Top Wipro Interview Questions

1. Why Wipro?

If a question asked like this, comes up with an answer such as Wipro is India's top IT company.
It provides a great environment to work for. Here, your qualities will be valued. The organization
has worked in a range of fields and countries. Once you are inside, you'll have various options
based on your professional skills. Wipro also provides a good team to work with, and work-life
balance is excellent at Wipro.

2. Mention the difference between StringBuilder and StringBuffer in Java?

StringBuilder was developed as a drop-in replacement for the StringBuffer. It is not

synchronized, it is not thread-safe, so you can only use it where a single thread uses the
StringBuffer, which is faster in most cases. StringBuffer was developed before the StringBuilder.
StringBuffer is synchronized so that the programs that use it take more memory and time to run
the programs.

3. Why do you choose to work with Wipro?

I want to work at Wipro for a great record of innovation and success. Whenever I think of the
technology that has changed from the 1940s to the present, I know ‌Wipro would not have been
able to thrive unless it embraced the change, and ever since I have been impressed with Wipro,
which has been in business since 1940.

4. State the functionalities of an operating system?

The functionalities of an operating system are:

1. An operating system provides a user interface, graphical user interface, and command line

2. An operating system also includes functionality for booting the computer

3. It also performs some operations for managing the peripheral devices

5. What do you understand about Java virtual machines?

JVM is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the programs. JVM acts like a run-
time engine that calls the main method present in Java. Java Virtual Machine is the specification
that must be implemented in the computer system.

6. List some features of JavaScript

The features of javascript are:

 Open-Source

 Lightweight

 Interpreted programming language

 Complementary to Java

 Complementary to HTML

 Cross-platform

7. What is the use of window objects?

The window object is not an object of JavaScript it is a browser object created automatically by
the browser that represents a window of a browser. The window object is used to display the
pop-up dialog box.

8. What is C#?

C# is a simple and general-purpose programming language that Microsoft developed. It is a

managed and safe language that is totally compiled by .NET framework to generate Microsoft
intermediate language.

9. State the differences between public, static and void?

The difference between public, static, and void are:

 You can access public declared variables anywhere

 Static variables declared are globally accessible without creating any instance for the class

 Void is a type modifier that specifies the method that doesn't return any value
10. What is SQL?

SQL stands for the Structured Query Language. It is used to maintain the relational database and
perform many data manipulation operations on the data.

11. What is a class?

The class is a user-defined data type that contains the data members and member functions
whose access can be defined by the three modifiers private, public, and protected

12. What is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism means having more than one function with the same name but with different
functionalities

Polymorphism is divided into two categories:

 Static Polymorphism

 Dynamic Polymorphism

13. What is Abstraction?

Abstraction is a technique of showing essential details without representing the implementation.

If the members are defined with a keyword public, then the members are accessible outside as
well. If the members are defined with a keyword private, then the members are not accessible by
the outside methods.

14. What is Data binding?

Data binding is a process of binding the application's UI and business logic. If any changes made
in the business logic will reflect directly to the application UI

15. What is an Object?

Object is an instance of a class so that you can create an object from a class. The objects are
declared with the same sort of declaration that you declare variables of basic types.

Now, understand the Intermediate level Wipro Interview Questions and Answers in the article.
16. What is a Destructor?

Destructor is used to delete any extra resources allocated by the object. A destructor function is
called automatically once the object goes out of the scope.

17. What are Checkpoints in DBMS?

The Checkpoint is a mechanism where all the previous logs are removed from the system and
permanently stored in the storage disk; these are checkpoints in DBMS.

18. What is Normalization?

Normalization is a process of analyzing the given relation schemas according to their functional
dependencies. It is also used to minimize redundancy and also to minimize insertion, deletion,
and update distractions.

19. What is a Stack?

Stack is an ordered list in which can perform insertion and deletion only at one end called the
top. It is a recursive data structure having a pointer to its top element. Sometimes stack is also
called as Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) list, the element inserted first in the stack will be deleted last
from the stack.

20. What do you mean by static variable?

The static variable refers to the common property of all the objects like the name of the company
name of employees, college name of students, etc. The static variable gets memory only once in
the class area at the time of class loading.

21. What is Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism in which one object has all the properties and behavior of another
object of another class. Inheritance is used for Code Reusability and Method Overriding. The
idea behind the inheritance in Java is that you can create a new class that are built upon existing
classes.

22. What is method overloading?

Method overloading is a polymorphism technique that allows us to create multiple methods with
the same name but different parameters

23. Can you override the private methods?

It is not possible to override the private methods, the scope of private methods is limited to the
class, so that you cannot access them outside of the class.

24. What is the use of DCL Language?

DCL allows users to control access and permission management to the database. It is a subset of
the database, which decides which user at what point in time should access what part of the
database, it includes two commands called GRANT and REVOKE

25. What is a Primary key?

A primary key is a field or the combination of fields that is uniquely used to identify each record
in the table. The primary key is a special kind of unique key. If any column contains a primary
key, it can not be null or empty. A table can have duplicate columns, but it cannot have more
than one primary key.

26. What is an Inconsistent dependency?

An inconsistent dependency refers to the difficulty of getting relevant data because of the
missing or broken path to the data.

27. What is Tree data structure?

Tree is a recursive data structure containing a set of one or more data nodes where one node is
called the root of the tree while the remaining nodes are called the children of the root.

28. What does success mean to you?

From my point of view, I define success as fulfilling my role in my team and the company. I
trust that my employer has placed me in a position where I can achieve the goals of the company
and my team, and so I work toward completing my duties as effectively as possible.
37. Can we overload the main() method?

Yes, it is possible to have any number of main methods in a Java program by using method
overloading. Now, look at the Advanced level Wipro Interview Questions and Answers in this
tutorial.

38. What is Search Operation?

Whenever an element is to be searched, start searching from the root node. Then, if the data is
less than the key value, search for the element in the left subtree. Or in simple terms, you can say
that searching for the element in the right subtree.

41. How to Split String in Java?

public class Simpli {

public static void main(String args[])

String str = "Simplilearn";

String[] arrOfStr = str.split("e", 2);

for (String a : arrOfStr)

System.out.println(a);

42. What is object cloning?

Object cloning is used to create the exact copy of an object. Java.lang. The cloneable interface
must be implemented by the use of a class whose object clone we want to create.

43. List a few advantages of DBMS?

There are a lot of advantages of DBMS; some of them are:

 Provides multiple user interfaces

 Redundancy control

 Ensure data consistency

 Restriction for unauthorized access

 Easy accessibility

 Provides backup and recovery

 Enforces integrity constraints

44. State the purpose of a default constructor in Java?

The use of the default constructor is to assign the default values to the objects. The Java compiler
creates a default constructor and implicitly if there is no constructor present in the class.

48. Mention SQL comments?

SQL comments are divided into two types they are:

1. Single-Line Comments

2. Multi-line Comments

49. State the uses of the super keyword?

The uses of the super keyword are :

1. Super keyword is used to invoke the immediate parent class method

2. It is also used to refer to the immediate parent class instance variable

3. It can also be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor

50. What is the main objective of garbage collection?

The main objective of garbage collection is to free the memory space that is occupied by the
unnecessary and unreachable objects during the program execution by deleting those
unreachable objects.

