DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

SUBMITTED BY : Zaid Khan AND M.Saad

REGISTRATION NO. : 04432213012 AND

04432213025

COURSE TITLE : Computer Science

ASSIGNMENT TITLE : Technical Report on ten Computer components

SUBMITTED TO : Dr.Umar Rashid

DATE : 13/12/2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Ram
1.1 daigram
1.2 1.2 working
1.3 types
1.4 pros and cons

2 CPU
2.1 daigram
2.2 working
2.3 types
2.4 pros and cons
3 Cache
3.1 daigram
3.2 working
3.3 types
3.4 pros and cons

4Key board
4.1 daigram
4.2 wprking
4.3 types
4.4 pros and cons

5 MONITOR
5.1 daigram
5.2 working
5.3 types
5.4 pros and cos

7 printer
7.1 daigram
7.2 working
7.3 types
7.4 prose and cons

8 Mouse
8.1 daigram
8.2 working
8.3 types
8.4prose and cons

9 Mother board
9.1working
Types
Pros and cons

10 video card
10.1 daigram
10,2 working
10.3 types
10.4 advantages and disadvantages of computer.
 LIST OF FIGURES

1. Ram
1.1 Dagram of ram 1.1
2. CPU
2.1 DAIGRAM of cpu 2.1

4 CACHE
4.1 daigram of cache 4.1

KEY BOARD
5.1 daigram of key board

Moniter
6-1 daigram of printer.

Mouse
7.1 daigram of mouse.

Printer
8.1 daigram of printer.

Scanner
9.1 daigram of scanner

Video card
10.1 daigram of video card.
 SUMMARY OF THE ASSIGNMENT
This technical report composed of ten computer components . in first part we wrote about ram how its
works, elaborate its diagram, also include some pros and cons of ram. Then started second topic which
is about CPU. We explain it in a very good way. We explain it by its definition. Its diagram. Explain
how it works. Also explain its types and wrote its advantages and disadvantages. then we shift toward
mother board .we explain it by its definition, elaborating diagram, its working, its types and its
advantages and disdvantages. we explain key board by writing its definition, diagram, how it works, its
types, and its pros and cons. Then we explain mouse, monitor, printer, scanner, video card, and cache
very well.ram is temporary meory stored in a computer.CPU is the central processing unit of computer
,it runs the computer , every part of computer obeys its command. They process information and send
them through bus.cache are permanent memory that computer can store it mainly composed of three
parts L1, L2 ,L3.computer seej=k memory in these smssl chips . they are present either n cpu or mother
board.key is input device which instruction to the computer.moniteo display amount of information
present by computer. Scanner lso read instruction made by computer.mouse is an input devce which
usec in computer fo selecting and movung something on the screen.video card also responsible for
making video of instruction given by the cpu.this all ae the summary of the assignment and atlast we we
wrote its conclsion.
1.CPU:
A central processing unit (CPU)—also called a central processor or main processor—is the most
important processor in a given computer. Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of
a computer program, such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations.

1.1:TYPES OF CPU:

Single-Core CPU:
Contains a single processing core.
Basic and less powerful compared to multi-core CPUs.
Generally found in older or less demanding systems.
Multi-Core CPU:
Contains multiple processing cores on a single chip.
Provides better multitasking and parallel processing capabilities.
Common configurations include dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core, and octa-core CPUs.
Dual-Core CPU:
Contains two processing cores on a single chip.
Offers improved multitasking performance compared to a single-core CPU.
Quad-Core CPU:
Contains four processing cores on a single chip.
Provides even better multitasking and parallel processing capabilities.

