TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF

A POWER SYSTEM USING SVC AND PSS

By

191800037: Md. Borhan Uddin

191800041: Md. Rakibul Hassan Rakib
191800043: Md. Shahalam

Guided by
Prof. Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor and Chairperson
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Technology

A Report Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering & Technology at Eastern University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering.

February 2023

EASTERN UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

ROAD 6, BLOCK B, ASHULIA MODEL TOWN, KHAGAN, SAVAR
DHAKA, BANGLADESH
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The thesis title “Transient Stability Improvement of a Powe System using SVC and PSS”
Submitted by Md. Borhan Uddin (191800037), Md. Rakibul Hassan Rakib (191800041) & Md.
Shahalam (191800043) . Session – Fall 2022 has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of The Bachelor of Science in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering ( EEE ) on 22 February 2023.

ii
 DECLERATION
The thesis is to certify that is authorized; Transient Stability Improvement of a Powe System
using SVC and PSS; is accomplished with the aid of the following Students under ‘Professor Dr.
Mirza Golam Rabbani’ direct supervision. They have carried out this work in the Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering laboratories under The Faculty of Engineering of the
‘Eastern University’ of Bangladesh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. It is hereby declared that the whole
thesis or part of it has not been taken from other works without reference. It is also declared that
this thesis or part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree.

Signature of the Candidates

1. _________________________
Name: Md. Borhan Uddin
Student ID: 191800037

2. _________________________
Name: Md. Rakibul Hassan Rakib
Student ID: 191800041

3. _________________________
Name: Md. Shahalam
Student ID: 191800043

(Supervisor)

_______________________________
Prof. Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor and Chairperson,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Eastern University

iii
 BOARD OF EXAMINERS

1.
Prof. Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani Supervisor
Professor and Chairperson
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Eastern University
Dhaka, Bangladesh

2.
Prof. Dr. Engr. Aminul Hoque Examiner
Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Eastern University
Dhaka, Bangladesh

3.
Mr. Naimul Hasan Member
Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Eastern University
Dhaka, Bangladesh

4.
Mr. Asad-Uz-Zaman Member
Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Eastern University
Dhaka, Bangladesh

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, thanks to Almighty of ALLAH. Then we would like to take this opportunity to express
our appreciation and gratitude to our thesis Supervisor Prof. Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani,
Chairperson and Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. He always
supports and encourage us to complete this thesis. Also, thank you very much for allowing us to
choose this thesis.

We would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani, Chairperson and Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Prof. Dr. Engr. Aminul Haque, Senior
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering., Mr. Md. Naimul Hasan
Lecturer,, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Mr. Md. Asad-Uz-Zaman,
Lecturer, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their continued support,
cooperation and encouragement.

We would also like to thank our members for sharing knowledge and information and helping to
implement this thesis. Thanks also for borrowing tools and equipment. We also thank all our
laboratory Assistant and all our respective faculty member for their cooperation and support
through our academic lives at Eastern University.

Finally, my sincere appreciation goes to our honorable teacher Prof. Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
and our parents who have always loved us, supported and always have been there for us whenever
we need.

v
DEDICATED TO OUR HONOURABLE TEACHER
AND OUR PARANTS WITH LOVE AND RESPECT

vi
 ABSTRACT
A management mechanism known as the Power System Stabilizer (PSS) assures maximum power
transfer and the improvement to the power system's stability. The PSS has been widely employed
to reduce disturbance-induced electromechanical oscillations that occur in power systems. If there
is insufficient damping, the oscillations will grow and become unstable. Because it plays a part in
lowering the reactive power in the electrical transmission lines, the Static Var Compensator (SVC)
is also utilized to enhance stability in the system. The application of (SVC) in electrical
transmission lines, PSS in two locations, and two generator test power systems are presented in
this study. Using Matlab software, a research model that utilised (PSS-generic and multiband)
types and an automatic voltage regulator was used to build and implement a control system and
evaluate the impact of damping oscillations on stability in the power system after postulated
failures in transmission lines (AVR).
Keywords— AVR; Power System; PSS; SVC; short Circuit; Transient Stability.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE OF APPOVAL………………………………………………………………...ii
DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………..…....iii
BOARD OF EXAMINERS…………………………………………………………………..…iv
DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………...………v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………...…vi
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………….…vii
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.1 Power system with transient stability at a glance ............................................................. 7
1.2 Objectives of Thesis ......................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Organization of thesis report ............................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Rotor Angle Stability ................................................................................................ 9
2.1.2 Voltage Stability ..................................................................................................... 10
2.1.3 Frequency Stability ................................................................................................. 10
2.2 Models for Transient Rotor Angle Stability................................................................... 11
2.3 The Swing Equation ....................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Equal Area Criterion ...................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................ 17
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Operating Principle Of SVC .......................................................................................... 17
3.2.1 Theoritically ............................................................................................................ 17
3.2.2 The Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) ............................................................... 18
3.3 SVC Model of Operation ............................................................................................... 18
3.3.1 Control and limits of the SVC ................................................................................ 18
3.3.2 V-I Characteristics of SVC ..................................................................................... 19
3.4 Dynamic Response of SVC ............................................................................................ 20
3.5 Benefits of SVC ............................................................................................................. 21
3.5.1 Power Transmission Benefits ................................................................................. 22
3.5.2 Power Oscillation Damping .................................................................................... 22
3.6 Drawbacks of SVC ......................................................................................................... 23
3.7 Applications of SVC ...................................................................................................... 23

1
 3.7.1 Voltage Regulation ................................................................................................. 23
3.7.2 System Support During Recovery of Large Disturbances ...................................... 23
3.7.3 Damping of Temporary Over Voltages .................................................................. 24
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................ 25
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 25
4.2 Analysis of the Power System Stabilizer Critical Gain Problem ................................... 25
4.2.1 Problem Phenomenon ............................................................................................. 25
4.2.2 Problem Mechanism ............................................................................................... 26
4.3 Operating Principle of PSS ............................................................................................ 28
4.3.1 Generic Power System Stabilizer............................................................................ 28
4.3.2 Multi-Band Power System Stabilizer...................................................................... 28
4.4 PSS Design ..................................................................................................................... 30
4.4.1 Lead lag PSS design................................................................................................ 30
4.5 Advantages of PSS ......................................................................................................... 31
4.6 Disadvantage of PSS ...................................................................................................... 31
4.7 Applications of PSS ....................................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................ 32
5.1 Turbine and Regulators, M1 Block of PV Generator..................................................... 32
5.1.1 Block parameters of Turbine and Regulators, M1 Block of PV Generator ............ 32
5.2 Turbine and Regulators, M2 Block of Swing Generator ............................................... 34
5.2.1 Block parameters of Turbine and Regulators, M2 Block of Swing Generator ....... 34
5.3 Controlling Mechanism of PSS Block ........................................................................... 35
5.4 PV Measurements Block ................................................................................................ 36
5.4.1 Block parameters of PV Measurements .................................................................. 36
5.5 Machine Signals Block................................................................................................... 37
5.5.1 Block Parameters of Machine Signals .................................................................... 37
CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................ 38
6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 38
6.2 Description of the Transmission System ........................................................................ 38
6.3 Simulation Model of System .......................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 7 ................................................................................................................................ 41
7.1 Three – Phase Fault – Impact of PSS – No SVC ........................................................... 41

2
 7.1.1 Simulation Results for without PSS and SVC ........................................................ 41
7.1.2 Simulation Results for with PSS and SVC ............................................................. 44
7.2 Single – Phase Fault – Impact of PSS – No SVC .......................................................... 46
7.2.1 Simulation Results for without PSS and SVC ........................................................ 47
7.2.2 Simulation Results for with PSS and SVC ............................................................. 49
CHAPTER 8 ................................................................................................................................ 52
8.1 Conclusion of the thesis ................................................................................................. 52
8.2 Future scope of work ...................................................................................................... 52
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………..54

