NYA – Linear Dynamics

(Chapters 5 and 6 in University

Physics from Openstax)
 Forces
• A force is a push or a pull.
• It is a vector: it has a magnitude and a direction.
• A force requires an agent (something doing the
pushing or pulling).
• A force acts on an object.
• Forces have SI units of Newtons (N) where
1N = 1Kg-m/s2.
 Some Types of Forces
! !
1. Gravitational Force (Fg or W )
!
2. Normal (Contact) Force (n)
!
3. Tension Force€ (T ) €
! !
4. Friction Force ( f s or f k )
!
5. Applied€Force (F )
!
6. Spring Force
€ (Fs ) (we will look at this one later
€
in the semester)
€
€
 1. The Gravitational Force
! ! !
Fg = W = mg
• Where g! = 9.81m /s2 is the gravitational
acceleration directed towards the centre of
Earth.
€ €
• We call the force of gravity on an object its
weight.
• Weight is not the same as mass.
 2. The Normal Force
• When a force is exerted by a surface the
direction of the force is perpendicular to the
surface.
 3. Tension….
• Is the force exerted through a string, wire or rope.
• Remains uniform throughout a string, wire or rope.
• Always pulls away from the point of contact. You can
not push things with a rope. It pulls at both ends of the
rope.
 Quick Quiz 5.0

What is the tension in this rope?

A) 0 N
B) 1 N
C) 2 N
D) None of the above
 Newton’s 1st Law
• A body in uniform motion stays in uniform motion
and a body at rest stays at rest, unless acted on by a
non-zero net force.
! !
– When Fnet = 0 , a = 0 which means the velocity is constant
or equal to zero.
• This is often referred to as the law of inertia.
€– Inertia€is an object’s tendency to resist changes in velocity.
– The higher the mass the more inertia an object has.
 Quick Quiz 5.1
• On a horizontal tabletop is a curved barrier that
exerts a force on a ball, guiding its motion in a
circular path as shown. After the ball leaves the
barrier, which of the dashed paths shown does it
follow?

A: (a)
B: (b)
C: (c)
D: none of the above
 Newton’s 2nd Law
• The net force exerted on an object is equal to its mass times
its acceleration.
• It is often convenient to decompose the vector equation into
components.

• If an object travels with constant velocity or is in equilibrium,

the acceleration will be equal to zero.
 Free Body Diagram (FBD)
- Shows all forces acting on a single object.

• Draw object as a dot or a box.

• Draw a coordinate system.
• Draw and label all the forces acting on the
object as arrows with tails on the point (only
draw forces that act on THIS OBJECT).
• Make sure you know what is applying each
force.
 Quick Quiz 5.4

A ball, hanging from the ceiling by

a string, is pulled back and
released. Which is the correct free-
body diagram just after its release?
 How to Solve Dynamics Problems

Step 1 – Write down all given and unknown values.

Step 2 – Whenever possible, draw a diagram.
For dynamics problems this should be a FBD.
Step 3 – Separate your forces into two perpendicular
components (x and y direction or parallel and
perpendicular to an incline).
 How to Solve Dynamics Problems
Step 4 – Write down the necessary equations
to solve the problem (Fnet = ma). Most of the time
this equation will be broken down into two equations
in perpendicular directions
(Fnet_x = max and Fnet_y = may).
Step 5 – Solve these equations in order to obtain
your unknowns.
Step 6 – Check that your units are correct and that
the values physically make sense.
 Example 1
A puck is located a distance of 2m above the bottom
of an inclined air table. If the angle of inclination of
the table is 15° and the puck is released from rest,
find
a) The acceleration of the
puck down the table (2.54 m/s2)
b) and the velocity of the puck
at the bottom of the table (3.18 m/s).
 Example 2
If m1 = 10 kg and m2 = 20 kg
find the acceleration of each
mass and the tensions that
pull on each mass.
(3.267 m/s2, 130.7 N)
 Example 3
A bag of cement of weight 325 N
hangs from three wires as shown
in the figure below. Two of the
wires make angles q1 = 60.0° and
q2 = 25.0° with the horizontal. If
the system is in equilibrium,
find the tensions T1, T2, and T3 in
the wires. (296 N, 163 N, 325 N)
 Quick Quiz 5.5

A ring, seen from above, is pulled

on by three forces. The ring is not
moving. How big is the force F?
A. 20 N
B. 10cosθ N
C. 10sinθ N
D. 20cosθ N
E. 20sinθ N
Newton’s 3rd Law
 Newton’s 3rd Law
• If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B
exerts a force of equal magnitude and opposite
direction back on object A.
! !
FAB = −FBA
!
– Where
! FAB is the force exerted by object A on object B
and FBA is the force exerted by object B on object A.
• Things to remember about this law
– Isolated forces do not exist.
€
€ – Forces always act in pairs (action/reaction).
€ – Force pairs always act on different objects.
Example of an Action/Reaction Pair
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c
P0Bb3WXJ_k
 Example 4
Two blocks of masses m1 = 1 kg and m2 = 0.5 kg, are
placed in contact with each other on a frictionless,
horizontal surface, as shown in the figure below. A
constant horizontal force of F = 0.1 N is applied to m1.
(a) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the
system. (0.0667 m/s2)
(b) Determine the magnitude
of the contact force between
the two blocks (0.0333 N).
(c) If the blocks start from rest, find their
displacement after 10 seconds (3.34 m).
 4. Static Friction…
• between two surfaces is a result of the
microscopic irregularities of the surfaces.
• always opposes the direction of
motion/intended motion of the object.

f s ≤ µs n
Magnitude of Coefficient of Magnitude of
static friction static friction the normal
force force
 Quick Quiz 5.10

A car is parked on a hill. Which is

the correct free-body diagram?
 4. Kinetic Friction
• always opposes the direction of motion of the
object.
f k = µk n
Magnitude of Coefficient of Magnitude of
kinetic friction kinetic friction the normal
force force
2

µk < µs
€
Table 6.1 from University Physics

!
n
 Example 5
Two blocks are connected by a string passing over an
ideal (massless and frictionless) pulley, m1 = 5 kg and
m2 = 9 kg. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
m1 and the table is 0.2.
Find the magnitude of the
acceleration of the system
and the tension in the string.
(5.6 m/s2, 37.8 N)
 Example 6
A 2 kg block is placed on top of a 5 kg block. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the 5 kg block
and the floor is 0.20. A horizontal force is applied to
the 5 kg block. The acceleration of the blocks is
3 m/s2 to the right.
a) Find the coefficient of
static friction between the 2
blocks that will just prevent
the 2 kg block from slipping.
b) Find the force exerted on the 5 kg block.
(a) 0.306 b) 34.7 N)