1.2:DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 1.2:CPU DIAGRAM

1.3:WORKING:
Central processing unit is the brain of computer. It controls all component of computer. It takes input
information and process it and us a fruitful result or output. It also let some information for storage. It is
main chip on computer .The CPU process instruction, perform calculation and manage the flow of
information through computer system. The CPU communicates with input, output and storage devices to
perform some task.
1.4:Advantages and disadvantages:
No specialized hardware required, while cost electricity.
Very good starting point to enter mining, while no longer profitable.
Invaluable educational experience, while constant wear and tear on CPU.
2.RAM:
RAM is a common computing acronym that stands for random-access memory. Sometimes it's called
PC memory or just memory. In essence, RAM is your computer or laptop's short-term memory. It's
where the data is stored that your computer processor needs to run your applications and open your files.

2.1:DAIGRAM:

Figure 2.2: RAM.

2.3:Working:
RAM provides the shorter-term memory the CPU needs to open files and move data around as
it responds to the tasks given to it by your apps. Both RAM and the CPU work synchronously
and complementarily to ensure that your computer's performance fits your needs and you
have a good experience when using your device.

2.4: TYPES OF RAM:

There are two main types of RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static RAM (SRAM). DRAM
(pronounced DEE-RAM), is widely used as a computer's main memory.

2.5: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OA RAM:

There are so many advantages of RAM.
RAM works at a higher speed than all other memory of the computer.
It consumes less power than other devices like hard disks, CD drives, keyboards, mouse etc.
Due to RAM, the processor is able to work faster, this is because during the time of data

Also, there are some disadvantages to RAM.

RAM storage is less than all other memory devices.
RAM stores only the data being processed in its storage and removes that data after the processing is over. That’s
why this memory is also called volatile memory. That’s why data is not permanently stored in it
RAM is more expensive than its storage.
It works slower than the cache memory in the CPU.

3. MOTHER BOARD:
The official motherboard definition is that it's the main printed circuit board within
a computer, which means it's the primary piece of circuitry that all of the other
pieces plug into to create a cohesive whole.
3.1: DAIGRAM:

Figure:3.1:

3.2: WORKING:
The motherboard provides and distributes power optimally. Computers require electricity to function.
The motherboard has a power connector plug that connects the computer to a power source and converts
it into a form of electrical power that the computer can use.

3.3: TYPES OF MOTHER BOARD:

Motherboards come in different sizes, known as form factors. The most common motherboard form
factor is ATX. The different types of ATX are known as micro-ATX (sometimes shown as
µATX, mini-ATX, FlexATX, EATX, WATX, nano-ATX, pico-ATX, and mobileATX). A smaller
form factor is ITX, which comes in mini-ITX, nano-ITX, and pico-ITX sizes. Some motherboards, such
as the NLX and LPX form factors, had a riser board that attached to the smaller motherboard. Adapters
go into the slots on the riser board instead of into motherboard slots.

3.3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MOTHER BOARD:

The advantage of having a motherboard is it runs the computer but not all are one and the same.
Depending on what you need from your computers depends on the motherboard you would want to
buy.
The advantage of buying your own is that it could be faster and more powerful compared to the one that
comes with your computer.
The disadvantage of buying your own motherboard is that you might not know how to install it.
or you might not know what you need from your motherboard so you could purchase the wrong one.

3.4: Usage of mother board:

A computer's motherboard is typically the largest printed circuit board in a machine's chassis.
It distributes electricity and facilitates communication between and to the central processing unit (CPU),
random access memory (RAM), and any other component of the computer's hardware.

4.CACHE:
 Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data from the computer's
memory more efficient. It acts as a temporary storage area that the computer's processor can retrieve
data from easily.

.1:1: DAIGRAM:

Figure:4.1:

4.2: WORKING:

Cache memory, which also is a type of random access memory, does not need to be refreshed. It is built
directly into the CPU to give the processor the fastest possible access to memory locations and provides
nanosecond speed access time to frequently referenced instructions and data.