3
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Equal area criterion. (a) areas A1 and A2, (b) evolution of the machine angle. .......... 14
Figure 2. Static Var Compensetor (Internal setup) ...................................................................... 17
Figure 3. Controlling and single line diagram of SVC ................................................................ 19
Figure 4. The SVC V-I characteristics in voltage regulation mode ............................................. 20
Figure 5. The SVC V-I characteristics in VAR control mode ..................................................... 20
Figure 6. The actual positive sequence susceptance B1 and control signal output B of the voltage
regulator ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 7. Dynamic response of SVC ........................................................................................... 21
Figure 8. The Heffron- Phillips (H-P) model of the third-order generator including power system
stabilizer ........................................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 9. Phase response of the exciter-PSS loop. (a) Phase characteristics from ΔUref to ΔMe2;
(b) phase characteristics from –ΔPe to Δus; and (c) the sum of phase lag of part 1 and part 2.... 27
Figure 10. The Block Diagram of the Generic Power System Stabilizer .................................... 28
Figure 11. The Block Diagram of the Multi-band Power System Stabilizer (MB-PSS) ............. 29
Figure 12. Turbine and Regulators, M1 Block of PV Generator ................................................. 32
Figure 13. Turbine and Regulators, M2 Block of Swing Generator ............................................ 34
Figure 14. Block diagram of Controlling Mechanism of PSS Block........................................... 35
Figure 15. Block diagram of PV Measurements .......................................................................... 36
Figure 16. Machine Signals Block ............................................................................................... 37
Figure 17. Single line diagram of the 500 kV transmission system ............................................ 38
Figure 18. Simulink Model of the system .................................................................................... 40
Figure 19. Fixed Susceptance vs Time ........................................................................................ 41
Figure 20. SVC measured Voltage vs Time ................................................................................ 42
Figure 21. Rotor Angle Difference vs Time ................................................................................ 42
Figure 22. Machine Speeds vs Time ............................................................................................ 42
Figure 23. Terminal voltages vs Time ......................................................................................... 43
Figure 24. Positive Sequence Voltage vs Time ........................................................................... 43
Figure 25. Line power vs Time .................................................................................................... 43
Figure 26. Positive Sequence Voltage vs Time ........................................................................... 44
Figure 27. Rotor Angle Difference vs Time ................................................................................ 44
Figure 28. Line Power vs Time .................................................................................................... 44
Figure 29. Susceptance vs Time .................................................................................................. 45
Figure 30. SVC Measured Voltage vs Time ................................................................................ 45
Figure 31. Terminal Voltages vs Time ........................................................................................ 45
Figure 32. Machine Speeds vs Time ............................................................................................ 46
Figure 33. Fixed Susceptance vs Time ........................................................................................ 47
Figure 34. SVC measured Voltage vs Time ................................................................................ 47
Figure 35. Rotor Angle Difference vs Time ................................................................................ 47
Figure 36. Machine Speeds vs Time ............................................................................................ 48
Figure 37. Terminal Voltages vs Time ........................................................................................ 48

4
Figure 38. Positive Sequence Voltage vs Time ........................................................................... 48
Figure 39. Line Power vs Time .................................................................................................... 49
Figure 40. Positive Sequence Voltage vs Time ........................................................................... 49
Figure 41. Rotor Angle Difference vs Time ................................................................................ 49
Figure 42. Line Power vs Time.................................................................................................... 50
Figure 43. Susceptance vs Time .................................................................................................. 50
Figure 44. SVC Measured Voltage vs Time ................................................................................ 50
Figure 45. Terminal Voltages vs Time ........................................................................................ 51
Figure 46. Machine Speeds vs Time ............................................................................................ 51

5
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The following table indicate possible rotor angle modes with positive imaginary parts 31
Table 2. Block parameters of Hydraulic Turbine and Governor.................................................. 32
Table 3. Block parameters of Excitation System ......................................................................... 32
Table 4. Block parameters of Multi-Band Power System Stabilizer ........................................... 33
Table 5. Block parameters of Generic Power System Stabilizer ................................................. 33
Table 6. Block parameters of Hydraulic Turbine and Governor.................................................. 34
Table 7. Block parameters of Excitation System ......................................................................... 34
Table 8. Block parameters of Multi-Band Power System Stabilizer ........................................... 35
Table 9. Block parameters of Generic Power System Stabilizer ................................................. 35
Table 10. Block parameters of Transfer Fcn ................................................................................ 36
Table 11. Block parameters of Gain............................................................................................. 36
Table 12. Block parameters of Sequence Analyzer (Phasor) ....................................................... 36
Table 13. Block parameters of Transfer Fcn ................................................................................ 37
Table 14. Block parameters of Gain............................................................................................. 37
Table 15. Block parameters of Relational operator...................................................................... 37

6
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Power system with transient stability at a glance

As the world continues to grow, the demand for energy also increases, requiring power systems to
grow in parallel to meet these demands. Power system stability is a crucial property of these
systems that allows them to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal conditions
and to quickly recover from disturbances. This helps to ensure the reliability and efficiency of
energy generation, distribution, and transmission.
It's important for the power system stability to be maintained even when subjected to large low-
probability disturbances in order to ensure high reliability of electricity supply to consumers. Loss
of synchronism between a generator and the rest of the utility system or between interconnected
power systems of neighboring utilities can be caused by certain system disturbances. To address
this, various control methods and controllers have been developed over time that help maintain
power system stability and prevent these disturbances from causing widespread outages.
Depending on their location in the power system network, some generators participate in only one
oscillation mode, when others participate in more than one mode. Two types of PSS are used in
the model -
1) Multi-Band power system stabilizer
2) Generic power system stabilizer
In some cases, If PSS are fail to maintain the stability of power system, Then the use of FACT
devices (Like; SVC, STATCOM, TCSC etc.) which give extra support to maintain the stability
of power system. So we are show the effect of PSS and SVC in this paper [1].
1.2 Objectives of Thesis

The main objective of thesis is to improvement of transient stability using SVC and PSS in the
system.
 To simulate and analyze the behavior of system during transient conditions occurring in
the network.
 To study structure of SVC and PSS and effect when connected to the power system.
 To simulate and analyze the power system model with transient disturbance in MATLAB
with SVC and PSS.
 To analyze SIMULINK model for various parameters like rotor angle, speed oscillation,
magnitude voltage, line power, positive sequence voltage, terminal voltage using PI
controller, Fuzzy logic controller, and Hybrid PI-Fuzzy Logic controller along with Static
Var Compensator (SVC).

7
1.3 Organization of thesis report

The organization of project is as follows:

Chapter 1 gives brief introduction about SVC and PSS including the importance of transient
stability of power system.
Chapter 2 discusses about the introduction, rotor angle stability, voltage stability, frequency
stability, models for transient rotor angle stability, equal area criterion of Transient Stability.
Chapter 3 explains about the operating principle, mode of operation, dynamic response, benefits,
drawbacks and applications of SVC.
Chapter 4 discusses about the analysis, operating principle, design, advantages, disadvantages
and applications of PSS
Chapter 5 gives the block of Turbine and Regulators, M1 Block of PV Generator, Block
parameters of Turbine and Regulators, M1 Block of PV Generator, Turbine and Regulators, M2
Block of Swing Generator, Block parameters of Turbine and Regulators, M2 Block of Swing
Generator, Controlling Mechanism of PSS Block, PV Measurements Block, Block parameters of
PV Measurements and Block Parameters of Machine Signals.

Chapter 6 discusses introduction, transmission system and simulation model of the system.
Chapter 7 explains about the three - phase fault - impact of PSS – no SVC, single - phase fault -
impact of PSS – no SVC and their simulations output.
Chapter 8 contains conclusion and future work on the title of thesis. It consists of the conclusions
of study and also contain the topics on which the further research work can be carried out.