Other Wipro Questions for the Technical Round Interview:

Freshers as Well as Experienced

1. What makes macro in the language of C programming faster than a function?

2. What do you know about Java's order of precedence and associativity, and how do you use it?

3. In Java, how do you make a trash collection request?

4. In Java, distinguish between aggregate and composition.

5. In Java, distinguish between strings and char arrays.

6. Explain the terms precondition and postcondition in the context of the C++ programming
language.

7. What do you know about C++'s Stack Unwinding?

8. In C++, compare and contrast free() with delete ().

9. In C++, compare and contrast the copy function Object() { [native code] } with the assig

10. nment operator.

11. Create a programme to calculate the LCM of an array of numbers.

12. In O(n) time and O(1) space, find the nth Fibonacci number.

13. What are the benefits and drawbacks of time slicing in OS CPU scheduling?

14. What are the various sorts of Linux Shells?

15. What are the benefits and drawbacks of indexing in relational databases?

16. What difference is SQL's DROP, TRUNCATE, and DELETE commands?

17. So, what exactly is SQL Profiler?

18. What are the advantages of hybrid cloud computing?

19. In cloud computing, what is EUCALYPTUS? Could you list a few of its capabilities?

20. In project management, explain the Project Management Life Cycle approach.
21. What do you think of RAID in terms of project management?

22. What distinguishes an HTML block-level element from an inline element?

23. In the context of HTML, explain the fundamental distinctions between the LocalStorage and
SessionStorage objects.

24. What purpose does a CSS preprocessor serve? When do you think a preprocessor should be
used in a project?

25. What functions does an operating system have?

26. What exactly is a stored procedure?

27. What are the benefits of using a thread? What does it mean to multithread?

28. What are multitasking and multiprocessing?

29. What are the steps in creating a complete software package?

30. How do you sort an array's elements in ascending order?

31. Create software that uses bubble sort to sort the string.

Tips for Interview Preparation

Investigate the Industry and the Company

An interviewer can inquire about your opinion of his company's position in its industry, who its
competitors are, what its competitive advantages are, and how it should proceed. As a result,
avoid trying to explore a dozen different sectors thoroughly. Make it a point to focus your
employment search on a select few fields.

Include Your “Selling Points” and Your Motivations for Desiring the Role

Think of three to five selling points for each interview, such as why you're the best candidate.
Prepare an example of each selling point ("I am a good communicator.") For instance, I
convinced an entire group..."). Also, be prepared to tell the interviewer why you want the
position, including what intrigues you, what benefits it provides that you value, and what skills it
requires. No matter how competent you are, if an interviewer doesn't think you're genuinely
interested in the job, they won't offer you.

Anticipate the Interviewer's Worries and Concerns

There are usually more job applicants than opportunities available. As a consequence of this,
interviewers look for other techniques to dismiss individuals from consideration. Put yourself in
their place and consider why they could be hesitant to recruit you ("I don't have this," "I'm not
that," and so on). Then say, "I realize you may not think I'm the best choice owing to their
reservation." You should know why the interviewer is unconcerned.

Prepare for Typical Interview Questions

Every "how to interview" book has at least 100 "common interview questions." So, how do you
get ready? Pick any list and consider which questions you're most likely to face, given your age
and standing (about to graduate, looking for a summer internship). Then write down your
responses, so you don't have to fumble for them during the interview.

Prepare Some Questions for the Interviewer

Bring some thoughtful questions for the interviewer that indicate your understanding of the
organization and your genuine intent. When the interviewer asks if you have any questions, you
should always be ready with one or two. If you answer, "No, not really," they might assume you
aren't interested in the firm's position. ""How would the perfect applicant for this role appear if
you could construct them from the beginning?"?"is an excellent all-purpose question.

4. Why choose Wipro?

Wipro is the third largest IT company in India. Working at this firm is the fulfillment of a dream.
Your qualities will be valued here. The company has sound policies and capabilities, and it
operates in a variety of disciplines and nations. Once inside, you'll have several options
depending on your abilities. Wipro's infrastructure and team management are, without a doubt,
outstanding. Wipro also has an outstanding work-life balance.

5. Why should we consider hiring you?

“To be honest, I have all of the skills and knowledge you need. I am certain that I am the most
qualified candidate for this post. My past experience working on projects, in addition to my
people skills, will both be beneficial to me in this role.”

6. Five years from now, where do you picture yourself?

“I aim to investigate and improve my project management skills over the next few years. In five
years, I want to have acquired expertise overseeing projects for large clients. To achieve my aim,
I will seek out ways to enhance my duties within my role.”
7. How does the Wipro Elite Test work?

The candidates will begin with a 48-minute aptitude test on logical, numeric, and linguistic
abilities. The candidates will complete a 20-minute essay writing test as part of the Written
Communication Test.

Conclusion

These are the top Wipro Interview questions and answers that would give you an idea of what
questions they could ask in the Wipro interview, for which you can prepare ahead.

If you are planning to learn coding and programming, consider enrolling in our Full Stack
Developer - MERN Stack. These comprehensive programs will help you gain experience in
coding and programming.

If you have any questions on the tutorial on Wipro Interview Questions, let us know in the
comment section of Wipro Interview Questions, and our experts will answer them shortly.

