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MLT Unit - 1

Machine Learning Techniques Unit 1 Notes

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MLT Unit - 1

Machine Learning Techniques Unit 1 Notes

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guptaraman600
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Learning is the process of acquiring new_understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skillsvalyes¢Mititudes, and preferences. Learting-is-eny process by whic system improves its performance from experience. (Ques2. What is Machine Learning? 2020-21 2M ‘Ans. Machine learning (ML) is defined as a discipline of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides machines the ability to automatically learn from data and past experiences to identify patterns and make predictions with minimal human intervention. “Machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data, improve performance from experiences, and predict things without being explicitly programmed”, Ques3. Difference between ML, Al, Deep Learning? 2020-21 2M Artificial Intelligence: AI is the broadest concept of all, and gives a machine the ability to imitate human behaviour. Machine Learning: Machine Learning uses algorithms and techniques that enable the machines to learn from past experience/trends and predict the output based on that data, their performance improve as they are exposed to more data over time. Deep Learning: subset of machine learning in which multilayered neural networks learn from vast amounts of data. At pacar Ogee Masine \eonrs len, ay The main difference between machine learning and deep learning technologies is of presentation of data. Machine learning uses structured/unstructured data for learning, while deep learning uses neural networks for learning models. eee Ans. Machine learning is important because it gives enterprises a view of trends in customer behavior and business operational patterns, as well as supports the development of new products. Many of today's leading companies, such as Facebook, Google and Uber, make machine learning a central part of their operations. Machine learning has become a significant competitive differentiator for many companies. Applications of ML: 1. Image recognition: a. Image recognition is the process of identi feature in a digital image or video. ing and detecting an object or a b. This is used in many applications like systems for factory automation, toll booth monitoring, and security surveillance. Speech recognition : y a. Speech Recognition (SR) is the translation of, into text. b. It is also known as Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), computer speech recognition, or Speech To Text (STT). c. In speech recognition, a software application recognizes spoken words. 3.Product recommendation Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment companies such as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product recommendation to the user. Whenever we search for some product on Amazon, then we started getting an advertisement for the same product while internet surfing on the same browser and this is because of machine learning. — 4. email Spam ana Maware rutering: Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important, normal, and spam. We always receive an important mail in our inbox with the important symbol and spam emails in our spam box, and the technology behind this is Machine learning. 5. Stock Market trading: Machine learning is widely used in stock market trading. In the stock market, there is always a risk of up and downs in shares, so for this machine learning’s long short term memory neural network is used for the prediction of stock market trends. Ha nivg ; Mi; Supervised learning is the types of machine learning in which machines are trained using well "labelled" training data, and on basis of that data, machines predict the output. The labelled data means some input data is already tagged with the correct output. Ex: Risk Assessment, Image classification, Fraud Detection, spam filtering, etc. Oust ne- Types of Supervised learning Classification: A classification problem is when the output ible is a “category, such as “red” or“ * and “ng diwase™- VEN MaleFemale, True-false, etc. YIN © ii, Regression: A regression problem is when the output variable is a real ‘Valiie, such as, Forecasting sales, Weather forecasting, etc. \U #iisupervised learning is a type of machine learning in which models are trained using unlabeled dataset and are allowed to act on that data without any supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to find the underlying structure of dataset, group ty that data according to similarities, and represent that dataset in a compressed format. + The output is dependent upon the coded algorithms. Gs) [b+ PEEP Clustering: A clustering problem is where you want to discover the inherent groupings in the data, such as grouping customers by purchasing behavior. Kssociation: Association rule learning is a kind of unsupervised learning ty technique that tests for the reliance of one data element on another data clement and design appropriately so that it can be more cost- effective. It tries to discover some interesting relations or associations between the variables of the dataset. Semi Supervised learning is between the supervised and unsupervised leaming families. The semi-supervised models use both labeled and unlabeled data for training. AGRE ORE TORCE REN Le, * Reinforcement Learning is a feedback-based Machine learning technique in which an agent learns to behave in an environment by performing the actions and seeing the results of actions. For each good action, the agent gets positive feedback, and for each bad action, the agent gets negative feedback or penalty. The main elements of an RL system are: + The agent or the learner Environment] +The environment the agent interacts Rematcu auam with | 7 - “The policy that the agent follows to take actions Nu Soe. +The reward signal that the agent observes upon taking action ‘Ques 7.f raditional algorithmyys genetic algorithm GENETIC ALGORITHM TRADITIONAL ALGORITHM. A genetic algorithm is a search-based algorithm used for solving optimization problems in machine learning. Traditional Algorithms refers to general algorithms we use to solve problems. It is a methodical procedure to solve a given problem. There can be several algorithms to solve a problem. More Advanced Not as Advanced Used in ML, AI Used in Programming, Math. 1) Process Complexity of Machine Learning The machine learning process is very complex, which is also another major issue faced by machine learning engineers and data scientists. There is the majority of hits and trial experiments; hence the probability of error is higher than expected. Further, it also includes analyzing the data, removing data bias, training data, applying complex mathematical calculations, etc., making the procedure more complicated and quite tedious. 