8
 CHAPTER 2
TRANSIENT STABILITY
2.1 Introduction

Transient stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism and stability
after a disturbance, such as a short circuit or the sudden loss of a generator. It is a critical aspect
of power system operation and control, as unstable conditions can lead to blackouts and other
disruptions in service.
The analysis of transient stability is done by simulating the system's dynamic behavior using
mathematical models and determining the conditions under which the system will return to
stability or become unstable. This includes identifying potential sources of instability, such as
weak transmission lines or slow-acting protective devices, and implementing measures to improve
the stability of the system.
The main goal of transient stability analysis is to ensure that the power system can withstand
disturbances and return to a stable state as quickly as possible. This is accomplished by identifying
the critical components of the system and implementing measures to improve their performance.
Transient stability analysis is an important tool for power system operators and engineers, as it
helps them to understand the behavior of the system under different conditions and to identify
potential problems before they occur. It is also an important tool for planning and designing power
systems, as it helps to ensure that the system will be able to handle disturbances and maintain
stability over time.
Overall, maintaining transient stability is crucial for ensuring the continuity of electricity supply,
avoiding cascading failures and preventing blackouts, and maintaining the safety and reliability of
the power system.

2.1.1 Rotor Angle Stability

Rotor angle stability is a critical aspect of transient stability in power systems. It refers to the ability
of the generators in the system to maintain a stable rotor angle relative to each other following a
disturbance. A disturbance can cause a change in the rotor angle of one or more generators, which
can then lead to a loss of synchronism and potential system collapse if the angles become too large.
Rotor angle stability is determined by the balance between the power flowing into and out of each
generator and the power flowing through the transmission lines connecting the generators. A
generator's rotor angle will change if the power flowing into it is not equal to the power flowing
out. This imbalance can be caused by a disturbance such as a change in load or the loss of a
generator or transmission line.
To maintain rotor angle stability, the power system must have sufficient synchronizing power to
overcome the destabilizing effects of the disturbance. This can be achieved by controlling the
power output of the generators and adjusting the transmission line impedance. Additionally, the

9
use of power system stabilizers (PSS) and other control devices can help to enhance the rotor angle
stability of the system by providing additional damping to the system's oscillations.
In summary, rotor angle stability is a measure of the ability of the generators to maintain a stable
relative angle after a disturbance occurs. It is an important aspect of transient stability, and its
assessment is necessary to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the power system [2].

2.1.2 Voltage Stability

Voltage stability is a specific aspect of transient stability in power systems. It refers to the ability
of a power system to maintain adequate voltage levels throughout the system, which is critical for
the proper operation of the system. Voltage stability is important because low voltage levels can
cause equipment damage, reduce system efficiency, and lead to blackouts.
Voltage stability is analyzed by monitoring the voltage levels in the system and evaluating the
system's ability to maintain these levels under different conditions. This includes assessing the
system's voltage stability margins, which are the difference between the actual voltage levels and
the minimum voltage levels required to maintain stable operation [2].
There are several factors that can affect voltage stability in a power system, such as changes in
system loading, generator tripping, and the loss of transmission lines. These factors can cause the
voltage level to drop, which can lead to a loss of power in certain areas of the system, equipment
damage, and in severe cases, a blackout.
To improve voltage stability, power system operators and engineers can implement measures such
as increasing system capacity, improving system protection, and controlling the power flows on
transmission lines. Increasing system capacity can help to ensure that there is enough power
available to meet the demand, while improving system protection can help to minimize the impact
of disturbances on the system. Controlling the power flows on transmission lines can help to reduce
the stress on the system and prevent voltage levels from dropping.
Voltage stability is a critical aspect of power system operation and control, as it ensures that the
system is able to maintain adequate voltage levels during and after disturbances, which is important
for the proper operation of the system, preventing equipment damage, blackouts and other
disruptions in service.

2.1.3 Frequency Stability

Frequency Stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency following
a severe system upset resulting in a significant imbalance between generation and load [3]. A
common situation is when a large disturbance leads to a breakup of the power system into smaller
subsystems leaving each subsystem with a mismatch between the generation and load. In such
situations the stability is maintained either by load shedding or by generator tripping.

10
2.2 Models for Transient Rotor Angle Stability

During steady state operation the rotor of the machine rotates at the synchronous speed. The
balanced three phase currents in the stator winding produce a rotating magnetic field in the air gap.
This rotating magnetic field also rotates at the synchronous speed. The flux linkages in the field
winding (which is on the rotor) due to the rotating magnetic field are constant during the steady
state operation as both the rotor and the rotating magnetic field rotate at the same speed.
During a disturbance, the rotor speed changes, and consequently, the field winding will no longer
see a constant flux linkage in it due to the rotating magnetic field. When the disturbance occurs,
the flux linkages in the field winding cannot change instantaneously. There will be induced
currents in the field winding and the damper windings (including the rotor body) to counteract the
change in flux. The currents induced in the damper windings will decay quickly. The induced
currents in the field winding will take longer to decay. The initial period is known as the sub
transient period, whereas the subsequent period in which the induced currents in the damper
windings have decayed but the induced currents in the field winding are still present is called the
transient period.
If we are interested only in studying the behavior of the system during the first swing of the rotor,
the synchronous machine can be modeled as a constant internal voltage in series with the transient
reactance, representing constant flux linkage in the field winding [4]. The phase angle of the
constant internal voltage represents the position of the rotor with respect to a reference axis rotating
at the synchronous speed. For accurate studies, the transients in the damper windings and the field
winding, as well as the saliency of the machine, must be taken into account (the flux linkage and
hence the internal voltage are not constant) [5]. In addition to these, the presence of the excitation
system controller will cause the field voltage to change, and the presence of the speed governing
system will cause the mechanical torque (power) on the shaft to change. These effects must also
be modeled for accurate studies [6].
2.3 The Swing Equation

The equation of motion of the rotor is given by [4]:

𝑑2 𝜃𝑚 𝑑𝜃𝑚
𝐽 +𝐷 = 𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒 (1)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

Where, J is the total moment of inertia of the rotor mass in kgm2 , D is the damping constant, m
is the angular displacement of the rotor with respect to a stationary axis in mechanical radians per
second, t is time in seconds, Tm is the mechanical or shaft torque supplied by the prime mover less
retarding torque due to rotational losses in Nm, Te is the electromagnetic torque on the shaft (output
electrical power plus losses) in Nm, and Ta is the net accelerating torque in Nm.
To simplify the equations, damping is neglected in the rest of this chapter. Since damping has a
stabilizing effect, its omission leads to conservative results.

11
Under the steady state operation Tm = Te, and there is no accelerating torque. The position of the
rotating reference as a function of time is smt , where sm is the synchronous speed in mechanical
rad/s. The position of the rotor with respect to the reference is m. Therefore, the absolute position
of the rotor in mechanical radians is given by the following equation:
𝜃𝑚 = 𝜔𝑠𝑚 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑚 (2)
Differentiating Eq. (2) with respect to time, we have:
𝑑𝜃𝑚 𝑑𝜃𝑚
= 𝜔𝑠𝑚 + (3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Further, differentiating Eq. (2) one more time with respect to time, we have:
𝑑2 𝜃𝑚 𝑑 2 𝛿𝑚
= (4)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
Therefore, Eq. (1) can be written as:
𝑑2 𝛿𝑚
𝐽 = 𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑒 (5)
𝑑𝑡 2
Upon multiplying both sides of the equation by the angular velocity of the rotor, Eq. (5) can be
expressed in terms of power as follows:
𝑑2 𝛿𝑚
𝐽𝜔𝑚 = 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 (6)
𝑑𝑡 2
where Pm is the shaft power, Pe is the electrical power crossing the air gap, Pa is the accelerating
power, and m is the angular velocity of the rotor in mechanical radians per second.
If the rotational losses and the ri2 losses in the windings are neglected, Pm is the mechanical power
input to the shaft and Pe is the electrical power output.
The product Jsm is called the inertia constant of the machine and is denoted by M . Using M and
assuming m  sm , Eq. (6) becomes:
𝑑2 𝛿𝑚
𝑀𝜔𝑚 = 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 (7)
𝑑𝑡 2