Top 10 Wipro HR Interview Questions and Answers

Below are the Top 10 Wipro HR interview questions:
Q1. Can you briefly tell us about yourself?
Answer: My name is A and I have finished my graduation from X University. I wish to
join the Z sector and I have tried my best to gain the necessary skills for this domain. I
have 2 years of work experience (or no work experience) and have a deployed project
based on Y. I have finished my schooling at X Higher Secondary School and my
hobbies are reading books, swimming and playing the guitar. I also love playing and
watching football.
To be Noted: One should be careful about what one answers as the next questions will
be based on this. For example, if you have mentioned a hobby, a skill, or a project, you
might be getting questions related to those. Thus, one must prepare what to say and be
ready to answer questions associated with the things you mention. Also, since this is
not a technical interview, one should not go into technical details and the HR interviewer
generally does not want that.
Q2. What are your strongest points?
Answer: My strongest points would be dedication, loyalty, and enthusiasm. I also try to
be humble, honest, and as collaborative as possible. Cooperation is necessary and I
love teamwork. My friends (or colleagues) have mentioned that I have a likable
personality and I believe that I have good communication skills. I also believe in goals
and I am dedicated to achieving them. It is not great to compliment yourself, but I
believe that I would be a good fit for the corporate culture and I have a positive attitude.
I am also confident in my work and I maintain the integrity of my initial tasks.
To be Noted: One should not be too overconfident or speak too well about themselves,
however, interviews wish to hear that you are goal-oriented and confident about your
skills. Being humble is great but you must also get your greatest strengths across.
Employers want loyal, honest, and cooperative employees, thus, it is in one’s best
interest to talk about these factors. One should never say that they work better than
others or are faster than others. This seems disrespectful and is not the quality of a
good leader. One should try to disguise one or two strong points as a weakness and
humbly put those across as well. This will make the interviewees think of you as a
humble and honest candidate.
Q3. Why do you want to work at Wipro?
Answer: Wipro is a huge MNC and would make me incredibly proud to work in a
conglomerate like this. This is an amazing company and most of the employees that I
have come across have only good things to say about their experience in Wipro. I
believe that I will also get a lot of industry exposure as Wipro handles multiple foreign
projects and has a global presence. The company is also a very old company and has a
very good track record, I wish to truly be a part of this. I believe that I will get incredible
opportunities while working in Wipro and I would like to think that I have a very bright
future in this company. More than anything, I would love to work in an Indian giant such
as Wipro.
To be Noted: Do not only talk about the strong points of Wipro as the interviewers
already know that. Instead, speak about why you would want to join the company and
what you expect from the company. Do not speak about salary packages.
Q4. Why should we choose you?
Answer: I would not say that I am better than all the candidates that you have
interviewed as I do not know anything about their skills. However, I can speak for myself
and assure you that I would work very hard. I am dedicated, honest, and loyal. I also am
very goal-oriented and I take my assigned tasks very seriously. I work with team
members very well and I am a people person. I like working with others and helping out
wherever needed. More than anything, I am confident about the things I know or the
skills I have learned, however, I am always open to learning new things. I also wish to
work at Wipro for a long time and would not cause the company any trouble while
working on a project.
To be Noted: Be humble and never compare yourself with others, however, put your
strong points across again. Try to state why it would be a good idea for the company to
hire you. Also, mention that you intend to stick to the company.
Q5. What are your weaknesses?
Answer: I am very goal-oriented and I push my team too hard sometimes, however,
once the goal is achieved, they definitely do not mind anymore.
To be Noted: Switch the question around in a way that you end up disguising a strong
point as a weakness. Do not mention any other thing as this is generally a trick question
that is intended to bring out your reaction. Do not ever mention any flaws, instead, try
thinking about the question a bit and stick to a strong point that can be disguised as a
weakness.
Q6. What skills do you have for this role?
Answer: Yes, I have gone through the job roles and responsibilities very thoroughly and
I believe I have an understanding of what is required. I have also done some additional
research and identified the daily tasks one needs to do for this job. This particular job
requires me to handle X, Y, Z, and other associated tasks. My responsibility will be to
see that A, B and C are operational/progressing. I have gone through several modules
to learn X and Y skills due to not having extensive experience, however, I have other
skills such as A, B, C, D, E, F, and experience with X and Y technologies.
To be Noted: To answer this question well, one must first go through the job
requirements properly from the job portal. One must also research a bit in order to find
out what are the daily job roles of the job you are applying to. You must also mention
what skills you already had and what additional preparation you have gone through in
order to satisfy the job requirements.
Q7. How do you work under stress?
Answer: Due to being very serious about my academics/certifications/training/ job, I am
used to being under pressure and I am also good with multitasking. I try to passively
transfer the stress by working hard and using my free time to pursue my hobbies. This
helps me deal with daily stress and I am able to work with the same energy the next
day. I do not mind pressure and I am good with deadlines.
To be noted: This question is a tricky question and one must never react negatively to
stress or pressure. One should act like this is a common thing and that one is ready to
work under stress. Companies want employees who do not bend under pressure and
hamper the workflow.
Q8. Do you like collaboration and teamwork?
Answer: Yes, I absolutely love working with a team. One can learn a lot from their team
and their peers. Collaboration makes things easy and fun as well.
To be Noted: One should only speak positive things about teamwork. Employers want
to know if the candidate can work with teams as it is absolutely crucial for corporate
jobs.
Q9. Where do you see yourself in 5 years?
Answer: I see myself working in Wipro as a project manager (or a senior
developer/specialist) in 5 years. I truly wish to stay in the company and grow with it.
To be Noted: Never mention other companies or something like having your own
business. Employers want long-term employees who wish to grow with the company
while helping the company grow at the same time. This is a trick question meant to
identify your end goal.

Q10. Do you have any questions for us?

Answer: I would love to know more about the work culture and what other things this
position entails. I am sure there is much information that is not available online and I
would love to have some insight into the position and what my daily routine would be
like. I am also excited to learn about Wipro, any interesting facts or stories would be
great!
To be Noted: Research a bit about what you can ask and only ask questions about
your position or the company. Never ask about the salary or work location while
answering Wipro HR interview questions.
Wipro Technical Interview Questions

1) What are the functionalities of an operating system?

These are some major functionalities of an operating system:

o The operating system shares the Computer's memory and sharing of the central
processing unit time by various applications and peripheral devices.
o An operating system provides a user interface, i.e., graphical user interface and
command line.
o An operating system includes functionality for booting the computer.
o Perform some basic tasks, i.e., managing the peripheral devices.
o It provides file management which refers to the way that operating system stores,
retrieves, manipulates, and saves data.

2) What is the difference between UNIQUE key and PRIMARY key

constraints?
Difference between unique key and primary key constraints:

Unique key Primary key

A table can contain multiple A table can contain only one

unique keys. primary key.

NULL values are allowed. NULL values are not allowed.

It helps to maintain a unique data It helps to identify a unique row

in a column of a table. from a table.
 For MS SQL server databases, a
unique constraint will generate a Primary key will generate a
unique NON-CLUSTERED unique CLUSTERED INDEX
INDEX

3) How can you delete the duplicate row in a table?

In case of duplicate rows, you have to be more careful at the time of fetching records
from the table.

To overcome this problem, we use a DISTINCT keyword.

It is used along with a SELECT statement to eliminate all duplicate records and fetching
unique records.

Syntax:

The basic syntax to eliminate duplicate records from a table is:

1. SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2,....columnN

2. FROM table _name
3. WHERE [conditions]

EXAMPLE:

Let us take an example of the STUDENT table.

ROLL_NO NAME PERCENTAG ADDRESS

E

AJEET
1 72.8 ALLAHABAD
MAURYA

CHANDAN
2 63.5 MATHURA
SHARMA

DIVYA
3 72.3 VARANASI
AGRAWAL
 4 RAJAT KUMAR 72.3 DELHI

5 RAVI TYAGI 75.5 HAPUR

SONU
6 71.2 GHAZIABAD
JAISWAL

Firstly we should check the SELECT query and see how it returns the duplicate percentage
records.

1. SQL > SELECT PERCENTAGE FROM STUDENTS

2. ORDER BY PERCENTAGE;

PERCENTAGE

63.5

71.2

72.3

72.3

72.8

75.5

Define the SQL Profiler?

SQL Profiler can be defined as the profiler utility which is mainly used to track connections
to the SQL Server and also determine the activities such as which SQL Scripts are running,
and which one is getting failed, etc.

5) What is stored procedure? Explain with example.

 Stored procedures are a batch of SQL statements that can be executed in a couple of ways.
Most of the DBMS support stored procedures; however, not all do. The stored procedure
increases the reusability as here the code or the procedure is stored into the system and
used again and again that makes the work easy.

Syntax:

1. CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name

2. AS
3. sql_statement
4. GO;
To execute a stored procedure

1. EXEC procedure_name;
Create a table and use this syntax for example.

6) What is a process and what is a thread?

A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing. It is a separate path
of execution.

Threads are independent that means if there is an exception in one thread, it doesn't affect
other threads. It uses a shared memory area.

The process is heavyweight and can consists of multiple threads. It is a small part of a
program.