2) Getting bad recommendations ‘A machine learning model operates under a specific context which results in bad recommendations and concept drift in the model. Suppose at a specific time customer is looking for some gadgets, but now customer requirement changed over time but still machine learning model showing same recommendations to the customer while customer expectation has been changed. This incident is called a Data Drift. However, we can overcome this by regularly updating and monitoring data according to the expectations. were sewn CT A / Overfitting: Overfitting is one of the most common issues faced by Machine Learning engineers and data scientists. Whenever a machine learning model is trained with a huge amount of data, it starts capturing noise and inaccurate data into the training data set. Underfitting: Underfitting is just the opposite of overfitting. Whenever a machine learning model is trained with fewer amounts of data, and as a result, it provides incomplete and inaccurate data and destroys the accuracy of the machine learning model. 4) Inadequate Training Data The major issue that comes while using machine learning algorithms is the lack of quality as well as quantity of data. Although data plays a vital role in the processing of machine learning algorithms, many data scientists claim that inadequate data, “Monitoring and maintenance ‘As we know that generalized output data is mandatory for any machine learning model. Hence, regular monitoring and maintenance become compulsory for the same. Different results for different actions require data change; hence editing of codes as well as resources for monitoring them also become necessary. o Decision Tree is a Supervised learning technique that can be used for both classification and Regression problems, but mostly it is preferred for solving Classification problems. It is a tree-structured classifier, where internal nodes represent the features of a dataset, branches represent the decision rules and each leaf node represents the outcome. o Ina Decision tree, there are two nodes, which are the Decision Node and Leaf Node. Decision nodes are used to make any decision and have multiple branches, whereas Leaf nodes are the output of those decisions and do not nantain ants Brethar heanahae OR ‘Compare BPN algorithm in ANN with suitable example (Unit 4) 2020-21 10M The term "Artificial Neural Network" is derived from Biological neural networks that develop the structure of a human brain. Similar to the human brain that has neurons interconnected to one another, artificial neural networks also have neurons that are interconnected to one another in various layers of the networks. These neurons are known as nodes. deems A antrocyte ihtat coil) $ oligodendrocyte 1 meron (eat boaty) eee iological Neural Network Artificial Neural Network Weights or Interconnections Axon Output In a neural network, there arf three essential layers Input Layers The input layer is the first layer of an ANN that receives the input information in the form of various texts, numbers, audio files, image pixels, ete. Hidden Layers In the middle of the ANN model are the hidden layers. There can be a single hidden layer, as in the case of a perceptron or multiple hidden layers. These hidden layers perform various types of mathematical computation on the input data and recognize the patterns that are part of. ie «Af the ouput layer, we obtain the result that we obtain through rigorous ‘computations performed by the middle layer. Artificial Neural Networks Application problems to apply: Following are the important Artificial Neural Networks applications — Handwritten Character Recognition ANNs are used for handwritten character recognition. Neural Networks are trained to recognize the handwritten characters which can be in the form of letters or digits. Bankeiwis Artificial Neural Networks Application problems to apply: Following are the important Artificial Neural Networks applications — Handwritten Character Recognition ANNS are used for handwritten character recognition. Neural Networks are trained to recognize the handwritten characters which can be in the form of letters or digits. Facial Recognition In order to recognize the faces based on the identity of the person, we make use of neural networks. They are most commonly used in areas where the users require security access. Speech Recognition ANNs play an important role in speech recognition. The earlier models of Speech Recognition were based on statistical models like Hidden Markov Models. With the advent of deep learning, various types of neural networks are the absolute choice for obtaining an accurate classification. Ques 2)What is support vector machine? OR Discuss the applications properties, issues, and disadvantages of SVM. 2020-21 10M (UNIT 2) SVM or Support Vector Machine is a linear model for classification and regression problems. It can solve linear and non-linear problems and work well for many practical problems. od The idea of SVM is simple: The algorithm creates a line or a hyperplane which separates the data into classes. Cay l — ol nl SV Crom 2% | Dosa} 7 Row 3 Cow 4 According to the SVM algorithm we find the points clasest-to.the line from both the classes. These points are called support vectors. we compute the distance between the line and the support vectors. This distance is called the margin, Our goal is to maximize the margin. The hyperplane for which the margin is maximum is the optimal hyperplane. ‘Thus SVM tries to make a decision boundary in such a way that the separation between the two classes is as wide as possible. 2020-21 10M © Away of grouping the data points into different clusters, consisting of similar data points. The objects with the possible similarities remain ina group that has less or no similarities with another group." It is an unsupervised learning method, hence no supervision is provided to the algorithm, and it deals with the unlabeled dataset. After applying this clustering technique, each cluster or group is provided with a cluster-ID. ML system can use this id to simplify the processing of large and complex datasets. e The clustering technique is commonly used for statistical data analysis.

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