Since M depends on the machine size, its value has wide variations for different machines.
Therefore, a normalized quantity H is used instead, which is defined as:
Kinetic energy of the rotor at synchronous speed 𝑠𝑚 in MJ
𝐻=
Machine rating in MVA
1 2
𝐽𝜔𝑠𝑚
=2 (8)
𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

12
 1
𝑀𝜔𝑠𝑚
=2 𝑀𝐽/𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
Therefore, M can be expressed in terms of H as:
2𝐻
𝑀= 𝑆 𝑀𝐽/𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 (9)
𝜔𝑠𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
Substituting for M in Eq. (7) and dividing the resulting equation by Srated gives:
2𝐻 𝑑2 𝛿𝑚 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒
= = (10)
𝜔𝑠𝑚 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
Note that the right hand side of Eq. (10) is the per unit acceleration power.
If we use electrical degrees for  , electrical radians per second for  , and per unit for acceleration
power, Eq. (10) can be written as:
2𝐻 𝑑2 𝛿
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 (11)
𝜔𝑠 𝑑𝑡 2
which is called the swing equation.
Alternative forms of the swing equation can be obtained by substituting   2f , where f is the
power frequency. If m is expressed in electrical radians, then:
𝐻 𝑑2 𝛿
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 (12)
𝜋𝑓 𝑑𝑡 2
When  is expressed in electrical degrees,
𝐻 𝑑2 𝛿
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 (13)
180𝜋𝑓 𝑑𝑡 2
The second-order swing equation given in (12) can be split into two simultaneous first-order
equations as follows:
𝐻 𝑑2𝛿
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 (14𝑎)
𝜋𝑓 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝛿
= 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑠 (14𝑏)
𝑑𝑡 2
The above Eqn. (11) describes the behaviour of the rotor dynamics and hence is known as the
swing equation. The angle δ is the angle of the internal EMF of the generator and it dictates the
amount of power that can be transferred. This angle is therefore called the load angle.

13
2.4 Equal Area Criterion

The Equal Area Criterion (EAC) is a stability criterion used to assess the stability of an electrical
power system during a transient disturbance. It states that a power system is stable if the area
enclosed between the system's steady-state operating curve and the unity power factor curve is
equal on both sides of the critical clearing angle. The critical clearing angle is the angle that
separates the stable and unstable regions of the system.
If the area on one side of the critical clearing angle is greater, it indicates an unstable system. The
EAC is a graphical method of stability analysis that provides a simple and effective way to evaluate
the stability of a power system under various transient conditions, such as voltage and frequency
disturbances. The criterion is widely used in the design and analysis of power systems and can
help prevent potential blackouts and power outages.
Figure 1(a) shows the mechanical input power to the shaft of the machine Pm and three power-
angle curves for three conditions: the curve Ppre characterizes the prefault system, Pfault
characterizes the faulted system, and Ppost characterizes the system after the operation of the
breakers (causing line 2 to go out of operation). These curves are obtained from the following
expression, assuming the transmission lines are purely reactive:
𝐸 ′ 𝑉∞
𝑃= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 (15)
𝑋
where E is the internal voltage of the generator, V is the voltage of the infinite bus,  is the phase
angle between E and V , and X is the total impedance between E and V , which includes the
internal transient impedance of the synchronous generator 𝑥𝑑′ , the impedance of the step-up
transformer, and the equivalent impedance of transmission lines. The equivalent impedance X has
three distinct values in pre-, mid-, and post-fault intervals. At the initial steady-state angle 𝛿0 , 𝑃𝑝𝑟𝑒
equals the mechanical input power 𝑃𝑚 .

Figure 1. Equal area criterion. (a) areas A1 and A2, (b) evolution of the machine angle.

Upon occurrence of the fault,  cannot change instantaneously; however, the power-angle
characteristic of the system instantaneously shifts to the 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 curve, Figure 5(a), causing the

14
electric power 𝑃𝑒 delivered to the infinite bus to decrease. From the swing equation, the mismatch
between the mechanical input power and electrical output power will cause the accelerating power
to be positive. Therefore, the machine speed increases beyond the synchronous speed, and as
shown in Figure 1(b),  increases. The increase in the machine rotor speed (defined as 𝜔𝑟 =
𝜔 − 𝜔𝑠 ) increases the kinetic energy of the machine. This energy is proportional to the area 𝐴1 ,
Figure 1(a), between 𝑃𝑚 and 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 and between 𝛿0 and 𝛿𝑐𝑟 . At 𝛿𝑐𝑟 , the fault is cleared by tripping
out line 2, and the power-angle characteristic of the system suddenly shifts to the Ppost curve,
Figure 1(b). In this case, the new value of electrical output power Pe is greater than the mechanical
input power Pm . As a result, the machine decelerates and its kinetic energy decreases. However,
as long as the rotor speed is higher than the synchronous speed ( r  0 ),  continues to increase.
The maximum allowable increase of  is max ; if  increases beyond max , the accelerating power
𝑃𝑚 - Ppost becomes positive, causing the rotor to accelerate and the angle to increase further. This
eventually leads to too high a deviation in the machine speed, and the machine will finally trip out.
The equal area criterion states that for the power system to remain stable, the area A1 must be less
than the area A2 (the area between Pm and Ppost , and between and max ). That is, the increase in
the rotor energy before clearing the fault must be equal to the decrease in the rotor energy after
clearing the fault. In this case, the rotor swings between max and 𝛿0 . Due to mechanical losses, the
oscillations gradually damp until the rotor angle settles to 𝛿0′ , see Figure 1(a).
Consider the swing equation, reproduced below.
2𝐻 𝑑 2 𝛿
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 (16)
𝜔𝑆 𝑑𝑡 2
Since
𝑑𝛿
= 𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑠 (17)
𝑑𝑡
We have
2𝐻 𝑑𝜔𝑟
= 𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 (18)
𝜔𝑠 𝑑𝑡
Multiplying both sides of Eq. (18) by r ,
𝐻 𝑑𝜔𝑟 𝑑𝛿
2𝜔𝑟 = (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 ) (19)
𝜔𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
And
𝐻 𝑑𝜔𝑟2 𝑑𝛿
= (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 ) (20)
𝜔𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Integrating Eq. (20) with respect to time from ( r0 ; 0 ) to ( rx ; x ),

15
 𝛿𝑥
2𝐻 2 2
(𝜔 − 𝜔𝑟0 ) = ∫ (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 )𝑑𝛿 (21)
𝜔𝑠 𝑟𝑥 𝛿0

But r0  0 and rx 0 . Therefore,

𝛿𝑥
∫ (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 )𝑑𝛿 = 0 (22)
𝛿0

which can be expressed as:

𝛿𝑐 𝛿𝑥
∫ (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 )𝑑𝛿 = ∫ (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑚 )𝑑𝛿 (23)
𝛿0 𝛿𝑐

Note that the term

𝑐 𝛿
∫𝛿 (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 )𝑑𝛿 is proportional to the kinetic energy absorbed by the rotating mass during the fault
0
𝛿
and ∫𝛿 𝑥 (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑚 )𝑑𝛿
𝑐

is proportional to the kinetic energy released by the rotating mass after clearing the fault. If the
absorbed kinetic energy can be released to the network, then the machine is stable.
The critical clearing time (angle) is the maximum time (angle) of clearing a fault upon which the
system can maintain its stability. This angle is found using the equal area criterion A1  A2 . The
areas A1 and A2 in Figure 5(a) are obtained as follows:
𝛿𝑐𝑟
𝐴1 = ∫ (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 sin 𝛿) 𝑑𝛿 = 𝑃𝑚 (𝛿𝑐𝑟 − 𝛿0 ) + 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑐𝑟 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿0 ) (23𝑎)
𝛿0