7) What are the advantages of a thread? How does the multithreading

look like?
These are the following advantages of a Thread:

o It provides efficient communication.

o It minimizes the context switching time.
o By using thread, we can get the concurrency within a process.
o Thread allows utilization of multiprocessor architectures to a greater scale and
efficiency.
o A process which executes multiple threads simultaneously is known
as multithreading.
o A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing.
To achieve multitasking in java, we have two ways:
Multiprocessing and multithreading

One process may contain more than one thread and execute simultaneously is known as
multi-threading.

8) What are Multi-Processing and Multitasking?

Multitasking: As the name indicates multiple tasks run on a single CPU. We use
multitasking to utilize the CPU.

Multitasking can be achieved in two ways:

o Process-based Multitasking (Multiprocessing)

o Thread-based Multitasking (Multithreading)
Multi-processing: Multi-processing refers to the ability of a system to support more than
one central processing unit at the same time.

Multithreading: As the name indicates multiple threads run concurrently.

A thread is a lightweight sub-process, the smallest unit of processing.

9) What are stack and Queue and its applications?

Stack
1. The stack is an ordered list in which, insertion and deletion can be performed only at one end
that is called a top.
2. The stack is a recursive data structure having a pointer to its top element.
3. Stacks are sometimes called as Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) lists, i.e., the element which is
inserted first in the stack will be deleted last from the stack.

Applications of Stack:

1. Recursion
2. Expression evaluations and conversions
3. Parsing
4. Browsers
5. Editors
6. Tree Traversals

Queue
 1. A queue can be defined as an ordered list which enables insert operations to be performed
at one end called REAR and delete operations to be performed at another end called
FRONT.
2. The queue is referred to be as the First-In-First-Out list.
3. For example, people waiting in line for a rail ticket form a queue.

10) What is indexing, what are the advantages and disadvantages of

it?
Indexes are special lookup tables. It is used to retrieve data from the database very fast.

An Index is used to speed up select queries and where clauses. But it shows down the data
input with insert and update statements. Without affecting the data, we can create or drop
indexes

An index in a database is just like an index in the back of a book.

Indexing can be of the following types

Primary index, secondary index, and clustering index.

The advantages of indexes are as follows:

o An index makes it possible to retrieve data quickly.

o Index's use in queries usually results in much better performance.
o They can be used for sorting. A post-fetch-sort operation can be eliminated.
o Index guarantees uniquely identifiable records in the database.
The disadvantages of indexes are as follows:

o Indexes decrease the performance on inserts, updates, and deletes.

o Indexes take up space (this increase with the number of fields used and the
length of the fields).
o Databases will have monocase values in fields that are indexed.

11) What is De-Normalization where does it have?

Denormalization is the process of boosting up database performance and adding of
redundant data which helps to get rid of complex data. Denormalization is a part of
database optimization technique. This process is used to avoid the use of complex and
costly joins.

Denormalization doesn't refer to the thought of not to normalize instead of that

denormalization takes place after normalization. In this process, firstly the redundancy of
the data will be removed using normalization process than through denormalization process
we will add redundant data as per the requirement so that we can easily avoid the costly
joins.

12) What are the Different Objects in DBMS?

A database objects use to store or reference data in the database. Any statement which is
written with CREATE Command is known as the database object.

Different types of object in DBMS are:

View: This object is used to create a view in the database. It is a logical table based on
another view. A table on which view is based is called the base table.

Table: we can create a table in a database by using the CREATE TABLE statement.

Sequence: This object command used to create a sequence in the database. It is a user-
created database object which is shared by multiple users to generate unique integers.

Index: A database object can create indexes in the database by using an index. Indexes
are used for fast retrieval of rows from a table.

Synonym: This object is also used for creating indexes in the database. By synonym, you
can easily access the objects

13) What are Self-Join and Outer Join, where do you use it?
Self-Join: A self-join is a join which joins the table with itself, means that each row of the
table is combined with itself and with every other row of the table. The table contains a
FOREIGN KEY which references its PRIMARY KEY.

It shows the one-to-many relationship in a table also known as a unary relationship.

Now come to SQL outer join, all the content of both tables is integrated together either
they are matched or not.

An outer join is of two types:

1. Left outer join (also known as left join): this join returns all the rows from left table
combine with the matching rows of the right table. If you get no matching in the right table, it
returns NULL values.

Syntax: Left outer join

 o SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2.....
o FROM table1
o LEFTJOIN table2
o ON table1.column_field = table2.column_field;
2. Right outer join (also known as right join): this join returns all the rows from right table
are combined with the matching rows of left table .If you get no column matching in the left
table .it returns null value.

Basic syntax for right joins:

o SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2.....

o FROM table1
o RIGHT JOIN table2
o ON table1.column_field = table2.column_field;

14) Give a SQL Query which uses Outer Join.

Syntax:Left outer join

o SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...

o FROM table1
o LEFT JOIN table2
o ON table1.column_field = table2.column_field;
Let's take two tables in this example to elaborate all the things:

CUSTOMER TABLE:

ID NAME AGE SALARY

1 ARYAN 51 56000

2 AROHI 21 25000

3 VINEET 24 31000

4 AJEET 23 32000

5 RAVI 23 42000
This is the second table

ORDER TABLE:

O_ID DATE CUSTOMER_ID AMOUNT

001 20-01-2012 2 3000

002 12-02-2012 2 2000

003 22-03-2012 3 4000

004 11-04-2012 4 5000

Join these two tables with LEFT JOIN:

o SQL SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE

o FROM CUSTOMER
o LEFT JOIN ORDER
o ON CUSTOMER.ID = ORDER.CUSTOMER_ID;
This will produce the following result:

ID NAME AMOUNT DATE

1 ARYAN NULL NULL

2 AROHI 3000 20-01-2012

2 AROHI 2000 12-02-2012

3 VINEET 4000 22-03-2012

 4 AJEET 5000 11-04-2012

5 RAVI NULL NULL

15) Explain some differences between TRUNCATE and DELETE

commands with their syntax?
There is a slight difference b/w delete and truncate statement. The DELETE statement only
removes the rows from the table based on the condition defined by WHERE clause or
remove all the rows from the table when the condition is not specified.

But it does not free the space containing by the table.

Syntax:

1. DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

But if you do not specify the WHERE condition, it will remove all the rows from the table.

1. DELETE FROM table_name;

The TRUNCATE statement: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the
containing space.

Syntax:

1. TRUNCATE TABLE employee;

17) What are the steps involved in designing complete software?

To build software, a programmer should have to follow the SDLC.

Software development life cycle is a process of developing new software

There are six steps of SDLC:

o Planning: Plan about the scope, approach, functionalities, etc.

o Requirement analysis: Gather the required tools, data, and information that are
required for the project
o Designing: Design a prototype to check the architecture of the project.
o Coding: coding as per designing.
 o Testing: testing is done to check whether the actual result meets the required
result.
o Maintenance: Updates

18) What is the difference between Abstract classes and interface?

Java interface should be implemented using the keyword "implements"; A Java abstract
class should be extended using the keyword "extends."

An Interface can extend interface only; Abstract class have two properties, it can extend
only one java class but implement more than one interface at a time.

19) What is the property of a class?

We can define property in a way that property is a member of a class that provides the
access of an object or a class to an attribute. For e.g., Properties include the length of a
string, the size of a font, the caption of a window, the name of a customer, and so on.

20) Define precondition and postcondition to a member function.

A pre-condition is a condition that must be true before a method runs for it to work

A post-condition is a condition that must be truly guaranteed after a method is finished.

