial 75.01MW

2019 94.14MW Agriculture 0.13MW

Total 108MW Total 108MW

This success is largely contributed by the newly improved NEM 2.0 programme
in 2019 where the NEM programme has been updated by adopting the true net
energy metering concept, which allows excess solar PV generated energy to be
exported back to the grid on a “one-on-one” offset basis. This has managed to
reduce the period for Return of Investment (ROI)
“one-on-one” offset basis
 Net Energy Metering (NEM) 3.0

Due to overwhelming response from the PV industry and in an effort to

boost the usage of Solar energy, the Energy and Natural Resources
Minister KeTSA on 29th December 2020 has introduced the new Net
Energy Metering 3.0 programme (NEM 3.0) to provide more
opportunities to electricity consumers to install solar PV systems on the
roofs of their premises to save on their electricity bill.

The NEM 3.0 will be in effect from 2021 to 2023 and the total quota
allocation is up to 500 MW. The NEM 3.0 will be divided into the following
three (3) new initiatives/categories :

NEM Rakyat (100 MW)

NEM GoMEn Programme (Government Ministries and Entities) (100 MW)
NEM Net Offset Virtual Agregation (NOVA) (300 MW) + 300 MW

The Prime Minister annouched in the Budget 2024 proposal, NEM3.0 is

extended to 31 Dec 2024.
In 2020, the remaining 442MW of
the 500MW allocation for NEM
was snapped up across sectors
such as residential, commercial,
industrial and agriculture. A
month after the final allocation
of NEM 2.0, the Ministry has
announced NEM 3.0

The maximum solar PV system

size a homeowner is allowed to
install is 4 kWac and 10k Wac
for single phase and three
phase homes respectively.

The NEM Rakyat Program has an

allocated quota of 100MW and
starts 1st February 2021 until 31st
December 2023 with a 10-year
contract term for successful
applicants.

The Prime Minister annouched in the Budget 2024

proposal, NEM3.0 is extended to 31 Dec 2024.
Key Factors Affecting Solar Rooftop PV Generation
Output

• Location (Solar Irradiation/ weather conditions)

• Solar system design.
• Equipment quality (PV panels types, size ,inverters
etc)
• Roof Design & Orientation
• PV cell temperature
• Operations and maintenance.
 3 kWp
Monthly Yield 2021
2693.78 kWh
Ave. Solar Index 3.34

International Journal of Photoenergy Volume 2013, Article ID 174671,

 Solar PV Generation Profiles

https://greensarawak.com/
 26/2/2021 18/9/2021
Yield 15.99 kWh Yield 6.90 kWh
SI 5.33 SI 2.30

Suny day, minimum cloud Raining in the afternoon

Roof Design: Shape, Angel and Orientation
Roof Design: Shape, Angel and Orientation
Solar Path Variation
“one-on-one” offset basis
 Large Scale Solar LSS Scheme

• Large Scale Solar (LSS) is a competitive bidding programme to drive down

the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for the development of large scale
solar photovoltaic plant (LSS) and Energy Commission is the
implementing agency for this scheme.

• LSS is a scheme that lets independent companies generate electricity via

solar PV farm with installed capacity ranging from 1MW to <30MW (for
distribution connected solar PV plants), and sell to the grid. This LSS
scheme is administered by the Energy Commission Malaysia and the
selection for potential developers will be to through competitive bidding.

• A technical study must be conducted before submission for the scheme to

the relevant authority.
Six firms to generate 180 MW solar power in four states for TNB
Wednesday, 28 Mar 2018

PETALING JAYA: (TNB) signed power purchase agreements (PPAs) with six companies to
construct and operate solar plants in peninsular Malaysia. The six companies will generate a
total output of 180 MW capacity from power plants located in four states.

TNB said the large-scale solar project would involve different stages from design to
maintenance of the solar plants. Under the PPA, the six companies will sell the electricity to
TNB for a period of 21 years. There was no mention of tariffs in the announcement, but it is
believed to be less than 38 sen per kWh.

TNB gets RM339mil financing for country's largest solar farm project
Tuesday, 15 Aug 2017

TNB has secured RM339mil financing for its first large-scale solar project in Malaysia, located
on 97ha in Kuala Langat, Selangor. Affin Islamic will provide funding and working capital
requirements for the said project of up to RM339mil.