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴2 = ∫ (𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 sin 𝛿 − 𝑃𝑚 ) 𝑑𝛿 = 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 (cos 𝛿𝑐𝑟 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) + 𝑃𝑚 (𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛿𝑐𝑟 ) (23𝑏)
𝛿𝑐𝑟

Equate A1 and A2 to calculate the critical clearing angle as:

𝑃𝑚 ( 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛿0 ) − 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿0 + 𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
cos 𝛿𝑐𝑟 = (24)
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

16
 CHAPTER 3
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC)
3.1 Introduction

Static var compensetor is a FACTS device of Power electronics to control power flow on power
grids.It regulates voltage in a terminals by controlling the reactive power flow in a power grids.The
SVCregulates voltage at its terminal by controlling the amount of reactive power injected into
orabsorbed from the power system. When system voltage is low, the SVC generates reactivepower
(SVC capacitive). When system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power (SVCinductive). The
variation of reactive power is performed by switching three-phase capacitorbanks and inductor
banks connected on the secondary side of a coupling transformer.Each capacitor bank is switched
on and off by three thyristor switches (Thyristor SwitchedCapacitor or TSC). Reactors are either
switched on-off (Thyristor Switched Reactor orTSR) or phase-controlled (Thyristor Controlled
Reactor or TCR). In this paper, we presentthe control limits of the SVC in the first part and the
dynamic performance of the SVC inthe second part using Matlab/SimPowerSystems.

Figure 2. Static Var Compensetor (Internal setup)

Static Var Compensator (SVC) installed in power systems is used for improving the system
performance in several ways . The SVC’s are suitable to regulate system voltages, improve
transient stability, increase transmission capacity, reduce temporary overvoltages, increase
damping of power oscillations, and damp subynchronous resonances and torsional oscillations.
The SVC as a tool to improve power quality is a consequence of the economic pressure on
electrical energy systems throughout the world. Therefore a substantial understanding of control
structure and dynamic behavior of SVC’s is become essential so as to define the appropriate
utilization of the compensator. This objective could be achieved by computer simulation which
also plays an important role in the design and analysis of SVC’s and other devices.

3.2 Operating Principle Of SVC

3.2.1 Theoritically

The Static Var Compensator device is characterized by rapid response, wide operational range and
high reliability. From the several possible approaches to generate and control reactive power,
presently thyristor valves are used almost e main functionality of the SVC is to regulate the voltage

17
at a chosen bus by controlling the reactive power injection at that location. Maintaining the rated
voltage levels is important for proper operation and utilization of loads. Undervoltage causes
degradation in the performance of loads such as induction motors, light bulbs, etc..Whereas
overvoltage causes magnetic saturation and resultant harmonic generation, as well as equipment
failures due to insulation breakdown. In its simplest form , the SVC consists of a TCR in parallel
with a bank of capacitors. From an operational point of view, the SVC behaves like a shunt-
connected variable reactance, which either generates or absorbs reactive power in order to regulate
the voltage magnitude at the point of connection to the AC network. It is used extensively to
provide fast reactive power and voltage regulation support. The firing angle control of the thyristor
enables the SVC to have almost instantaneous speed of response. A schematic representation of
the structure of an SVC is shown in figure 1, where it is a shunt-connected device composed of
several modules built of a fixed capacitance in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor.

3.2.2 The Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)

The TCR consists of a fixed reactor of inductance L and a bidirectional thyristor valve. In a
practical valve, many thyristors (typically 10 to 40) are connected in series to meet the required
blocking voltage levels. Applying simultaneously a gate pulse to all thyristors of a thyristors valve
brings the valve into conduction. The valve will automatically block approximately at the zero
crossings of the AC current, in the absence of a firing signal. Thus, the controlling element is the
thyristor valve. The current TCR is essentially reactive, lagging the voltage by nearly 90°. The
active component of the current is very small and the losses of the device are of the order of 0.5 to
2℅ of the reactive power; therefore, one of the modeling assumptions is that the resistance of the
inductor may be neglected.the SVC, a shunt device, is reasonable as the supply voltage is the bus
voltage.

The firing angle α is defined as the angle in electrical degrees between the positive going zero-
crossing of the voltage across the inductor and the positive going zero crossing of the current
through it. The thyristors are fixed symmetrically; therefore, the maximum possible firing angle is
180°. Full conduction is obtained with a gating angle of 90°.

3.3 SVC Model of Operation

Static Var compensator (SVC) is a type of FACTS device, used for shunt compensation to
maintain bus voltage magnitude. SVC regulates bus voltage to compensate continuously the
change of reactive power loading.

3.3.1 Control and limits of the SVC

The static var compensator (SVC) can be seen as a reactive component with variable admittance
value. Its main component is the thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) and the reactive power
absorption of the SVC can be adjusted by the trigger angle of the thyristor.

18
 Figure 3. Controlling and single line diagram of SVC

The steady state control law for the SVC is the typical current-voltage characteristic the V-I
characteristic is described by the flowing three equations:

• V=Vref+X0I SVC is in regulation range (-B0 max<B<Bi max)• V=IB0 max SVC is fully
capacitive (B=B0 max)

• V=IBi max SVC is fully inductive (B=Bi max)

Where,
V: Positive sequence voltage (pu)
Vref: Reference voltage (pu)
I: Reactive current (pu/pbase) (I> 0 indicates an inductive current)
X0: Slope or droop reactance (pu/pbase).
B0 max: Maximum capacitive susceptance (pu/pbase) with all
TCSs in service, no TSR or TCR.
Bi max: Maximum inductive susceptance (pu/pbase) with all TSRs in service or TCRs at
full conduction, no TSC.

Typical values for the slope sX are in the range of 0.02 to 0.05 p.u. with respect to the SVC base.
The slope is needed to avoid hitting limits for small variations of the bus voltage. At the voltage
limits, the SVC is transformed into a fixed reactance. A typical value for the controlled voltage
range is 10 %.

3.3.2 V-I Characteristics of SVC

The SVC can be operated in two different modes:

• In voltage regulation mode (the voltage is regulated within limits, as explained below). See in
figure

19
 Figure 4. The SVC V-I characteristics in voltage regulation mode

• In var control mode (the SVC susceptance is kept constant). See in figure

Figure 5. The SVC V-I characteristics in VAR control mode

3.4 Dynamic Response of SVC

Single line Diagram is already shown in some avobe figure. Initially, the source is generating its
nominal voltage. At t= 0.1s, the voltage is decreased (0.97pu). At t= 0.4s, the voltage is increased
(1.03pu) and finally, at t= 0.7s, return to nominal voltage (1pu).
A Figure shows the actual positive-sequence susceptance Bactual and control signal output
Bcontrol of the voltage regulator.

20
 Figure 6. The actual positive sequence susceptance B1 and control signal output B of the voltage
regulator

Finally we can get curve with and without SVC like:

Figure 7. Dynamic response of SVC

3.5 Benefits of SVC

 It increased the power transmission capability of the transmission lines.

 It improved the transient stability of the system.
 It controlled the steady state and temporary overvoltages.
 It improved the load power factor, and therefore, reduced line losses and improved system
capability.
Static VAR compensator has no rotating parts and is employed for surge impedance compensation
and compensation by sectionalizing a long transmission line.

21
A static VAR compensator (SVC) is a set of electrical devices for providing fast-acting reactive
power on high-voltage electricity transmission networks. SVCs are part of the flexible AC
transmission system device family, regulating voltage, power factor, harmonics and stabilizing the
system.
However, after the initial delay, the SVC injects more reactive power due to faster voltage
control compared to the synchronous condensers that have significantly larger time constants due
to their field windings.