If all the preconditions of this method are satisfied, then postconditions will also meet for the
same method.

No guarantee for behavior if the preconditions not meet.

29) Name the operators that can't be overloaded.

These are the following operators that can't be overloaded.

o Scope Resolution operator (::)

o Pointer-to-member Operator (.*)
o Member Access or Dot Operator (.)
o Ternary or conditional operator (?:)
 o Object size Operator (sizeof)
o Object type operator (typeid)

30) What is polymorphism?

In an object-oriented programming language, polymorphism is a characteristic which means
one name with many forms.

We can say that polymorphism shows different behavior in a different scenario.

There are two types of Polymorphism.

o Compile time polymorphism: It is known as method overloading.

o Runtime polymorphism: it is also known as method overriding.

31) How is C++ struct different from C++ class?

A struct is a bundle. It is a combination of all related elements that need to work together in
a particular context. Such as, the restricted number of arguments context can pass to a
function:

If you don't specify the access modifier, visibility (public, private or protected) of the
members will be public in the struct and private in the class.

The visibility by default goes just a little further than members: for inheritance, if you don't
specify anything then the struct will inherit publicly from its base class, while the class will
do private inheritance:

32) What is DOM?

DOM stands for Document Object Model. It is a programming API for the HTML and XML
documents. DOM provides the logical structure of the document and the way in which a
document is accessed and manipulated.

DOM represents a table in the hierarchical form.

33) Specify the characters which can be used as the second character
of an identifier, but not as the first character of an identifier?
 Any number within the range of 0 to 9 can be taken as the second character of an identifier,
but as per restriction, it can't be treated as the first character on an identifier.

34) What Is The List Interface?

List Interface is the subinterface of Collection. It contains methods to insert and delete
elements on an index basis. It is a factory of List-Iterator interface. Lists may contain
duplicate items. The List interface includes operations for the following:

o Positional Access: Manipulate elements based on their numerical position in

the list.
o Search: Search for specified objects in the list and return its numerical position.
o List Iteration: Extend Iterator semantics to take advantage of the list's sequential
nature.
o Range-view: Perform arbitrary range operations on the list.
List Interface declaration

1. public interface List<E> <strong>extends</strong> Collection<E>

35) What Is The Vector Class?

Vector implements List interface and maintains insertion order. Array list and vector class
both are similar but with few differences.

Vector is synchronized: Vector is slow because it is synchronized, i.e., in multithreading

environment; it will hold the other threads in runnable or non-runnable state until current
thread releases the lock of the object.

Vector is a legacy class

Vector increments 100% means doubles the array size if the total number of elements
exceeds than its capacity.

36) What is an Iterator Interface?

An iterator is a Java interface, and it has methods to iterate on elements of collections.

You can create your iterator object by calling iterator() method present in collection
interface.
The methods of the interface are:

o hasNext(): To know if any other elements left in the collection.

o next (): Returns the next element.
o remove (): To remove the current element from the collection(better not use that
method).

37) What is the major difference between yield () and sleep ()?
Sleep () method in Java has two variants one which takes millisecond as sleeping time
while other which takes both millisecond and nanosecond for the sleeping duration.

Yield () method pause all the currently executing thread, and give a chance to execute
those threads or processes that need to be run. The current thread will continue to run
again if no other thread is available to execute.

38) What Are Wrapped Classes?

Wrapper class in Java provides the mechanism to convert primitive into object and object
into primitive. The eight classes of the java.lang package is known as wrapper classes in
java.

The list of eight wrapper classes is given below:

Primitive Type Wrapper class

Boolean Boolean

Char Character

Byte Byte

Short Short

Int Integer
 Long Long

Float Float

Double Double

39) What is garbage collection? Does it guarantee that a program will

not run out of memory?
Garbage collection:

Garbage Collection is a process of reclaiming the unused runtime memory automatically.

i.e., it is a way to destroy the unused objects.

To do so, we were using free () function in the C language and delete () in C++. But, in
Java, it is performed automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

In some cases, programs use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected.
We can also create objects "without new keyword" in programs that are not subject to
garbage collection. That's why garbage collection doesn't guarantee that a program will not
run out of memory.

40) What is the Name of the immediate superclass of the Applet

class?
A panel is the immediate superclass of all Applet class.

The panel allows us to format the string.

A panel must have a specific layout out of FlowLayout, BorderLayout, GridLayout. If a

Layout is not specified, then the default will be a FlowLayout.

41) What Is A Native Method?

The native is a keyword applied to a method to show that the method is implemented in
Native Code (c, c++) using JNI (Java Native Interface). Hence, it is also known as foreign
methods. It acts as an interface between Java Native Interface (JNI) and other
programming languages.

It is a modifier that is not applicable to classes and objects. Native method declaration
should compulsory ends with ";" because its implementation is already given.

42) What are the collections API?

The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and
manipulate the group of objects.

All the operations that you perform on a data such as searching, sorting, insertion,
manipulation, deletion, etc. can be achieved by Java Collections.

Java Collection means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework provides many
interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque, etc.) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList,
PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet, etc.)

Collection framework has:

1. Interfaces and its implementations, i.e., classes

2. Algorithm

43) List out some modifiers that may be used with an Inner class that
is a member of an Outer class?
All the modifiers such as

1. public
2. private
3. abstract
4. final
5. protected
6. strictfp
7. static
8. default

44) What is the name of the method of the component class which is
used to set the position and size of a component?
 setBounds () method is having four coordinates (x, y, width, height) to specifying the
position and size of a GUI component .

45) Which Java.util Classes and Interfaces Support Event Handling?

1. java.awt.event.*; Support event handling.

46) How many number of bits are used to represent a character in

Unicode, ASCII, UTF-32, UTF-16, And UTF-8 characters?
Unicode requires 16 bits (2 bytes) to represent a character, ASCII requires 7 or 8 bits, and
UTF-8 requires 8, 16 and 18-bit pattern.

UTF=16 requires 16 bits and 32 bits pattern.

UTF-32 requires 32 bits pattern

47) What are the restrictions for the location of a package statement
within a source code file?
Restriction for the package:

A package must be appeared in the first line of the program source code, excluding blank
lines and comments.

48) What are the major differences between preemptive scheduling

and time slicing?
Preemptive scheduling:

Under primitive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or
dead states or any other higher priority task comes into existence.

Time slicing:

Time slicing: A task executes for a fixed period of time and then reenters again in the pool
of ready tasks to execute the remaining task later. The scheduler then determines that
which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.
 49) Give the name of three component subclasses that support
painting.
The canvas class, the Frame class, and Applet class are the subclasses which support
painting.

50) When a Readline () reach at the end of file then what will it return?
Readline() will return a null value when it would reach at the end of the file.

51) What is the name of the immediate superclass of the Dialog

class?
The window class is the immediate superclass of Dialog class.

52) Define Order of precedence and Associativity, how are they used?
Order of precedence is used with the operators. When a number of operators are used in
an expression, it evaluates with the priority of the operators.

Associativity is used to check whether an expression is evaluated from left-to-right or right-

to-left.