TSS was one of the seven successful bidders chosen the Energy Commission last year to
develop the transmission-connected large-scale solar projects. The 21-year solar power
purchase agreement for the project was inked in early March between TNB and TSS whereby
TSS would supply electricity to TNB. Once completed and fully operational by November
2018, TSS’s project in Mukim Tanjung 12 will become the country’s largest solar farm,
generating and transmitting 50MW of electricity to the national grid.
Cypark wins RM261m job to build large scale solar plant
NST Business - January 26, 2018

PETALING JAYA: Cove Suria Sdn Bhd has awarded a RM261 million turnkey
contract to Cypark Resources Bhd to build a large scale 30MW solar plant at
Empangan Kelinchi, Negeri Sembilan. The job involves Engineering,
Procurement, Construction and Commissioning (EPCC) and the Operation and
Maintenance (O&M).
LSS Large Scale Solar in Malaysia

73.2 MW TNB LSS Kuala Langat

230,000 solar panels across 98 hectares of land
IOI Mall – Putra jaya
Malaysia Government Open Tender for RM 2bil of Large Scale Solar
(LSS) Project
April 22, 2019
Yeo Bee Yin, the Energy, Technology, Science, Climate Change and Environment Minister,
has called for bids for an estimated RM2 billion worth of projects under LSS3 scheme to
increase the production of electricity from renewable energy.
The competitive bidding process, Yeo said, would open from February to August 2019. By
the end of the year, the outcome of the exercise is expected.

Who will win this bidding exercise?

First, this is an open tender free for all. Malaysia government is looking for whichever party
that can offer the lowest price for the first 500 megawatts (MW) and pass all the required
financial and technical qualifications.
Yeo explained that the contractors for engineering, construction and commissioning must
be 100 per cent local and added that the ownership can be up to 49% foreign.
Yeo also added that quotas offered to developers will no longer be based on
capacity range, to allow them to bid for higher capacities.
The main purpose is that by 2030, or sooner, electricity tariffs can be lowered and
become competitive against other forms of energy power such as gas and coal.
ET Energy to Build 61MWp Solar Project for UiTM in Malaysia
Nov. 16, 2017

NANJING, China, Nov. 16, 2017 (?) ET Energy, a global leading clean energy developer
and operator has announced today that the company together with its partner Northwest
Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. (“NWEPDI”) of China Power Engineering
Consulting Group, have inked the turn-key EPC agreement with UiTM Solar Power Sdn.
Bhd., a leading local solar photovoltaic energy developer. Under the agreement, all three
companies are committed to build a 61MWp utility solar power plant in Malaysia.
Located at Gambang in Kuantan, Pahang, over 220,000 solar modules will be installed on
the 110 hectares land. This project was awarded in the first round of Large Scale Solar PV
projects’ bidding program, and the 61 MWp solar power plant is set to connect to the
Grid by the end of 2018. The green electricity generated by the solar power plant will be
sufficient to satisfy the need of over 80,000 households.
The project was awarded in the first round of Large Scale Solar (LSS) PV projects’ bidding
programme.

http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/ET-Energy-to-Build-61MWp-Solar-Project-for-UiTM-in-Malaysia-1008244364
  Owned and operated by UEFSB,
via its Special Purpose Vehicle,
UiTM Solar Power Sdn Bhd
 180,000 panels, supplying 22,000
homes
 Expected to reduce CO2 emission
by 56,000 tonne/ year
 World's first university to finance
a green project via the issuance
of ASEAN Green SRI Sukuk
 Public University with the Largest
Solar Power Generation Facilities
 First Malaysian Public University
to Own a Commercially Operated
Solar Power Generation Facility
 UiTM Solar Research Institute for
innovative R&D for RE
UiTM Solar Park I - 50 MWac Large Scale Solar (LSS) Plant
in Gambang, Pahang commissioned in April 2019
 40,000 MWh annually,
supplying 11,000 homes
Expected to reduce CO2
emission by 28,000 tonne per
year
UiTM Solar Research Institute
for innovative R&D for RE

LSS - UiTM Solar Park II is a 25 MWac

Large Scale Solar (LSS) Plant in Pasir
Gudang, Johor commissioned in
November 2020.
UiTM makes its mark with two large scale solar PV plants
The Star, Friday, 08 Jan 2021

KUALA LUMPUR: Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) has made its mark in Malaysia as the only
university to own and operate two large scale solar photovoltaic (LSSPV) plants with combined
renewable energy generation capacity of 75MWac (92.58 MWp). It said in a statement on Friday its
second LSSPV plant in Pasir Gudang, Johor has started commercial operations.

This new LSSPV plant will augment the 61MWp LSSPV plant in Gambang, Pahang which began its
commercial operations in April 2019.The planned development of 66MW of on-campus rooftop solar
power generating systems which will be in full commercial operations by the end of 2022.