4.3: TYPES OF CACHE:

1:Level 1 (L1) cache or Primary Cache

L1 is the primary type cache memory. The Size of the L1 cache very small comparison to others that is
between 2KB to 64KB, it depend on computer processor. It is a embedded register in the computer
microprocessor(CPU).The Instructions that are required by the CPU they are reffers to the L1cache.
2 Level 2 (L2) cache or Secondary Cache:
L2 is secondary type cache memory. The Size of the L2 cache is more capacious than L1 that is between
256KB to 512KB.L2 cache is Located on computer microprocessor.After searching the Instructions in
L1 Cache,if not found then it searched into L2 cache by computer microprocessor. The high-speed
system bus interconnecting the cache to the microprocessor.
3 Level 3 (L3) cache or Main Memory:
The L3 cache is larger in size but also slower in speed than L1 and L2,it’s size is between 1MB to
8MB.In Multi core processors, each core may have separate L1 and L2,but all core share a common L3
cache. L3 cache double speed than the Ram.
4.3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CACHE:
The cache is a faster and smaller memory used for storing the data and is used more
frequently from the main memory locations.
A mapping function is used to correspond to the main memory block in the cache memory.
A primary cache has a less access time comparable to a processor register and it is always
placed on the processor chip.

5.KEY BOARD:
A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions into the computer system
by pressing buttons, or keys. It is the primary device used to enter text. A keyboard typically contains
keys for individual letters, numbers and special characters, as well as keys for specific functions.

5.1: DAIGRAM:

Figure:5,1:
WORKING: A keyboard contains many mechanical switches or push-buttons called "keys". When
one of these is pushed, an electrical circuit is closed, and the keyboard sends a signal to the computer
that tells it what letter, number, or symbol it would like to be shown on the screen.

5.2: TYPES OF KEY BOARD:

QWERTY Keyboards.
Wired Keyboards.
Numeric Keypads.
Ergonomic Keyboards.
Wireless Keyboards.
USB Keyboards.
Bluetooth Keyboards.
5.3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER:
Advantages of keyboards Disadvantages of keyboards

Most computers come with a keyboard supplied It is easy to make mistakes when typing in data

People are used to using keyboards to enter data, they need If you can't touch type, it can be time consuming
very little training to enter data

Most computers come with a keyboard supplied It is easy to make mistakes when typing in data

People are used to using keyboards to enter data, they need If you can't touch type, it can be time consuming
very little training to enter data

A skilled typist can enter data very quickly Keyboards are not suitable for creating diagrams

Specialist keyboards are available e.g. ergonomic, gaming Disabled people often find keyboards difficult to
keyboards use

6.MOUSE:
 A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk surface in order to point to a place
on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that position.
6.1: DAIGRAM:

Figure:6.1:
6.2: WORKING:
Two rollers inside the mouse touch the ball. One of the rollers is oriented so that it detects motion in
the X direction, and the other is oriented 90 degrees to the first roller so it detects motion in the Y
direction. When the ball rotates, one or both of these rollers rotate as well.
6.3: TYPES OF MOUSE:
Wired Mouse.
Wireless Mouse.
Bluetooth Mouse.
Comparing Wired vs. Wireless vs. Bluetooth Mice.
6.4: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVATAGES OF MOUSE:

Advantages of mice Disadvantages of mice

Ideal for use with desktop computers They need a flat space close to the computer

Usually supplied as part of a new Older style mice which have roller balls can become clogged
computer system with grease and grime and lose their accuracy until cleaned.

Most computer users are familiar Excessive use can lead to health problems such as repetitive
with them and require little training strain injury (R.S.I.)

Works well in conjunction with a If the battery wears out in a wireless mouse, it cannot be used
keyboard for data entry until it has been replaced

7.MONITOR:
 A monitor is an electronic output device used to display information being entered and processed on a computer.
The primary use of a monitor is to display images, text, video, and graphics information generated by the
computer via a computer's video card.

7.1: DAIGRAM:

Figure:7.1
7.2: WORKING: Monitors work by displaying information processed by the computer's video card. The
result of the processing displayed is called output. The output provides instant feedback by showing you text and
graphic images as you work or play. Previously, computer monitors used cathode ray tube (CRT) technology .