Order of precedence example:

1. (5 > 2 + 5 && 4)
The given expression is equivalent to:

1. ((5 > (2 + 5)) && 4)

The expression (2 + 5) will executes first and the result will be 7
Then after first part of the expression (5 > 7) executes and gives 0 (false) as an output
Finally, (0 && 4) executes and gives 0 (false).

Associativity:

1. 4 * 2 / 4
 Here, operators * and / have the same precedence. Both "*" and "/" are left to right
associative, i.e., the expression on the left is executed first and moves towards the right.

Thus, the expression above is equivalent to:

1. ((4 * 2) / 4)
2. i.e., (4 * 2) executes first and the result will be 8 (true)
3. then, (8 / 4) executes and the final output will be 2 (true)

53) What is the rule for a catch or declare method declarations?

Catch block catches any exception that results from the try block. If a checked exception is
thrown within the body of the method, the thrown exception must be caught by the method
(with the help of try/catch block) or declare it in its throws clause.

54) What is the top class of the AWT Event Hierarchy?

java.awt.AWTEVENT class is the highest-level class of AWT event hierarchy.

55) When is a thread created and started, what is its initial state?
A thread is created and started with its Initial state called "ready" state where a thread is
ready to run.

56) Is it possible to declare an anonymous class which implements an

interface and extends a class?
Yes, an anonymous class can extend its superclass or implement an interface but cannot
use both simultaneously.

57) Define Synchronization and why is it important?

Synchronization is a process which provides a feature by which access of multiple threads
to any shared resource can control.
Hence, Java Synchronization is a better option for restriction. i.e., It allows only one thread
to access the shared resource.

The synchronization is mainly used to

1. To prevent thread interference.

2. To prevent consistency problem.

58) Is Sizeof a Keyword?

Sizeof is an operator in C++ and a keyword in C, but it is not available in java.

59) What is a priority of task and how is it used in scheduling?

The entire task can't execute simultaneously so that a scheduler assign priorities to all tasks
for its execution. Priorities can be high or low depending on the task's importance, and the
integer values determine it.

Higher priority gets CPU for execution first.

60) Describe the three levels of data abstraction?

Data abstraction in DBMS is a process of hiding irrelevant details from users. Because
database systems are made of complex data structures, so it makes accessible the user
interaction with the database.

Following are three levels of data abstraction:

Physical level: It is the lowest level of abstraction. It describes how data are stored.

Logical level: It is the next higher level of abstraction. It describes what data are stored in
the database and what the relationship among those data is.

View level: It is the highest level of data abstraction. It describes only part of the entire
database.

61) What is Hashing technique in the data structure?

Hashing is a faster searching technique. The process of mapping a large amount of data
item to a smaller table with the help of a hashing function is called hashing. In other words,
hashing is a technique to convert a range of key values into a range of indexes of an array.

In terms of java: Hashing is a way to assign a unique code for any variable or object after
applying any function or algorithm on its properties.

Wipro HR Interview Questions

1) Tell us about yourself.

This is the most commonly asked questions for both freshers as well as experienced
candidates. Well, you should answer this question in the following way:

My name is Mohd Pervez, and I am from Delhi. Now if I talk about my education, I have
done graduation from Krishna engineering college Mohan Nagar with an aggregate of 70%.
I have done my 12th schooling from Delhi Public School and 10th schooling from Victoria
Public School Yamuna Vihar with an aggregate of 60% and 70% respectively.

Now come to my technical skills: I am quite good in C, Core Java, and Software Testing.

Now if I am talking about my family background, we have 8 in all. My father is a

businessman, and my mother is a housewife. I have two elder brothers, both are graduated
from Delhi University and currently involved in family business.

Now come to my hobbies, I am fond of playing cricket, listening to music, and internet
surfing.

That's all about me sir/mam.

Note: If you want to add more then you can tell about your strength and weakness
too.

2) Why should we hire you?

This question is one of the most important questions which is asked in each and every
interview.

You have to answer this question in the following way:

Sir, I am fresher, I have no experience, but I have positive thinking, positive attitude. I want
to learn new things; I want to explore my knowledge and skills more and more that I have. I
have done training from TCS ion on the software testing domain too. I am a goal-setter; I
have set my goals for a task and work accordingly. I never give up responsibility in between.
I love to work in a team.

These are the following reasons that provide me the confidence and make me a perfect
candidate for selection.

3) Where do you see yourself after five years?

Well, this is also a frequently asked question in every interview.

Some of the candidates answer this question in a way; I would like to see myself at
manager post. Some of the candidates say I would like to see myself as your replacement.
This type of answer treated as a threat by the interviewer. Try to avoid these things.

As a fresher, you have to answer this question in the following manner:

Sir I would like to enhance my skills more and more. This will make me a professional
person who has all the skill set and experiences. I would like to see myself in a good
position in my domain.

4) What is your short-term goal?

You have to answer this question in the following way.

As a fresher graduate, I need to start building a strong presence in the industry, which helps
mine to accumulate the experience and skill set for a bright future. I want to work for a
company that I respect and do a job that I enjoy.

5) What is your Long-term goal?

My long-term goal is to look at myself in a good position, respect in the industry, and
responsibilities in my core domain.

I would like to get success not in term of money only but also in term of knowledge and
working experience, etc.
6) What is your biggest mistake?
This question is asked in the interview to check your ability that how quickly you can recover
yourself.

Well, you have to answer this question in this way:

You should have to start with the most significant weakness that diverts you directly and let
you go downwards.

For example:

If someone wants help then I never say no whether I am comfortable or not, left out some
opportunities, try to explore more and more. I gets diverted easily, sometimes strive for
shortcuts to achieve a goal.

These are some biggest mistake that I try to avoid.

7) What are your greatest strengths?

Everyone knows about his/her weakness and strength. You have to answer this question in
a way that makes you different from others. You have to leave a good impression in front of
the interviewer.

For example:

I have positive thinking, positive attitude. I have practical knowledge too. I can make a
relation with others quickly. I am polite in nature and can handle the organization's
pressure.

I give my 100% to this organization. Work with a goal that is my organization should grow
upward more and more so that it has been listed in the top of the IT MNC companies at any
cost.

8) What are your most significant weaknesses?

You have to answer this question positively so that the interviewer could not mark you for
your weakness.

For example:
If someone wants help then I never say no whether I am comfortable for help or not,
sometimes go for shortcuts to achieve a goal very quickly. These are my greatest weakness
that I want to overcome these as soon as possible.

9) Can you work under pressure?

The best answer to this question is yes, doesn't matter you are in under pressure or out of
pressure. An employee should give their 100% to their work. Well, Working under pressure
is an excellent trait to have. Though, the pressure is created when the employees don't give
their full effort to work.

The best employee is one who could give their full effort in any situation and never give up
any task in between.

10) Tell us about your interest and hobbies?

Most of the time this question is covered in the introduction part, but some interviewer could
ask it separately to check your area of interest.

You have to tell only the field of interest and hobbies very clearly.

For example:

My area of interest is software testing, I have done training on software testing from TCS
ION which is a training partner of TCS.

Now if I talk about my hobbies, I am fond of playing cricket, Listening to music, and internet
surfing.

11) Describe your management style.

My management style varies according to the employees. All the employees do not have
the same efficiency to do work. So work should be assigned according to employee's work
efficiency and their record.

According to me, focus on hiring the people having analytical skills, excellent problem-
solving skills, and should have excellent communication skills.