“Together, these installations will produce enough clean renewable electricity each year to equal the
university’s annual electricity consumption, ” it said.

With this increased capacity from the two LSSPV plants, UiTM is now amongst globally renowned
public and private universities such as University of California, Stanford University and University of
Queensland, that own and operate large scale solar power plants.

UiTM vice-chancellor, emeritus Prof Datuk Dr Mohd Azraai Kassim explained the decision to
commercially own multiple LSSPV plants is part of the university’s drive to become carbon neutral
whilst at the same time generating sustainable income for the university.
UITM SOLAR PROJECTS
• UiTM Solar Farms,
LSSPV
• UiTM Solar Rooftop
UiTM LARGE SCALE SOLAR LSS FARM PROJECTS
UiTM SOLAR PARK I
61MWp LSS Photovoltaic Plant in
Paya Besar, Gambang, Pahang.

The 61MWp Large Scale Solar Commercial Operation Date:

Photovoltaic (LSSPV) known as 5th April 2019
UiTM Solar Park I (USP I).

UiTM Solar Park II (USP II) with

a generation capacity of 31MWp UiTM SOLAR PARK II
31MWp LSS Photovoltaic Plant
in Pasir Gudang, Johor

Commercial Operation Date:

2nd December 2020
USP I and USP II were both awarded by the Ministry
of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA -
now restructured to Ministry of Energy and Natural
Resources – KETSA) through Suruhanjaya Tenaga
via LSS competitive bidding exercises.

Both power plants, USP I and USP II, were developed

by UHSB’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, USPSB and
USPDSB, respectively. The subsidiaries are part of
UHSB’s Energy Division which is principally involved
in Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, and Green
Technology businesses.
 UiTM Solar Park I (USP I)

LOCATION:
Paya Besar,
Gambang, PAHANG

USP I has a generation capacity of 61MWp (50MWac) had successfully

achieved commercial operation on April 5th 2019.
 UiTM SOLAR PARK I – GAMBANG, PAHANG Commissioned in April 2019, this Large Scale Solar
Photovoltaic power plant is UEFSB’s first solar power
plant which was won via a competitive bidding exercise
in 2016 organised by Suruhanjaya Tenaga. This is a
Build, Operate and Own project for a concessionary
period of 21 years.
UEFSB’s First Solar Power Plant

CAPACITY NO OF SOLAR PANELS

61 MWp 184,800

PPA TENURE REVENUE OVER 21 YEARS

RM 650 mil
21 Years

GENERATION
PROVIDING
(Annual Average)
ENERGY FOR
80,000 MWh
22,000 homes

CO2 AVOIDANCE
(Annual Average)
PROJECT COST
56,000 tons
RM 278 mil
The USP I, running 61 MWp, has 184,800 solar
panels. The plant, built on 290 acres, is PROJECT FINANCE
expected to contribute to avoiding 56,000 RM 222 mil Green SRI Sukuk
tonnes of carbon emissions, generating 80,000
MW of clean energy per year.
 UiTM Solar Park II (USP II)

LOCATION:
PASIR GUDANG,
JOHOR

UiTM Solar Park II (USP II) has a generation capacity of 31MWp (25MWac)
had successfully achieved commercial operation in 2nd December 2020
UiTM SOLAR PARK II, PASIR GUDANG, JOHOR Commissioned in December 2020, this is UEFSB’s
Project Facts second solar power plant which was won via a
competitive bidding exercise in 2018 organised by
Suruhanjaya Tenaga. This is a Build, Operate and
Own project for a concessionary period of 21
years.

CAPACITY NO OF SOLAR PANELS

31 MWp 92,500
PPA TENURE REVENUE OVER 21 YEARS
21 Years RM 220 mil
GENERATION (Annual Average)
40,000 MWh
PROVIDING ENERGY FOR
11,000 homes
CO2 AVOIDANCE (Annual Average)
28,000 tons

PROJECT COST
The USP II, running 31 MWp, has 92,500 solar
RM 125 mil
panels. The plant, built on 112 acres, is
PROJECT FINANCE
expected to contribute to avoiding 28,000 RM 100 mil Green SRI Sukuk
tonnes of carbon emissions, generating
40,000 MW of clean energy per year.
Solarvest-GFM consortium bags RM30m solar infra project
in six UiTM campuses

