Secondary 3

Integrated Mathematics

Functions and Graphs (Part II)

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Class: Date:

6 Graphs of Functions

Linear Functions

The general form of a linear function is y  mx  c , where m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept.

The graphs of linear functions are straight lines.

When m  0 When m  0

x x
m 2  m1 m 2  m1
m1
m1
m2
m2

To sketch the graph of a linear function, we must first determine the x-intercept and y-intercept.
y
For example: y  3x  6

x  0 , y  30   6 y = 3x – 6

y  6 (y-intercept)

y  0 , 0  3x  6 0 2
x

x2 (x-intercept)
x-intercept

–6 y-intercept

Vertical and Horizontal Lines

y
The equation of a vertical line is in the form of x  a ,
where a is the x-intercept of the line, because every point that lies on
y=b the vertical line has the same x-coordinate, a .
b (a, b)
The equation of y-axis is x  0 .

The equation of a horizontal line is in the form of y  b ,

y=0 where b is the y-intercept of the line, because every point that lies on
x
0 a
the horizontal line has the same y-coordinate, b .
The equation of x-axis is y  0 .
x=0 x=a
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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Quadratic Functions

The general form of a quadratic function is y  ax 2  bx  c , a  0 where c is the y-intercept.

The graphs of quadratic functions are parabola.

When a  0 (Concave upwards) When a  0 (Concave downwards)

a1

a2 a1  a 2

a1  a 2 a2
a1

Symmetry Line Symmetry Line

Cubic Functions

The general form of a cubic function is y  ax 3  bx 2  cx  d , a  0 where c is the y-intercept.

The graphs of cubic functions are cubic.

When a  0 When a  0

a2 a2

a1
a1

a 2  a1 a 2  a1

OR OR

Two turning points Two turning points

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Reciprocal Functions

a
An example of a reciprocal function is y  or xy  a , a  0 .
x
The graphs of reciprocal functions are hyperbola.

When a  0 When a  0
y y

x x
0 0

Note: (i) x-axis is the horizontal asymptote.

(ii) y-axis is the vertical asymptote.

a
Another example of a reciprocal function is y  , a  0.
x2
The graphs of reciprocal functions are hyperbola.

When a  0 When a  0
y y

x x
0 0

Note: (i) x-axis is the horizontal asymptote.

(ii) y-axis is the vertical asymptote.

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Radical Functions

An example of a radical function is y  a x , a  0 .

When a  0 When a  0

y y

x x
0 0

Another example of a radical function is y  a3 x , a  0 .

When a  0 When a  0

y y

x x
0 0

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Graphing a Reciprocal Function

The axial intercepts, asymptotes (dotted lines) and turning points (with the help of differentiation) must
be clearly marked out and labelled in your graph.

Question 6.1
(i) For each of the given functions, find the equation of each category of asymptotes if they exist.

Vertical Horizontal Axial

Functions
Asymptote Asymptote Intercepts

4
(a) y 
2x  3

3x  1
(b) y 
x 3

(ii) Sketch each of the reciprocal function in (i).

Functions Graphs

4
(a) y 
2x  3

3x  1
(b) y 
x 3

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Question 6.2

x3 1
(a) It is given that y   , x  0 , complete the table of values.
3 2x 2

x –3 –2 –1 –0.5 –0.3 0.3 0.5 1 2 3

y –9.1 –2.8 –0.8 –5.6 –5.5 –2.0 8.9

x3 1
(b) On the grid, draw the graph of y   for 3  x  0.3 and 0.3  x  3 .
3 2x 2

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

(c) Use your graph to solve the equations.

x3 1
(i)  0
3 2x 2

x3 1
(ii)  40
3 2x 2

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

7 Modulus Functions

Properties of x

Let a and b are real numbers.

- a  a2

- a  a Symmetry

- a 0 Non-negativity

- a 0a0 Positive-definiteness

- ab  a b Multiplicativeness
a a
-  , b0 Preservation of Division (equivalent to Multiplicativeness)
b b
- ab  ba

Modulus Equation
- For b  0 , a  b  a  b

- a  b is always false for b  0 .

- For all real values of b, a  b  a  b

Modulus Inequality
- For b  0 , a  b  b  a  b . Note: a  b is always false for b  0 .

- For b  0 , a  b  a  b or a  b Note: a  b is always true for b  0 .

- a  b  a2  b2

Question 7.1
Given that f : x  3 x  7 ,

(a) evaluate f 5  and f  2 ,

(b) find the possible values of p such that f p  2   4 .

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Graph of Absolute Value Function

Since the image of an absolute value function is always positive, in relation to the graph y  f x  , the

graph of y  f x  has the following features:

- When f x   0 (above x-axis), the graph of y  f x  is identical to the graph of y  f x  .

- When f x   0 (below x-axis), the graph of y  f x  is a mirror reflection about the x-axis of

the graph of y  f x  .

Question 7.2
For each of the given function, sketch the graph of the absolute value of the function on the same axes.
(a) y (b) y
y = f (x) (4, 6)

x x
–1 0 5 0 7

–5
(8, –3) y = g (x)

(2, –9)

For the absolute function in the form of ax  b , where ax  b is a linear function, the graph of

y  ax  b is a “V” shape graph, the vertex of the graph is where ax  b  0

Note: (i) The rules of the above three functions are the same but their domains are different.
Thus they are considered as three different functions.
A function is NOT completely defined if the domain is not specified.

(ii) If the domain of the function is not specified, the domain of the function is taken to be the
largest possible domain for which the function is defined.

Question 7.3
Sketch the graph of each of the following function.
(a) f : x  2x  6 (b) g : x  5  3x

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Question 7.4
The diagram shows the graph of y  f x  .
y

y = |f(x)|

x
–6 0

State the possible expressions for f x  .

Additional Information

 
In relation to the graph y  f x  , the graph of y  f x has the following features:

-  
When x  0 , the graph of y  f x  f x  is identical to the graph of y  f x  .

- When x  0 , the graph of y  f  x   f  x  is a mirror reflection about the y-axis of the graph

of y  f x  .

For example,
y y
y = f (x) y = f (|x|)

x x
–1 0 5 –5 0 5

–5 –5

(2, –9) (–2, –9) (2, –9)

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Question 7.5
Sketch the graph of each of the following function.
(a) f : x  3x 5 (d) f : x  3x  2  1

(b) f : x  2x  6 (e) f : x  2x  3  1

(c) f :x 7 x (f) f :x  5 x4

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Question 7.6
Find the range of the values of x if
(a) x5 (c) 2 x 8

(b) x3

Question 7.7
(a) Solve the inequality 2 x  3  x  1 .

3 2
(b) Find the range of the values of x for which  .
x 1 x  3

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Question 7.8
(a) Find the range of the values of x for which 2 x  8  x .

(b) Find the range of the values of x for which x  8  2 x .

Question 7.9
x2 x2
(i) The diagram shows the graph of y  . Sketch the graph of y  .
x2 x2
y y
y = x 2
x 2

x x
–2 0 2

–1

x2
(ii) Hence, solve the inequality 3.
x2

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Integrated Mathematics Secondary 3 Functions and Graphs

Question 7.10
The diagram shows a graph of a curve y  f x  , where f x  is a quadratic function

(–1, 8)

x
0 (1, 0)

Find
(i) the possible expressions for f x  .

(ii) the range of values of y in the domain 1  x  4 .

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