People should be a smart worker and having an ability to work in a team.

These are some management style which I will prefer.

12) Why do you want to work at Wipro?

In this question, you should have known about the company so that you can give a relevant
answer.

For example:

As a fresher, I want a great environment to learn industrial work, a career growth and want
to enhance my skills and knowledge that I have. I need an organization that makes my
dream comes true.

We all know that your company is listed in top MNC's, having an excellent environment for
learning new things and comes it to use, having an excellent scope for career growth, etc.

Your company provides all the facilities that I want; because of this reason I want to join
Wipro.

13) List out some qualities that you would like to see in your boss.
Though, this is an important question. You have been very generic and limited while
answering this question. You should have to be very careful about the mention traits. i.e.,
you should not have to mention traits that are not possible as a human being.

For example: If I talk about me then the following qualities I want to see in my boss:

o I want my boss as a team leader of my team in which I have the freedom to

express my idea. He should have a positive attitude, sense of humor and must
have the quality to communicate with team members. Boss has to motivate their
employee's in a critical situation with his attitude, guidance, speech, and
feedback."
o I want to work with a team under his leadership. I need respect and value that I
deserve from him. He must care for the whole team members and encourage
more creative work by honing the skills that I have."
o My ideal boss should be very energetic, positive attitude, positive thinking, polite,
and knowledgeable about the work. He should have an ability to handle the
critical situation, able to guide the employees in the right way so we can perform
our best for better result for the company".
o My boss should focus on his duties, should remark on our work, fair with
everyone and discuss the success or failure frankly".
14) What is your weak point that you need to improve in your skills?
This is also a common interview question in which the interviewer wants to check
your confidence.
You have to answer this question very carefully.

For example:

As a fresher, I have skills and knowledge that are relevant for entry level.

You should set a high standard for yourself and try to meet them.

I need to use my skills in real time industrial work so that I could learn new things and
explore my skills and knowledge as more as possible.

15) What do you know about Wipro? When did it come into existence?
Wipro is an Indian information technology services corporation. Its philosophy is to
think and implement, help clients to do business better.

This company recognized globally for fast services, a strong commitment to sustainability
and good corporate citizenship, we have over 160,000 dedicated employees serving clients
across six continents.

Founded: It was founded on 29 December 1945, it is the western India product company
deals with vegetable oil, but later it has diversified into the manufacture of soaps and other
consumer products. It ventured into technology in 1985, selling locally-made computers

Headquarter: Bangalore
Revenue: 840 crores USD (2018)
Founders: M.H Hasham Premji, Mohamed Premji
Chairman: Azim H. Premji
CEO: Abidali Neemuchwala

16) What is your salary expectation?

It is very frequently asked interview question. According to your performance, some
companies give you a chance to negotiate about salary and some companies having a fixed
salary for entry level.

So you have to answer this question as "As per company norms."

Still, if the interviewer asks for your expectation, then you have to answer according to your
expectation.

Remember that you are fresher so tell your expectation accordingly.

17) I have done from my side; do you have any question for me?
Well, this would be the last question which has been asked by the interviewer whether it has
a technical interview or HR interview.

You have to answer this question "Yes," and ask an intelligent question which influences
the interviewer to let you go at least for the next round.

For example: What would be the next round?

Is there any bond that we have to sign? Etc.

18) If anybody doesn't cooperate with your team what are the steps
you would take.
This is a big problem for the organization. When you are dealing with problematic
employees in your team then the work productivity goes downward, frustration rise, the
customer gets upset.

You have to follow these steps to handle these types of team members.

Don't ignore this problem: Generally, the manager will ignore the problematic staff.
Ignoring the situation is not a solution. So you try to avoid ignorance.

Intervene as soon as possible: This problem affects the production, hence should have to
take action as soon as possible. The manager needs to gather information from an
employee that what is the reason behind it, and personally analyze the issue.

Reach the problem personally: Manager needs to take the employee into a conference
room or office (away from the others) and try to locate the problem.

The manager tries to know whether the employee is aware of this issue if he/she has not
aware of this issue than it is a responsibility of the manager to let him know about the
problem.

Help the problematic employees to get back on track:

Once the manager let him aware of the problem, and the employee begins to understand
that this negative behaviour is real, and experienced by others which are not right for the
organization. Then the employee tries to get back on track and think for the organization.

If all possible ways get fail, then termination may be necessary.

If the employee continuously shows inadequate behaviour and don't try to cooperate. In this
case, termination is required.

19) Are you willing to relocate?

We all know that Wipro is a huge, rapidly growing company which provides service to
clients in 175+ cities. So definitely no one wants to leave this company easily.

You have to answer in two ways: You can say that yes I am definitely willing to relocation.
This shows that you will follow the necessary terms which are good for the company and
your team.

If you are not wanted to relocate, then you don't have to say that you are not willing to
relocate. Instead of saying "no," you have to use the sentence, "I would like to continue in
this city because my family is here, but this position is a great opportunity for me. I couldn't
leave this opportunity. If relocation is required, then I would definitely consider it".

20) Are you comfortable with working over weekends?

As we all know that Wipro is listed in top MNC's, so as per my decision, I would say "yes,"
whenever the organization needs me, I will definitely be there either in night shift or
weekends. As per my observation, the company's growth is directly proportional to
employee's growth.

1) What is PL/SQL?
PL/SQL stands for procedural language extension to SQL. It supports procedural features
of programming language and SQL both. It was developed by Oracle Corporation in early of
90's to enhance the capabilities of SQL.

2) What is the purpose of using PL/SQL?

PL/SQL is an extension of SQL. While SQL is non-procedural, PL/SQL is a procedural
language designed by Oracle. It is invented to overcome the limitations of SQL.

3) What are the most important characteristics of PL/SQL?

A list of some notable characteristics:

o PL/SQL is a block-structured language.

o It is portable to all environments that support Oracle.
o PL/SQL is integrated with the Oracle data dictionary.
o Stored procedures help better sharing of application.

4) What is PL/SQL table? Why it is used?

Objects of type tables are called PL/SQL tables that are modeled as database table. We
can also say that PL/SQL tables are a way to providing arrays. Arrays are like temporary
tables in memory that are processed very quickly. PL/SQL tables are used to move bulk
data. They simplifies moving collections of data.

5) What are the datatypes available in PL/SQL?

There are two types of datatypes in PL/SQL:

1. Scalar datatypes Example are NUMBER, VARCHAR2, DATE, CHAR, LONG,

BOOLEAN etc.
2. Composite datatypes Example are RECORD, TABLE etc.

6) What is the basic structure of PL/SQL?

PL/SQL uses BLOCK structure as its basic structure. Each PL/SQL program consists of
SQL and PL/SQL statement which form a PL/SQL block.

PL/SQL block contains 3 sections.

1. The Declaration Section (optional)

2. The Execution Section (mandatory)
3. The Exception handling Section (optional)
7) What is the difference between FUNCTION, PROCEDURE AND
PACKAGE in PL/SQL?
Function: The main purpose of a PL/SQL function is generally to compute and return a
single value. A function has a return type in its specification and must return a value
specified in that type.

Procedure: A procedure does not have a return type and should not return any value but it
can have a return statement that simply stops its execution and returns to the caller. A
procedure is used to return multiple values otherwise it is generally similar to a function.

