Ray appear to diverge from the principal focus

Reflection of Light

Reflection of Light

Reflection of light is the process of bouncing back light rays when it strikes the smooth and shiny
reflecting surface.
ray, all lie in the same plane.
Spherical Mirrors
A spherical mirror whose reflecting
surface is curved outwards is called
a convex mirror, while one curved
inwards is a concave mirror.
Some important terms related to spherical
mirrors
Image formation by Spherical Mirrors
Laws of reflection of light

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the reflected

Properties of Image formed by Plane

Mirror
Virtual, erect, and laterally inverted.
The size of the image is equal to that of the object,
and the image appears as far behind the mirror as
the object is in front of it
Pole(P): It is the centre of the reflecting surface of a
spherical
mirror and it lies on the surface of the mirror.

Aperture: The diameter of the reflecting surface Concave Ray em

Mirror erges
Centre of Curvature(C): The centre of the spherical surface of which the mirror is parallel
a part. It lies outside its reflecting surface and in concave mirror lies in front of it.
Radius of Curvature(R): It is the radius of spherical mirror of which the reflecting
surface is a part of

Principal Axis: It is the line passing through the center of

the mirror that is exactly perpendicular to the surface of the
mirror.
Focal length(f): It is the distance b/w pole and focus point of the mirror. R = 2f Can
form real or virtual images depending on the position of the object relative to the
mirror. It can be highly diminished, diminished, same size, enlarged, or highly
Ray parallel to Ray passing Ray passing Ray incident
principle axis principle focus Center of Curvature obliquely to the
principal axis

Ray emerges parallel Ray emerges parallel to Ray is reflected back Ray is reflected back alon
 to principle axis principle axis along the same path g the same path

Conve
x
Mirror
Ray
parall
el to
princi
ple
axisR
ay
passi
ng
throu
gh
princi
ple
focus

Ray appear to diverge Ray passing through Cen Ray is reflected back Ray is Reflected obliquely
from the principal focus ter of CurvatureRay along the same path making equal angles
incident obliquely Ray Ray pass through the
 Image formation by Concave Mirror

Uses of Concave Position of object Ray diagram Image formed

Mirror at

Focus
Properties of image At Infinity

Between F and
Real, Inverted, very small Between Infinity and C
C

C
Real, Inverted, diminished At C

beyond C
Real, Inverted, same in size Between F and C

infinity
Real, Inverted, very large At F

Real, Inverted, very large Between F and P behind the mirror

Virtual, Erect, enlarged

Torchlights, searchlights, and vehicle headlights: Concave mirrors are used in these lighting devices
to produce powerful parallel beams of light for illumination.
Shaving mirrors: Concave mirrors are utilized as shaving mirrors to provide a larger image of the face, aiding in
better visibility during grooming routines.
Dental applications: Dentists use concave mirrors to examine and magnify images of patients' teeth, allowing
for detailed inspection and treatment.
Solar furnaces: Large concave mirrors are employed in solar furnaces to concentrate sunlight, generating heat
energy for various industrial processes.

2
 Image formation by Convex Mirror

Uses of Convex Sign Convention Mirror Formula Magnification

Mirror for Reflection by

Image formed at
Position of object Ray diagram

Focus
Properties of image At Infinity

Virtual, erect, very small in size

In front of mirror

b/w P and F

Virtual, erect, diminished

Rear-view mirrors in vehicles: Convex mirrors are used vehicles to provide drivers with a wider field of view,
enabling them to see the traffic behind for safe driving.
Observation of distant objects: Convex mirrors are used in places like the Agra Fort, where visitors can observe full-
length images of distant objects such as the Taj Mahal.
The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from the object falls on the mirror
from the left-hand side.
All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along x-axis) are taken as positive while those measured to
the left of the origin (along – x-axis) are taken as negative.

Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis

(along + y-axis) are taken as positive. Distances measured
perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along –y-axis) are taken
as negative

Distance of object Relative extent to which the image of an object is

from pole = u magnified
Distance of image m= Height (image)/ Height (object)
from pole = v m= h’/h = -v/u
 Refraction of Light

Refraction occurs when light travels from one medium to another, causing a change in its
speed and direction. e.g.-
The pencil appears displaced in water due to light refraction causing a shift in direction.
letters seem raised when viewed through a glass slab due to the same optical effect.

