Integration (Part I)

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1 Integration as the Reverse of Differentiation (Antiderivatives)

We have learnt how to find the derivative of a function. However, many problems require that we recover a
function from its known derivative.
For instance, we may know the velocity function of an object falling from an initial height and need to know
its height at any time over some period.

More generally, we want to find a function F ( x ) from its derivative f ( x ) , such that F ' ( x )=f ( x ) .

If such a function F ( x ) exists, it is called an antiderivative of f ( x ) .

The process of recovering a function F ( x ) from its derivative f ( x ) is called as antidifferentiation or

integration.
differentiation

dy
=f ( x )
y=F ( x ) dx

integration

Notation
d
( F ( x ))
dx means differentiate F ( x ) with respect to x , to find the derivative of F(x).

∫ f ( x ) dx means integrate f ( x ) with respect to x , to find the antiderivative of f ( x ) .

For example,
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Differentiate 5 x with respect to x , 2
Integrate 15 x with respect to x ,
(i) d
dx
( 5 x 3 ) =15 x2 ∫ 15 x 2 dx =5 x 3
1
Differentiate ln x with respect to x ,
Integrate x with respect to x,
(ii) d 1
( ln x )= 1
dx x ∫ x dx=ln x
2
Differentiate x with respect to x , Integrate 2 x with respect to x ,
(iii) d 2
dx
( x +1 ) =2 x ∫ 2 x dx=x 2+1
2
Differentiate x −3 with respect to x,
Integrate 2 x with respect to x ,
(iv) d 2
dx
( x −3 )=2 x ∫ 2 x dx=x 2−3
In the example (iii) and (iv), we notice that the antiderivative of 2 x is not unique.

1.1 Indefinite Integral

d
( F ( x ) ) =f ( x )
If F ( x ) is an antiderivative of f ( x ) , then dx .
d
( F ( x ) +c ) =f ( x )
If c is a constant, then dx .

Thus, F ( x ) +c is also an antiderivative of f ( x ) .

In general, if F ( x ) is antiderivative of f ( x ) , using integral notation, we can write

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x )+c , where c is an arbitrary constant.

We call ∫ f ( x ) dx or F ( x ) +c as indefinite integral and f ( x ) as integrand.

d
( F ( x ) ) =f ( x )
and ∫
Note: dx f ( x ) dx =F ( x )+c are just two different notations to express the same fact.

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Question 1.1.1
x
(i) Differentiate ( x−1 ) e with respect to x .

(ii) Hence, find ∫ xe x dx .

Question 1.1.2
d
( x ln x −x )
(i) Find dx .

(ii) Hence, find ∫ ln x dx .

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1.2 Basic Rules of Integrations

Rules for operating with integrals are derived from the rules for operating with derivatives.

Scalar Multiple Rule

d d
( af ( x ) )=a ( f ( x ) )
Differentiation dx dx

Integration ∫ af ( x ) dx=a∫ f ( x ) dx

Addition and Subtraction Rules

d d d
( f ( x )±g ( x ) ) = ( f ( x ) )± ( g ( x ) )
Differentiation dx dx dx

Integration ∫ ( f ( x )±g ( x ) ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx±∫ g ( x ) dx

Question 1.2.1
sin3 x−2 x dy
y= =f ( x )
√ x +1 and dx , find ∫
(i) Given that
2 2 f ( x ) dx .

3 x−1 dy
y= =2 g ( x )
(ii) Given that x 2
and dx , find ∫ 3 g ( x ) dx .

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Question 1.2.2
2x
(i) Differentiate e ( 2 x −1 ) with respect to x .

(ii) Hence, find ∫ xe2 x .

Question 1.2.3

(i) Differentiate ln ( tan x ) with respect to x .

(ii) Hence, find ∫ cosec 2 x dx .

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2 Standard Integrals

2.1 Integration of Constant and Power Functions

d
( ax )=a
We know that dx
Since integration is the reverse process of differentiation,

therefore ∫ a dx=ax +c , where c is an arbitrary constant.

d
( ax n )=n⋅ax n−1
We know that dx
d
( ax n+1 )=( n+ 1 )⋅ax n
⇒ dx
Since integration is the reverse process of differentiation,
n+1
∫ ax n dx= axn+1 +c
therefore , where c is an arbitrary constant and n≠−1

Question 2.1.1
Integrate each of the following expression with respect to x .
1
(a) −4 (c) x3

(b) 6 x2 (d) √ x3

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Question 2.1.2
Integrate each of the following expression with respect to x .
2
x 2+ +1
(a) 4 x−3 (b) √x

Question 2.1.3
Integrate each of the following expression with respect to x .