7.3: TYPES OF MONITOR:

LCD monitor. LCD stands for Liquid crystal display and is the most widely used monitor in the world. ...
LED monitor. An LED (Light Emitting Diode) display is among the newest techs out there and can be flat or
curved. ...
OLED monitor. ...
CRT monitor. ...
Plasma monitor.

7.3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MONITOR:

Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to use and intuitive Can get smudgy from fingerprints

Enhances user interaction Requires constant cleaning

Saves space on desk More prone to scratches

Allows multi-touch input Can be less precise

Durable and resistant to dirt High replacement cost

8.PRINTER:
A printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the information to paper,
usually to standard-size, 8.5" by 11" sheets of paper.

8.1: DAIGRAM:

Figure:8.1:
8.2: WORKING:
A printer works by sending electronic signals from the computer to the printer's control board. The control board
then interprets these signals into instructions for the print head or toner cartridge. The print head or toner cartridge
prints the document or image onto paper. The main function of the printers is to present text or images to flat
media such as paper in various sizes.

Types of printer:
Laser Printers
Solid Ink Printers
LED Printers
Business Inkjet Printers
Home Inkjet Printers
Multifunction Printers
Dot Matrix Printers
3D Printers.

8.3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRINTER:

Saves you money. The money you spend over the years on printing can be saved when you print your documents
at home. ...
Saves power. ...
Convenience. ...
Wireless/mobile connectivity. ...
Saves space. ...
Easy to use.
Disadvantages
Expensive initial cost.
Capable but not suitable for printing images and graphics.
Limited paper types, cannot print on glossy photo paper.

9.SCANNER:
computer input device that uses a light beam to scan codes, text, or graphic images directly into a computer or
computer system.

9.1: DAIGRAM:

Figure:9.1:

9.2: WORKING;
Scanners work by shining light at an image, document, or object. In simple terms, the reflected light is then
directed onto photosensitive technology via mirrors and lenses, then converted into electronic data that is used to
form a digital copy of the original.

9.3: TYPES OF SCANNER:

The information will include; cost, and how its used The four common scanner types are:
Flatbed,
Sheet-fed
Handheld,
and Drum scanners.
Flatbed scanners are some of the most commonly used scanners as it has both home and office functions.

9.4: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SCANNER:

Advantages of scanners Disadvantages of scanners

Flatbed scanners are very accurate and can Images produced by the scanner can take up a
produce reasonably high quality images. lot of memory space.

Any image which is digitised by the scanner can Images lose some quality in the scanning and
then be included on electronic documents. digitising process.

Images once digitised can be enhanced with a The quality of the final image is dependent on
graphics application. the quality of the original image .

10.VIDEO CARD:
A video card, also known as a graphics card or graphics processing unit (GPU), is an essential component of a
computer that enables the user to view visual information on the monitor. It processes data in the form of pixels,
which make up images.

10.1: DIAGRAM:

Figure: 10.1

10.2: WORKING:

The video card is an expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical information to a video
display device such as a monitor, TV, or projector. A staggering number of companies manufacture
video cards, but almost every one includes a graphics processing unit (GPU) from either NVIDIA
Corporation or AMD

10.3: TYPES OF VIDEOCARD:

GeForce RTX 4090. Fastest Graphics Card, Great for Creators, AI, and Professionals. ...
Radeon RX 7900 XTX. AMD's Fastest GPU, Great for Rasterization. ...
GeForce RTX 4070. A Balanced High-End Nvidia GPU. ...
GeForce RTX 4060. ...
Radeon RX 7800 XT. ...
Radeon RX 7900 XT. ...
Radeon RX 6700 XT.

10.4: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

The advantages and disadvantages of using integrated versus discrete graphics cards
vary; integrated cards are cheaper, consume less power and generate less heat, but they have
lower performance, quality, compatibility, and upgradeability.
Conclusion:
the above all assignment composed of ten componants of computer. they all are described very welleach
of them are define, its diagram are evaluated , its working are describe in a good way, ite types are
explain on sequence, its advantages are written along with every topics etc..