Package: A package is schema object which groups logically related PL/SQL types , items
and subprograms. You can also say that it is a group of functions, procedure, variables and
record type statement. It provides modularity, due to this facility it aids application
development. It is used to hide information from unauthorized users.

8) What is exception? What are the types of exceptions?

Exception is an error handling part of PL/SQL. There are two type of exceptions:
pre_defined exception and user_defined exception.

9) How to write a single statement that concatenates the words ?

Hello? and ?World? and assign it in a variable named Greeting?
Greeting := 'Hello' || 'World';

10) Does PL/SQL support CREATE command?

No. PL/SQL doesn't support the data definition commands like CREATE.

11) Write a unique difference between a function and a stored

procedure.
A function returns a value while a stored procedure doesn?t return a value.
 12) How exception is different from error?
Whenever an Error occurs Exception arises. Error is a bug whereas exception is a warning
or error condition.

13) What is the main reason behind using an index?

Faster access of data blocks in the table.

14) What are PL/SQL exceptions? Tell me any three.

1. Too_many_rows
2. No_Data_Found
3. Value_error
4. Zero_error etc.

15) How do you declare a user-defined exception?

You can declare the User defined exceptions under the DECLARE section, with the
keyword EXCEPTION.

Syntax:

1. <exception_name> EXCEPTION;

16) What are some predefined exceptions in PL/SQL?

A list of predefined exceptions in PL/SQL:

o DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX
o ZERO_DIVIDE
o NO_DATA_FOUND
o TOO_MANY_ROWS
o CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
o INVALID_NUMBER
 o INVALID_CURSOR
o PROGRAM_ERROR
o TIMEOUT _ON_RESOURCE
o STORAGE_ERROR
o LOGON_DENIED
o VALUE_ERROR
o etc.

17) What is a trigger in PL/SQL?

A trigger is a PL/SQL program which is stored in the database. It is executed immediately
before or after the execution of INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands.

18) What is the maximum number of triggers, you can apply on a

single table?
12 triggers.

19) How many types of triggers exist in PL/SQL?

There are 12 types of triggers in PL/SQL that contains the combination of BEFORE,
AFTER, ROW, TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and ALL keywords.

 BEFORE ALL ROW INSERT

 AFTER ALL ROW INSERT
 BEFORE INSERT
 AFTER INSERT etc.

20) What is the difference between execution of triggers and stored

procedures?
A trigger is automatically executed without any action required by the user, while, a stored
procedure is explicitly invoked by the user.

21) What happens when a trigger is associated to a view?

When a trigger is associated to a view, the base table triggers are normally enabled.

22) What is the usage of WHEN clause in trigger?

A WHEN clause specifies the condition that must be true for the trigger to be triggered.

23) How to disable a trigger name update_salary?

ALTER TRIGGER update_salary DISABLE;

24) Which command is used to delete a trigger?

DROP TRIGGER command.

25) what are the two virtual tables available at the time of database
trigger execution?
Table columns are referred as THEN.column_name and NOW.column_name.

For INSERT related triggers, NOW.column_name values are available only.

For DELETE related triggers, THEN.column_name values are available only.

For UPDATE related triggers, both Table columns are available.

26) What is stored Procedure?

A stored procedure is a sequence of statement or a named PL/SQL block which performs
one or more specific functions. It is similar to a procedure in other programming languages.
It is stored in the database and can be repeatedly executed. It is stored as schema object. It
can be nested, invoked and parameterized.
27) What are the different schemas objects that can be created using
PL/SQL?
o Stored procedures and functions
o Packages
o Triggers
o Cursors

28) What do you know by PL/SQL Cursors?

Oracle uses workspaces to execute the SQL commands. When Oracle processes a SQL
command, it opens an area in the memory called Private SQL Area. This area is identified
by the cursor. It allows programmers to name this area and access it?s information.

29) What is the difference between the implicit and explicit cursors?
Implicit cursor is implicitly declared by Oracle. This is a cursor to all the DDL and DML
commands that return only one row.

Explicit cursor is created for queries returning multiple rows.

30) What will you get by the cursor attribute SQL%ROWCOUNT?

The cursor attribute SQL%ROWCOUNT will return the number of rows that are processed
by a SQL statement.

31) What will you get by the cursor attribute SQL%FOUND?

It returns the Boolean value TRUE if at least one row was processed.

32) What will you get by the cursor attribute SQL%NOTFOUND?

It returns the Boolean value TRUE if no rows were processed.
 33) What do you understand by PL/SQL packages?
A PL/SQL package can be specified as a file that groups functions, cursors, stored
procedures, and variables in one place.

34) What are the two different parts of the PL/SQL packages?
PL/SQL packages have the following two parts:

Specification part: It specifies the part where the interface to the application is defined.

Body part: This part specifies where the implementation of the specification is defined.

35) Which command is used to delete a package?

The DROP PACKAGE command is used to delete a package.

36) How to execute a stored procedure?

There are two way to execute a stored procedure.

From the SQL prompt, write EXECUTE or EXEC followed by procedure_name.

1. EXECUTE or [EXEC] procedure_name;

Simply use the procedure name

1. procedure_name;

37) What are the advantages of stored procedure?

Modularity, extensibility, reusability, Maintainability and one time compilation.

38) What are the cursor attributes used in PL/SQL?

%ISOPEN: it checks whether the cursor is open or not.
%ROWCOUNT: returns the number of rows affected by DML operations:
INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE,SELECT.

%FOUND: it checks whether cursor has fetched any row. If yes - TRUE.

%NOTFOUND: it checks whether cursor has fetched any row. If no - TRUE.

39) What is the difference between syntax error and runtime error?
A syntax error can be easily detected by a PL/SQL compiler. For example: incorrect spelling
etc. while, a runtime error is handled with the help of exception-handling section in a
PL/SQL block. For example: SELECT INTO statement, which does not return any rows.

40) Explain the Commit statement.

Following conditions are true for the Commit statement:

o Other users can see the data changes made by the transaction.
o The locks acquired by the transaction are released.
o The work done by the transaction becomes permanent.

41) Explain the Rollback statement?

The Rollback statement is issued when the transaction ends. Following conditions are true
for a Rollback statement:

o The work done in a transition is undone as if it was never issued.

o All locks acquired by transaction are released.

42) Explain the SAVEPOINT statement.

With SAVEPOINT, only part of transaction can be undone.

43) What is mutating table error?

Mutating table error is occurred when a trigger tries to update a row that it is currently using.
It is fixed by using views or temporary tables.
44) What is consistency?
Consistency simply means that each user sees the consistent view of the data.

Consider an example: there are two users A and B. A transfers money to B's account. Here
the changes are updated in A's account (debit) but until it will be updated to B's account
(credit), till then other users can't see the debit of A's account. After the debit of A and credit
of B, one can see the updates. That?s consistency.

45) What is cursor and why it is required?

A cursor is a temporary work area created in a system memory when an SQL statement is
executed.

A cursor contains information on a select statement and the row of data accessed by it. This
temporary work area stores the data retrieved from the database and manipulate this data.
A cursor can hold more than one row, but can process only one row at a time. Cursor are
required to process rows individually for queries.

46) How many types of cursors are available in PL/SQL?

There are two types of cursors in PL/SQL.

1. Implicit cursor, and

2. explicit cursor