3.5.1 Power Transmission Benefits

Voltage instability plagues weak systems. A fault in the grid results to hazardous voltage
depressions. Induction motors and generators are in widespread use in power transmission
companies, as well as industries. The voltage depressions tend to stress the grid system, especially
in industrial districts. This often results to equipment damage and frequent power disruption.
The SVC unit serves to absorb the temporary overvoltage that mark weak systems, thus ensure
voltage control. This is especially important for systems that require a balanced voltage supply,
such as high-speed trains.
One of the banes associated with heavy power flow is the drop in system voltage. This often
requires that the transmission company supply more power over the existing lines to meet the
demand. A rightly placed SVC unit boosts transmission capacity.
The primary benefit of such a measure is that it allows for easy upgrading of existing lines. For
example, a boost in power generation is easily accommodated over the existing lines through
installation of SVCs.

3.5.2 Power Oscillation Damping

Power oscillations are a phenomenon that occurs where there is interconnection of heavy
equipment such as rotating power generators in a weak system. The primary detriment of power
oscillations is the reduction of the power transmission capability. The ideal solution is to damp, or
alleviate altogether these oscillations to increase the transmission capabilities in the existing line.
A SVC compensators offers dynamic control over the system by maintaining the upward voltage
during the upwards power portions, as well as accelerating the rotating machine during the
downward rotation by decreasing system voltage at the SVC.
For the distribution, the benefits are as follows:
Stabilized voltage, especially for long lines means better power delivery to the consumers. A stable
voltage is especially important for large industries with a large number of inductive and capacitive
equipment. In the same vein, stabilised loads means reduced losses, as well as reduced stresses on
any rotating machinery such as generators and motors.
SVCs significantly reduce the amount of reactive power in the system. This leads to lower power
losses. In the distribution, it can also mean lower tariffs for the consumers as the savings are
transferred to the consumers.

22
3.6 Drawbacks of SVC

Static VAr compensators are being used to provide voltage control, VAr compensation, damping
of oscillations, and improved transient stability in power systems. Conventional SVCs which
consist of thyristor-switched capacitors and thyristor controlled inductors suffer from
disadvantages of size and slow dynamic response. This makes it unsuitable for applications such
as controlling the voltage flicker due to arc furnace loads. Advanced SVCs (STATCON or
STATCOM) eliminate the above disadvantages. However they have a disadvantage due to the
presence of a large line-frequency transformer.
The another disadvantages of the static VAR compensator are:
• As the device has no revolutionary parts, for the implementation of surge impedance
compensation, additional equipment is needed
• The size of the device is heavy
• Deliberate dynamic response
• The device is not suitable to employ for the regulation of voltage up and downs because of furnace
loads
3.7 Applications of SVC

The use of SVC improves transmission capacity and steady state limit. SVC can be used for
stability improvements both during small and large disturbances. Its use can also damp the sub-
synchronous oscillations. The cost of a SVC is lasser as compared to a STATCOM.
Some applications can be written as:

• Connected to the power system, to regulate the transmission voltage ("transmission SVC")
• Connected near large industrial loads, to improve power quality ("industrial SVC")

3.7.1 Voltage Regulation

Reactive-power support is required to maintain normal voltage at the HVDC terminals, particularly
at time of peak power transfers. An optimal voltage is also required at the HVDC terminals to
minimize the amount of losses feeding the HVDC link. Mechanically switched capacitors, of
which more than one is required for providing reactive power, do not constitute a proper solution
because of their discrete nature of operation. An SVC is an efficient means of supporting voltage
regulation as well as minimizing line loss because of the SVC’s smooth, fast control with no
limitation on the number of switching.

3.7.2 System Support During Recovery of Large Disturbances

Contingencies in the electrical power system, such as faults, have a pathetic effect on the power
transfer in the HVDC link, leading to either temporary load rejection or total load rejections. The

23
major contribution of the SVCs is their stabilizing effect on the system voltage that supports greatly
in the fast recovery of the HVDC link in condition when fault is cleared (post-fault condition).

3.7.3 Damping of Temporary Over Voltages

An SVC can efficiently suppress the temporary over voltages resulting from load rejections in the
power system. It is observed that in the event of simultaneous blocking of several the HVDC poles
in a 1000-MW link, a ±200-MVAR rating of SVC can limit the overvoltage to about magnitude
1.1 pu; in the absence of the SVC, the overvoltage will reach magnitude of 1.3–1.4 pu. The
installation of the SVC permits a wide flexibility in HVDC link operation during weak network
conditions and prevent the power system from catastrophic failure.

24
 CHAPTER 4
POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER (PSS)
4.1 Introduction

A Power System Stabilizer (PSS) is a control device used in electrical power systems to enhance
the stability of the system by damping out low-frequency oscillations. It operates by adjusting the
excitation of the generator based on the measured values of the generator's voltage and speed
deviation. The PSS can be used to stabilize power systems of different sizes, ranging from small
isolated systems to large interconnected power grids.
The primary goal of a PSS is to improve the stability of the power system by reducing the
magnitude of the small power oscillations that can occur within the system. These oscillations are
often caused by the interaction between the electrical and mechanical components of the system,
and they can lead to instability and reduced performance if not properly addressed.
PSS works by monitoring the generator's output voltage and speed deviation and adjusting the
generator's excitation accordingly. This helps to damp out any oscillations and maintain stability
in the power system.
In modern power systems, PSS is a critical component as it helps to ensure the reliability and
stability of the system. It is commonly used in power plants, including hydro, thermal, and wind
power plants, and it can be an effective solution for reducing the impact of power oscillations on
the stability of the system.
Overall, the Power System Stabilizer is an important tool for improving the stability of electrical
power systems and ensuring their reliable operation.
4.2 Analysis of the Power System Stabilizer Critical Gain Problem

4.2.1 Problem Phenomenon

The phenomenon of PSS critical gain problem is described in detail in this subsection. Critical
gain is the largest gain of a controller that can maintain a system stable. PSS exceeding its critical
gain will cause unstable oscillations. In order to ensure enough stability margin for the PSS control,
its gain is restricted to under a certain proportion of its critical gain. According to the “Guide for
setting test of power system stabilizer”, the regulation about putting a PSS into operation is that
the PSS gain should be no more than 1/3 of its critical gain.

However, the PSS whose gain is determined according to this regulation may not always provide
enough damping to inter-area modes. For example, in the Ximeng coal power station of China, if
one of the two 1000 kV AC transmission lines from Ximeng to Beijing is tripped because of a
three phase short circuit fault, there will occur an inter-area oscillation in the system. Although all
the generators are equipped with properly tuned PSSs, power plants in Ximeng will still oscillate
against North China Power Grid with a small damping ratio.

25
In that case, the larger gain is required for all these PSSs to provide sufficient damping to this
inter-area oscillation. But if the PSS gain is increased to provide more damping, it will certainly
exceed 1/3 of its critical gain. This situation violates the regulations in the guide and the PSS
cannot be put into operation. Moreover, turbine governor system may also bring negative damping
torque to decrease the damping of the LFO , and make this contradiction more serious.

4.2.2 Problem Mechanism

In order to solve this problem, PSS is required to have higher critical gain to maintain flexibility
and adaptability in suppressing LFO. Thus, it is important to investigate the mechanism of
destabilizing effect to the system caused by the increase of PSS gain.
In the following analysis, a self-shunt excitation system with CPSS is used because it is commonly
used for a large capacity generator unit. Under such condition, when PSS gain exceeds its critical
gain, it will cause an unstable oscillation in the frequency range of 3–8 Hz. By using eigenvalue
analysis, this oscillation mode is related to the state variables of PSS and exciter. Thus, it is called
exciter mode.
That is to say, the increase of PSS gain will cause unstable exciter mode oscillation. Characteristics
of the exciter mode can be analyzed by using the Heffron-Phillips (H-P) model of the third-order
generator including PSS shown in Figure 1 [8]. The definition of the parameters can be found in
[8]. Ge(s) is the transfer function of the exciter and Gpss(s) is the transfer function of PSS. It can be
seen that exciter is in the loop of ΔMe2, thus it is reasonable to study the characteristics of exciter
mode on this loop. It is called exciter-PSS loop in the later text. This loop is divided into two parts,
part 1 is the transfer function from −ΔPe to Δus, and part 2 is the transfer function from ΔUref to
ΔMe2.