( )
2
1
√x+
(a) ( x−1 ) ( x 2 +2 ) (b) √x

2 x 2 −x 3 +1 2 x 2 +1
(b) x2 (d) √x

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2.2 Integration of a Power Function involving a Linear Factor: (ax + b)n
d
( ( ax+ b )n )=n⋅( ax +b )n−1⋅a
We know that dx
d
( ( ax+ b )n+1 ) =a ( n+1 )⋅( ax +b )n
⇒ dx
Since integration is the reverse process of differentiation,
( ax+ b )n+1
∫ ( ax+ b )n dx= a ( n+1 )
+c
therefore , where c is an arbitrary constant and n≠−1

Question 2.2.1
Find the integrals of each of the following.
9
∫ ( 5 x−2 ) 3
dx ∫ ( 8−3 x )2 dx
(a) (c)

4
∫ 6 √2 x−1 dx ∫3 dx
(b) (d) √ 5−x

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2.3 Technique of Integration: Integration by Substitution*

Question 2.3.1
Find the integrals of each of the following.
6x
∫ x √ 2x−1 dx ∫ ( 3 x+5 )2 dx
(a) (b)

Question 2.3.2
Find the integrals of each of the following.
x
∫ 6 x ( 2 x −4 )
2 3 ∫ dx
(a)
dx (c) √ x 2
+1

x+1 3
∫ dx ∫3 x 4 dx
(b) ( x 2 +2 x−3 ) 3 (d) √ 6−5 x

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Question 2.3.4
Find the integrals of each of the following.
ln x
∫ x
dx
∫ sin x cos3 x d x
(a) (c)

(b) ∫ e2 x √ e 2 x +1 d x (d) ∫ tan3 x sec2 x dx

Question 2.3.5
Find the integrals of each of the following.

(a) ∫ cos3 x d x (b) ∫ cos2 x sin3 x d x

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3 Equation of a Curve from Its Function of Gradient

dy
=f ( x )
If the function of gradient of a curve is given by dx ,

then the equation of the curve, y=F ( x ) , can be obtained by integrating the f ( x ) .

differentiation
The equation of the curve The function of gradient of the curve

dy
=f ( x )
y=F ( x ) dx
integration

Question 3.1
dy
=5−6 x 2
The gradient of a curve is given by dx .

Given that the curve passes through the point (−2 , 16 ) , find the equation of the curve.

Question 3.2

dy
A curve has a gradient function dx
=( 1−2 x )2
and passes through the point
2,
5
2 . ( )
Find the equation of the curve.

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Question 3.3
dy
3 x+ 2 =4
Given that dx , express y in terms of x.

Question 3.4
d2 y 1 dy
2
=4 x 3 +1 y= =3
Given that dx , express y in terms of x if 2 and dx when x=−1 .

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Question 3.5
d2 y 2
=9 ( 7−3 x )
and the point P ( 2 , 10 ) lies on the curve.
2
A curve is such that dx
The gradient of the curve at P is 4. Find the equation of the curve.

Question 3.6

A publisher of textbooks found that the rate of change in the cost, $ y , of producing x books is given by
dy 2000
=
dx √ x and that the overhead cost is $80 000. Find the cost function, y , and hence find the cost of
producing 12 000 books, giving your answer correct to the nearest dollar.

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3 Definite Integral

3.1 Definite Integral

Let the antiderivative of f ( x ) represented by ∫ f ( x ) dx =F ( x )+c , where c is the arbitrary constant.

The diagram shows the curve of y=f ( x ) and the shaded region that is denoted as S ( t ) , is the area

under the curve y=f ( x ) on the interval [ a , t ] . When t varies, S ( t ) is a function of t .

y

y = f (x)

f (t)

Area = S(t) S

x
0 a t t + t

t

When Δt → 0 , ΔS is approximately described by the area of the “small rectangle” in the diagram,
ΔS =f ( t )⋅Δt ,

where f ( t ) and Δt are the height and width of the “small rectangle” respectively.
ΔS
lim =f ( t )
Δt →0 Δt

dS
=f ( t )
dt
We can see that S ( t ) is an antiderivative of f ( t ) ,

therefore
S ( t )=∫ f ( t ) dt=F ( t )+c

From the diagram, we know that the area under the curve is zero if t =a .