Refraction through a Glass Slab

When a ray of light enters the glass slab obliquely, it undergoes refraction at both the air-glass interface and the
glass-air interface.
Refraction through a Glass Slab

When a ray of light enters the glass slab obliquely, it undergoes refraction at both the air-glass
interface and the glass-air interface.
The extent of bending of the light ray at these interfaces is equal and opposite, causing the emergent ra y to
be parallel to the incident ray but slightly shifted sideways.
Laws of Refraction of Light (Snell’s Law)The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of
two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a

constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media.

Sin i /Sin r = Constant

Refractive index is a measure of how much light slows down when passing through a medium compared to its
speed in a vacuum i.e. extent of bending.
The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in
that medium.
The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the speed of light
in a vacuum to the speed of light in that medium.

Refracting Index

Air < ice < water < alcohol < kerosene < fused quartz < turpentine oil <
benzene < crown glass < canada
balsam < rock salt < carbon disulphide < dense flint glass < ruby < sapphire <
diamond Refractive index is a measure of how much light slows down when passing
through a medium compared to its speed in a vacuum i.e. extent of bending.

It is a dimensionless quantity that is related to the

relative speed of propagation of light in different
media, with light traveling fastest in vacuum and
slower in materials like glass, water, and diamond.
 Refraction by Spherical Lens

Image formation by Lenses

A lens is a transparent material bound by two surfaces, at least one of which is spherical.

Spherical lenses can have one or both surfaces that are spherical, with the other surface being either spherical or
plane. Convex lenses are thicker at the center and thinner at the edges, causing light rays to converge
after passing through the lens.
Concave lenses are thinner at the center and thicker at the edges, causing light rays to diverge after
passing through the lens.

Convex Lens Concave Lens

Concave lenses are thinner at the center and thicker at the edges, causing light rays to diverge after passing
through the lens.
Some important terms related to lens
Centre of curvature (C)- Centre of the sphere
of which the lens is a part of
Principal axis- Imaginary line passing via C.
Optical Centre (O)- Central point of a bifocal lens.

Principal focus- Point on the principal axis, on which the rays converge, when parallel
rays fall on the lens.

Ray passing through principle Ray passing through

Ray parallel to principle axis
focus centre

Concex lens

Ray passes through the Ray emerge parallel to the Ray emerge without any
principal focus principal axis deviation.

Concave lensRay passes through the principal focusRay emerge parallel to the principal axisRay
emerge without any deviation.

Ray passes through the Ray emerge parallel to the Ray emerge without any
principal focus principal axis deviation.
5
 Image formed by Convex Lens
Image formed by Position of object Ray diagram Image formed at
Convex Lens

Focus F₂
Properties of image At Infinity

b/w F₂ - 2F₂
Diminished, Real, Beyond 2F₁
inverted, point-sized

2F₂
Diminished, Real, At 2F₁
inverted

Same size, Real, i Between F₁ beyond 2F₂

infinityInfinitely large,
Enlarged, Real, At focus F₁
Real, inverted
inverted

Between focus F₁ on the same side of lens Enlarged, Virtual,

and O as the object erectBetween focus
F₁ and O

on the same side of lens as the object

Enlarged, Virtual, erect Ray diagram Image formed by Position of object

Concave Lens

Properties of imageAt
Ray diagram Image formed at
infinity

At focus F₁
 Diminished, Virtual,
Between infinity and O b/w O and F₁
erect

When dealing with lenses, sign conventions are used similar to spherical mirrors. Measurements are taken from the
lens's optical center. In the convention, a convex lens has a positive focal length while a concave lens has a negativ e
focal length. Properly apply signs to u, v, f, object height h, and image height h'.

Lens formula Lens formula

object distance u Magnification

image distance v
focal length f m= Height (image)/ Height (object)
m= Height (image)/ Height (object)

Magnification is ratio of the height of the image

and the height of the object.
Power of lens
m= h’/h = v/u

The power of a lens is

determined by its ability
to converge or diverge
light rays and is defined
as the reciprocal of its
focal length.
SI Unit are dioptre
(D)Power of a convex
lens is positive and that
of a concave lens is
negative
7
 Observation

Observation

Activity
Activity 9.1
Take a large shining spoon. Try to view your face in its curved surface. Do you
get the image? Is it smaller or larger?
Move the spoon slowly away from your face. Observe the image. How does it change?