Figure 8. The Heffron- Phillips (H-P) model of the third-order generator including power system
stabilizer

26
In part 1, transfer function Gp(s) is paralleled with transfer function Gpss(s), where Gp is
represented as:
𝑲𝟒 𝝎𝟎
𝑮𝒑 (𝒔) = (𝑲𝟓 + )
𝑮𝒆 (𝒔) 𝑺
Since the magnitude of Gp(s) is far less than that of Gpss(s) in the frequency range of 3–8 Hz, the
influence of Gp(s) can be neglected. Note that the negative sign of −ΔPe is moved to Δus in figure
1 in the later analysis, thus the sign of Δus is regarded as negative later.
The phase-frequency characteristic of part 2 is shown in figure 2a. The PSS mainly compensate
the phase lag of excitation system in the frequency range of 0.2–2.5 Hz. The phase-frequency
characteristic of part 1 is shown in figure 2b. It can be seen that the phase of part 1 and part 2
decrease monotonically and the sum of their phase lag will cross −180° in the frequency range of
3–8 Hz, as is shown in figure 2c.
The frequency that the phase lag crosses −180° is fc. Taking into account the negative sign of −ΔPe,
an oscillation with the frequency of fc injecting from the position of Uref will have the same phase
when feeds back to signal us after passing part 2 and part 1. If the magnitude response of the loop
reaches 0 dB at fc, it indicates that the feedback signal oscillates the same as the input signal. It
means an oscillation with the frequency of fc will not decay in the closed loop system. In other
words, an unstable exciter mode oscillation with the frequency of fc will occur in the system. Thus,
the loop will reach its critical gain.

Figure 9. Phase response of the exciter-PSS loop. (a) Phase characteristics from ΔUref to ΔMe2; (b)
phase characteristics from –ΔPe to Δus; and (c) the sum of phase lag of part 1 and part 2

To sum up, the increase of the PSS gains will increase the damping ratio of LFOs while at the
same time it will decrease the damping ratio of exciter mode. This phenomenon is caused by the
phase-frequency characteristics of the exciter-PSS loop in the frequency range of 3–8 Hz. When
PSS reaches its critical gain, it will form a positive feedback on the exciter-PSS loop. Therefore,
an unstable exciter mode oscillation will occur in the system. In other words, damping of exciter
mode oscillation restricts the critical gain of PSS, which further limits the gain of PSS.
Consequently, the damping provided by PSS to inter-area modes will be insufficient. Therefore,

27
the PSS should have a higher critical gain to ensure that the PSS can provide enough damping to
the inter-area modes.

4.3 Operating Principle of PSS

4.3.1 Generic Power System Stabilizer

The generic power system stabilizer (PSS) block can be used to add damping to the rotor
oscillations of the synchronous machine by controlling its excitation. The disturbances occurring
in a power system induce electromechanical oscillations of the electrical generators. These
oscillations, also called power swings, must be effectively damped to maintain the system stability
[1, 3, 4]. The output signal of the PSS is used as an additional input (vstab) to the Excitation System
block. The PSS input signal can be either the machine speed deviation, dw, or its acceleration
power, Pa=Pm-Peo (difference between the mechanical power and the electrical power) [1, 5-8].

Figure 10. The Block Diagram of the Generic Power System Stabilizer

Figure 3 shows the block diagram of the generic power system stabilizer (PSS), which can be
modeled by using the following transfer function [1]:
𝑇1𝑛 𝑆 + 1 𝑇2𝑛 𝑆 + 1
𝐺(𝑠) = 𝐾 ∙ ∙
𝑇1𝑑 𝑆 + 1 𝑇2𝑑 𝑆 + 1
To ensure a robust damping, the PSS should provide a moderate phase advance at frequencies of
interest in order to compensate for the inherent lag between the field excitation and the electrical
torque induced by the PSS action. The model consists of a low-pass filter, a general gain, a washout
high-pass filter, a phase-compensation system, and an output limiter. The general gain K
determines the amount of damping produced by the stabilizer [1, 3, 4].
The washout high-pass filter eliminates low frequencies that are present in the dw signal and allows
the PSS to respond only to speed changes. The phase-compensation system is represented by a
cascade of two first-order lead-lag transfer functions used to compensate the phase lag between
the excitation voltage and the electrical torque of the synchronous machine.

4.3.2 Multi-Band Power System Stabilizer

The disturbances occurring in a power system induce electromechanical oscillations of the

electrical generators. These oscillations, also called power swings, must be effectively damped to
maintain the system's stability. Electromechanical oscillations can be classified in four main
categories [8, 9, 10]:

28
(1) Local oscillations: between a unit and the rest of the generating station and between the latter
and the rest of the power system. Their frequencies typically range from 0.8 to 4.0Hz.
(2) Interplant oscillations: between two electrically close generation plants. Frequencies can vary
from 1 to 2Hz.
(3) Interarea oscillations: between two major groups of generation plants. Frequencies are typically
in a range of 0.2 to 0.8Hz.
(4) Global oscillation: characterized by a common in-phase oscillation of all generators as found
on an isolated system. The frequency of such a global mode is typically under 0.2Hz.

Figure 11. The Block Diagram of the Multi-band Power System Stabilizer (MB-PSS)

The need for effective damping of such a wide range, almost two decades, of electromechanical
oscillations motivated the concept of the multiband power system stabilizer (MBPSS), as shown
in Figure 4. Just as its name reveals, the MB-PSS structure is based on multiple working bands.
Three separate bands are dedicated to the low-, intermediate-, and high-frequency modes of
oscillations: the low band is typically associated with the power system global mode, the
intermediate with the interarea modes, and the high with the local modes.
Each of the three bands is made of a differential bandpass filter, a gain, and a limiter. The outputs
of the three bands are summed and passed through a final limiter producing the stabilizer output
Vstab. This signal then modulates the set point of the generator voltage regulator so as to improve
the damping of the electromechanical oscillations. To ensure robust damping, the MB-PSS should
include a moderate phase advance at all frequencies of interest to compensate for the inherent lag
between the field excitation and the electrical torque induced by the MB-PSS action.

29
4.4 PSS Design

Power System Stabilizer (PSS) is a device that improves the damping of the generator
electromechanical oscillations. The overall Stability of power systems can be enhanced by
applying supplementary control signals to the generator excitation control loops. Power system
stabilizers are commonly used for this purpose. In general, a power system stabilizer takes a
generator’s speed as input, and feeds it, after modification, to the voltage reference input of the
generator’s excitation system. The normalized participation factor is used to locate the
electromechanical modes. Electromechanical modes will have the largest normalized participation
factor magnitude equal to unity at either the angle or speed of a generator, although generators
with power system stabilizers may not have this characteristic.