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 S ( a ) =F ( a )+ c=0
c=−F ( a )

The area under the curve y=f ( x ) on the interval [ a , b ] can be obtained by substitute t =b ,
S ( b ) =F ( b )+ c =F ( b )−F ( a )

We use this notation to show the above calculation:

b
∫a f ( x ) dx=F ( b )−F ( a )
It is called as the definite integral of f from a to b .
d
f ( x ) [ a , b ] ( F ( x ) ) =f ( x )
Let be a continuous function defined on the interval and dx ,
b
∫a f ( x ) dx=F ( b )−F ( a )
is the definite integral of f ( x ) on the interval [ a , b ] ,

where a and b are called the lower and upper limit of the definite integral respectively.

Question 3.1.1
Evaluate each of the following definite integrals.
−2 2
(a)
∫−6 5 dx (c)
∫−1 12 ( 3 x−2 )3 dx

5 8
∫2 x 3 dx 2
∫0 x √2 x 2+1 dx
(b) (d)*

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Properties of the Definite Integral

a
(i)
∫a f ( x ) dx=0
b a
(ii)
∫a f ( x ) dx=−∫b f ( x ) dx
b b
(iii)
∫a k⋅f ( x ) dx=k ∫a f ( x ) dx , where k is a constant
b c c
(iv)
∫a f ( x ) dx+∫b f ( x ) dx=∫a f ( x ) dx
b b b
(v)
∫a ( f ( x ) ±g ( x ) ) dx=∫a f ( x ) dx±∫a g ( x ) dx

Proof
a b c
(i)
∫a f ( x ) dx (iv)
∫a f ( x ) dx +∫b f ( x ) dx
=F ( a )−F ( a ) =( F ( b ) −F ( a )) + ( F ( c )−F ( b ) )
=0 =F ( c )−F ( a )
c
=∫a f ( x ) dx
b
(ii)
∫a f ( x ) dx
=F ( b )−F ( a ) b

=− ( F ( a )−F ( b ) ) (v) ∫a ( f ( x ) +g ( x ) ) dx
a =( F ( b ) +G ( b )) −( F ( a ) +G ( a ) )
=−∫b f ( x ) dx
=( F ( b ) −F ( a )) + ( G ( b )−G ( a ) )
b b
b =∫a f ( x ) dx +∫a g ( x ) dx
(iii) ∫a k⋅f ( x ) dx
=kF ( b )−kF ( a ) b

=k [ F ( b )−F ( a ) ]
∫a ( f ( x ) −g ( x ) ) dx
b =( F ( b ) −G ( b ) )−( F ( a ) −G ( a ) )
=k ∫a f ( x ) dx
=( F ( b ) −F ( a )) −( G ( b ) −G ( a ) )
b b
16
=∫a f ( x ) dx−∫a g ( x ) dx
Question 3.1.2
6
∫ f ( x ) dx=10 , find
Given that 2
3 6
(a)
∫3 f ( x ) dx (c)
∫2 3⋅f ( x ) dx

2 5 6
(b)
∫6 f ( x ) dx (d)
∫2 f ( x ) dx+∫5 ( f ( x )−3 ) dx

Question 3.1.3
3 3 3 2
∫ f ( x ) dx=6 and ∫2 g ( x ) dx =−3 , find the value of ∫−1 ( 3 f ( x ) +g ( x ) ) dx−∫−1 g ( x ) dx .
Given that −1

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Question 3.1.4
3 −1
Given that ∫−1 and ∫3
f ( x ) dx=5 ( f ( x ) +mx ) dx=19 , find the value of m .

Question 3.1.5
3 x−1 dy 3
y= 2
=4 h ( x ) ∫ 6 h ( x ) dx
Given that x and dx , find the value of 1 .

Question 3.1.6

18
 m m
∫
Given that 5
f ( x ) dx=6 ∫ [ f ( x )+2 ] dx=14 , find the value of m .
and 5

3.2 Area Bounded by a Curve and the x-axis

y A = y x

y = f (x)

y2 y3 … y …
y1
yn

x
0 a b

x x x x x

Consider the area bounded by the x-axis, the lines x=a , x=b and the curve y=f ( x ) that is

continuous for [ a , b ] . One way to estimate the area is to use rectangular strips as shown above.

Divide the interval [ a , b ] into n equal subintervals, the heights of the rectangles are indicated by y 1 , y 2 ,
y 3 , …, y n .

b−a
Δx =
Note that the width of each rectangle is n .

Thus, the area of each rectangle is

y i Δx .