July 01, 2020

KUALA LUMPUR (July 1): A consortium involving Solarvest Holdings Bhd and GFM
Services Bhd has secured a RM30 million contract for the engineering,
procurement, construction and commissioning of solar photovoltaic (PV)
infrastructure in six UiTM campuses in Peninsular Malaysia.
The contract, issued by Go Energy Sdn Bhd, involves cumulative plant capacity of
11,057 kilowatt peak. The campuses are UiTM Permatang Pauh in Pulau Pinang,
UiTM Kuala Pilah in Negeri Sembilan, UiTM Alor Gajah in Melaka, UiTM Dungun in
Terengganu, UiTM Jengka in Pahang, and UiTM Segamat in Johor
 7 Campuses – Phase 1
NEM2.0 UiTM Solar Rooftops 6 Campuses – Phase 2
7 Campuses – Phase 3
 Solar
7 UiTMPower
CampusesPurchase
engaged
Agreements
with SPPA for the(SPPA)
installation
of PV rooftops at Dungun,
Permatang Pauh, Jengka,
Kuala Pilah, Alor Gajah,
Segamat, Bertam
Cheaper electricity (compared
to electricity purchased from
power utilities), guaranteed
performance, and O&M
service – as supplement to
the main grid
66,116 MWh annual energy
generation, providing 45%
PHOTOVALTAIC SOLAR ROOF TOP IN UITM CAMPUSES, 11.8 MWp (NEM 2.0)

UiTM JENGKA, Pahang

(2,245 kWp) *UiTM BERTAM, P.Pinang
(677 kWp) NEM3.0
UiTM DUNGUN, Terengganu
(2,245 kWp)

UiTM KUALA PILAH, N.Sembilan

(552 kWp

UiTM SEGAMAT, Johor

(491 kWp)

UiTM SEGAMAT

UiTM P. PAUH P.Pinang

(3651 kWp)
UiTM ALOR GA JAH, Melaka
(1748 kWp)
38,790 pieces of solar panels were installed on a panel of floaters that extends
approximately 53 hectares of a lake surface, equivalent to 30 football fields. The
floating plant will generate about 16,640 MWp of solar power that could potentially
power up over 5,800 houses and offset about 11,548 tonnes of carbon footprint
annually.
TNB sees RM2b investments in floating solar,
July 27, 2023
KUALA LUMPUR (July 27): National utility company Tenaga Nasional Bhd (TNB) expects to
invest around RM2 billion in floating solar photovoltaic (PV) projects. TNB is working on
two floating solar projects near its hydro dam sites, namely the 650MW Sungai Perak
power station, and the 400MW Kenyir power station in Terengganu.
TNB already has a mini operational floating solar asset in its ash pool in Manjung, Perak, a
dumping site for ash from its power plant there, with a capacity of 105 kilowatt-peak,
according to reports in March 2022. The floating solar venture is part of TNB’s strategy to
accelerate the decarbonisation of its power generation business
Malaysia has several operational floating solar assets, including a 13MW asset in Dengkil,
Selangor, and a 9.9MW facility in Manjung.
TNB is also looking to install a 780kW offshore floating solar plant off the coast of the
Tioman island, according to reports.

In Sarawak, its state-owned energy outfit Sarawak Energy Bhd aims to install at least
400MW of floating solar capacity by 2030 at its dams in Sarawak, which include the
massive 2.4GW Bakun dam which has a surface area of 695 sq km.
 Solar Energy in Malaysia - Future Trend

• Feed-in tariffs (FITs) and net metering (NEM), are both methods designed
to accelerate investments in renewable energy by allowing energy
producers (e.g. homeowners) to be compensated for the energy they
feed back into the grid.

• Self-consumption or known as SELCO applies when electricity is being

generated for own usage and any excess is not allowed to be exported to
the grid.
 SEDA “REPORT CARD” 2021
Several mechanisms towards promoting RE and assessing its impact to the ESI
have been in place. Beginning with Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP) back
in year 2001 and the introduction of Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) mechanism in year 2011,
Malaysia has managed to catalyze the RE industry mainly on the following four
resources – solar, hydro, biomass and biogas. Seeing the good response from the
market players, more mechanisms that includes Large Scale Solar (LSS) & Net
Energy Metering (NEM) have been introduced to further boost the RE industry,
particularly on solar at PV market.

With all the current mechanisms in place – FiT, NEM, LSS, Self-Consumption
(SELCO), and New Enhanced Dispatch Arrangement (NEDA), we anticipate that
we are on the right track towards realising the national target. Continuous
monitoring and improvement will be conducted by the respective stakeholders to
ensure the development and performance of the RE plants in line with best
practises and are able to address the energy security accordingly (SEDA 2021)
The Prime Minister annouched in the Budget 2024 proposal, NEM3.0 is
extended to 31 Dec 2024.
http://www.seda.gov.my/
http://www.seda.gov.my/
IRENA_Future_of_Solar_PV_2019