Reverse the spoon and repeat the Activity. How does the image look like now?
Compare the characteristics of the image on the two surfaces.
Inner side (Concave Mirror): Enlarged and erect behind the spoon

Outer side (Convex Mirror): Virtual, diminished and erect

Activity 9.2
Hold a concave mirror in your hand and direct its reflecting surface towards the Sun.
Direct the light reflected by the mirror on to a sheet of paper held close to the mirror. Move the sheet
of paper back and forth gradually until you find on the paper sheet a bright, sharp spot of light.

Hold the mirror and the paper in the same position for a few minutes. What do you observe? Why?
Parallel beam of light coming from infinity (in this case – the sun) incident on concave mirror to form a real,
inverted and point-sized image.
8
 Observation

Observation
Activity 9.5
Take a convex mirror. Hold it in one hand.
Hold a pencil in the upright position in the other hand.
Observe the image of the pencil in the mirror. Is the image erect or inverted? Is it diminished or enlarged?

Move the pencil away from the mirror slowly. Does the image become smaller or larger?
Repeat this Activity carefully. State whether the image will move closer to or farther away from the focus as the
object is moved away from the mirror?
virtual, diminished, and the erect image is formed.

Activity 9.6
Observe the image of a distant
object, say a distant tree, in a plane
mirror.
Could you see a full-length image?
Try with plane mirrors of different sizes. Did you see the entire object in the image? Repeat
this Activity with a concave mirror. Did the mirror show full length image of the object?

Now try using a convex mirror. Did you succeed? Explain your observations with reason.
Plane Mirror: No full length image
Concave Mirror: Full length image for certain positions

9
 Observation

Observation
Activity 9.7
Place a coin at the bottom of a bucket filled with water.
With your eye to a side above water, try to pick up the coin in one go. Did you succeed in picking up the coin?

Repeat the Activity. Why did you not succeed in doing it in one go?
Ask your friends to do this. Compare your experience with theirs.

The coin in the beaker is seen in another position

Activity 9.8
Place a large shallow bowl on a Table and put a coin in it.
Move away slowly from the bowl. Stop when the coin just disappears from your
sight. Ask a friend to pour water gently into the bowl without disturbing the coin.

Keep looking for the coin from your position. Does the coin becomes visible again from your position?
How could this happen?
Coin disappear after moving away the bowl
After adding water the coin reappear from the same position
10
 Observation

Observation
Observation

Activity 9.9

Draw a thick straight line in ink, over a sheet of white paper placed on a Table.

Place a glass slab over the line in such a way that one of its edges makes an angle with the line.

Look at the portion of the line under the slab from the sides. What do you observe? Does the line under
the glass slab appear to be bent at the edges?
line under slab appear to be bent

part of the line under the glass slab does not appear bent & line
beneath the slab appears to be raised Activity 9.10
Fix a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using drawing pins.
Place a rectangular glass slab over the sheet in the middle.

Draw the outline of the slab with a pencil. Let us name the outline as ABCD.

Take four identical pins. n Fix two pins, say E and F, vertically such that the line joining the pins is incline d to the
edge AB.

Look for the images of the pins E and F through the opposite edge. Fix two other pins, say G and H, such that these
pins and the images of E and F lie on a straight line.

Remove the pins and the slab. n Join the positions of tip of the pins E and F and produce the line up to AB.
Let EF meet AB at O. Similarly, join the positions of tip of the pins G and H and produce it up to the edge
CD. Let HG meet CD at O′.
The light ray that enters from a rarer medium to a denser medium bends toward the normal and enters
from a denser to rarer medium bends away from the normal.
Activity 9.11

Hold a convex lens in your hand. Direct it towards the Sun. Focus the light from the Sun on a sheet of paper.
Obtain a sharp bright image of the Sun. Hold the paper and the lens in the same position for a while. Keep
observing the paper. What happened? Why?
A sharp point on the paper.

11