The sum of the areas of the rectangular strips gives an approximate value for the required area, which
n
∑ yi Δx
written in summation form is i=1 .
19
It is evident that as n increases, these approximations will get better and approach the exact area as a
limit. Hence, repeating the process by using more subdivisions, we can define the area A as
n
A=lim ∑ y i Δx
n→∞ i =1

n
b
∫a y dx=lim
n→∞
∑ y i Δx
When this is the case, we denote the limit by the symbol i=1 .

Question 3.2.1

y= √ x .
y
The diagram shows the curve
y= √ x
Find the area of the shaded region.

x
0 1 4

Question 3.2.2

The diagram shows part of a curve y=f ( x ) which passes through the points ( h , 0 ) and ( 4 , 7 ) .
y

y = f (x)

(4, 7)

x
0 (h, 0)

20
 4
Given that the area of the shaded region is 22 unit2, find the value of
∫h f ( x ) dx .

Question 3.2.3
y
x=k The diagram shows the curve y=3 x 2 and the straight
line x=k .

y = 3x2 If the area of the shaded region is 64 units2,

find the value of k .
x
0

Question 3.2.4
y
The diagram shows the curve y= ( x −1 )( x−4 ) .
y = (x – 1) (x – 4)
Find the area of the shaded region.

x
0 1 4

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Note: When the region is below x-axis, the definite integral is negative, why?

Question 3.2.5
y
The diagram shows the curve y=f ( x ) cutting the x-axis
y = f (x)
at x=a and x=b .

Given that the area of the shaded region is 5 units,

b
∫ 2 f ( x ) dx .
find the value of a
x
0 a b

Question 3.2.6
y y = x (x – 1) (x – 4)
The diagram shows the curve y=x ( x−1 ) ( x−4 ) .
Find the area of the shaded region.

x
0 1 4

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3.3 Area Bounded by a Curve and y-axis

y By using the similar concept as discussed, we estimate

the area by using the rectangular strips.
b

Divide the interval [ a , b ] into n equal subintervals, the

x
y A = x y

lengths of the rectangles are indicated by

x i , while the
a b−a
Δy =
width of the rectangle is n .
x
0 x i Δy .
Thus, the area of each rectangle is

The sum of the areas of the rectangular strips gives an approximate value for the required area, which
n
∑ x i Δy
written in summation form is i=1 .

It is evident that as n increases, these approximations will get better and approach the exact area as a
limit. Hence, repeating the process by using more subdivisions, we can define the area A as
n
A=lim ∑ x i Δy
n→∞ i =1

n
b
∫a x dy=lim
n →∞
∑ xi Δy
When this is the case, we denote the limit by the symbol i=1 .

Question 3.3.1
y
23
 The diagram shows the curve y 2 =4 x .
2 Find the area of the shaded region.

0 x

–1

y2 = 4x

Question 3.3.2
y
The diagram shows the curve y 2 =x+ 4 .
2
Find the area of the shaded region.

x
0

–1

y2 = x + 4

Note: When the region is on the left side of the y-axis, the definite integral is negative, why?

Question 3.3.3

y= √ x+1 .
y
The diagram shows the curve
2
Find the area of the shaded region.
y= √ x+1
1

24
x
0
3.4 Area Bounded by Two Curves
y By using the similar concept as discussed, we estimate
y = f (x) the area by using the rectangular strips.

y
Divide the interval [ a , b ] into n equal subintervals, the

height of each rectangle is y , where y=g ( x )−f ( x ) ,

y = g (x) b−a
x Δx =
while the width of the rectangle is n .

x
0
a b Thus, the area of each rectangle is yΔx .

b
Therefore, the area of shaded region is ∫a
y dx
, where y=g ( x )−f ( x ) .

Question 3.4.1
y
The diagram shows the curve y=x ( 8−x ) and the straight line
y = x (8 – x)

y = 3x
y=3 x .
Find the area of the shaded region.

25
x
0
Question 3.4.2
y
The diagram shows the curve y= ( x −2 )( x−4 ) intersects the
y = 2x + 1
straight line y=2 x +1 at point ( 1 , h ) .
(a) Find the value of h .
(b) Calculate the area of shaded region.

0 x

y = (x – 2) (x – 4)

Question 3.4.3
y
The diagram shows the straight line OQ and the straight line

y=k intersecting the curve x=4 y− y 2 at point Q.

4
Q y=k

26
 9
It is given that the area of the shaded region is 2 unit2.
Find the value of k .

27