4.4.1 Lead lag PSS design

In order to shift the real component of λi to the left, PSS controller is employed. That movement
can be achieved with a transfer function consisting of an amplification block, a wash-out block
and mc stages of lead-lag blocks. We adapt the structure of PSS controller given in, i.e. the transfer
function of the PSS is:

𝑚𝑐
1 𝑤 𝑠𝑇 1+𝑠𝑇
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝐾 ∗ 1+𝑠𝑇 ∗ 1+𝑠𝑇 ( 1+𝑠𝑇𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 )
𝑚 𝑤 𝑙𝑎𝑔

= 𝐾𝐻1 (𝑠)
Where K is a positive constant gain, and H1(s) is the transfer function of the wash-out and lead-
lag blocks. The washout time constant, Tw, is usually equal to 5-10 s. The lead –lag parameters
can be determined using the following equations:
𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
𝑇𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 1 − sin ( 𝑚𝑐 )
𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 180° − 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑅1 ) 𝑎𝑐 = = 𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
𝑇𝑙𝑎𝑔 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑚 )
𝑐
1
𝑇𝑙𝑎𝑔 = 𝜔 , 𝑇𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎𝑐 𝑇𝑙𝑎𝑔
𝑖 √𝑎𝑐

Where arg(Ri) denotes phase angle of the residue Ri , ωi is the frequency of the mode of oscillation
in rad/=sec, mC is the number of compensation stages (usually mC = 2),the angle compensated by
each block should be 30º-50º [10]. The controller gain K is computed as a function of the desired
eigenvalue location λides according to equation 6:
𝜆𝑖 −𝜆𝑑
𝐾=| |
𝑅𝑖 𝐻1 (𝜆𝑖 )

30
 Table 1. The following table indicate possible rotor angle modes with positive imaginary parts

Mode Eigen value Damping ratio frequency

11 -0.01552+4.1905i 0.037 0.6669

15 0.2018+6.7881i -0.0297 1.0804
17 0.1590+7.1660i -0.0222 1.1405
19 0.0832+7.2915i -0.0114 1.1605
21 0.4806 + 7.6840i -0.0624 1.2229
23 0.2043 + 8.0604i -0.0253 1.2829
25 -0.0814 + 8.3921i 0.0097 1.3356
28 -0.2790 + 8.7920i 0.0317 1.3993
30 -0.2204 + 9.0948i 0.0242 1.4475

Power system stabilizers may be used to stabilize the system. The real parts of the speed
participation factors indicate those modes which may be stabilized by power system stabilizer on
any generator. Any mode with the largest real part of speed participation factor at any generator
can be stabilized by power system stabilizer on that generator.
4.5 Advantages of PSS

 Improved damping of the syatem

 The dynamic stability of the system is improved
 Reduced power losses
4.6 Disadvantage of PSS

 Time consuming tuning of PSS

 Non-optional damping in the entire operating range
4.7 Applications of PSS

The PSS installation has been widely used in the power industry to improve the system damping.
The basic function of a PSS is to extend stability limits by modulating generator excitation to
provide damping to the oscillation of a synchronous machine rotor. To provide damping, the PSS
must produce a component of electrical torque on the rotor that is in phase with speed variations.
The implementation details differ, depending upon the stabilizer input signal employed. However,
for any input signal, the transfer function of the stabilizer must compensate for the gain and phase
characteristics of the excitation system, the generator, and the power system, which collectively
determine the transfer function from the stabilizer output to the component of electrical torque,
which can be modulated via excitation control. To install the PSS in the power system to solve the
dynamic stability problem, one has to determine the installation site and the settings of PSS
parameters. This job can be realized through frequency domain analysis.

31
 CHAPTER 5
NECESSARY SIMULINKS
5.1 Turbine and Regulators, M1 Block of PV Generator

Figure 12. Turbine and Regulators, M1 Block of PV Generator

5.1.1 Block parameters of Turbine and Regulators, M1 Block of PV Generator

Table 2. Block parameters of Hydraulic Turbine and Governor

Parameters Name Values

Servo-motor [ Ka() Ta(sec) ] [ 10/3 0.07 ]
Gate opening limits [ gmin,gmax(pu) vgmin,vgmax(pu/s) ] [ 0.01 0.97518 -0.1 0.1 ]
Permanent droop and regulator [ Rp() Kp() Ki() Kd() Td(s) ] [ 0.05 1.163 0.105 0 0.01 ]
Hydraulic turbine [ beta() Tw(sec) ] [ 0 2.67 ]
Droop reference (0=power error, 1=gate opening) 0
Initial mechanical power (pu) 0.952577

Table 3. Block parameters of Excitation System

Parameters Name Values

Low-pass filter time constant Tr(s) 20e-3
Regulator gain and time constant [ Ka() Ta(s) ] [ 200, 0.001 ]
Exciter [ Ke() Te(s) ] [ 1, 0 ]
Transient gain reduction [ Tb(s) Tc(s) ] [ 0, 0 ]
Damping filter gain and time constant [ Kf() Tf(s) ] [ 0.001, 0.1 ]
Regulator output limits and gain [ Efmin, Efmax (pu), Kp() ] [ 0, 7, 0 ]
Initial values of terminal voltage and field voltage [ Vt0 (pu) Vf0(pu) ] [1,1.4424]

32
 Table 4. Block parameters of Multi-Band Power System Stabilizer
Mode of operation: Simplified settings

Parameters Name Values

Global gain 1.0
Low frequency band: [ FL(Hz), KL ] [0.025 5]
Intermediate frequency band: [ FI(Hz), KI ] [0.8 25]
High frequency band: [ FH(Hz), KH ] [12.0 145]
Signals Limits (VLmax,VImax,VHmax,VSmax) [.075 .15 .15 .15]

Mode of operation: Detailed settings

Parameters Name Values

Low frequency gains: [ KL1, KL2, KL ] [66 66 9.4]
Low frequency time constants (s) [1.667 2 0 0 0 0 2 2.4 0 0 0 0 1 1]
Intermediate frequency gains: [ KI1, KI2, KI ] [66 66 47.6]
Intermediate frequency time constants (s) [1 1 0.25 0.3 0 0 1 1 0.3 0.36 0 0 0 0]
High frequency gains: [ KH1, KH2, KH ] [66 66 233]
High frequency time constants (s) [0.01 0.012 0 0 0 0 0.012 0.0144 0 0 0 0 1
1]
Signals Limits (VLmax,VImax,VHmax,VSmax) [.075 .15 .15 .15]

Table 5. Block parameters of Generic Power System Stabilizer

Parameters Name Values

Sensor time constant 15e-3
Gain 2
Wash-out time constant 0.7
Lead-lag #1 time constants [60e-3 0.5]
Leag-lag #2 time constants [0 0]
Output limits [-0.15 0.15]
Initial input 0

33
5.2 Turbine and Regulators, M2 Block of Swing Generator

Figure 13. Turbine and Regulators, M2 Block of Swing Generator

5.2.1 Block parameters of Turbine and Regulators, M2 Block of Swing Generator

Table 6. Block parameters of Hydraulic Turbine and Governor

Parameters Name Values

Servo-motor [ Ka() Ta(sec) ] [ 10/3 0.07 ]
Gate opening limits [ gmin,gmax(pu) vgmin,vgmax(pu/s) ] [ 0.01 0.97518 -0.1 0.1 ]
Permanent droop and regulator [ Rp() Kp() Ki() Kd() Td(s) ] [ 0.05 1.163 0.105 0 0.01 ]
Hydraulic turbine [ beta() Tw(sec) ] [ 0 2.67 ]
Droop reference (0=power error, 1=gate opening) 0
Initial mechanical power (pu) 0.810979

Table 7. Block parameters of Excitation System

Parameters Name Values

Low-pass filter time constant Tr(s) 20e-3
Regulator gain and time constant [ Ka() Ta(s) ] [ 200, 0.001 ]
Exciter [ Ke() Te(s) ] [ 1, 0 ]
Transient gain reduction [ Tb(s) Tc(s) ] [ 0, 0 ]
Damping filter gain and time constant [ Kf() Tf(s) ] [ 0.001, 0.1 ]
Regulator output limits and gain [ Efmin, Efmax (pu), Kp() ] [ 0, 7, 0 ]
Initial values of terminal voltage and field voltage [ Vt0 (pu) Vf0(pu) ] [1,1.40021]

34
 Table 8. Block parameters of Multi-Band Power System Stabilizer
Mode of operation: Simplified settings

Parameters Name Values

Global gain 1.0
Low frequency band: [ FL(Hz), KL ] [0.025 5]
Intermediate frequency band: [ FI(Hz), KI ] [0.8 25]
High frequency band: [ FH(Hz), KH ] [12.0 145]
Signals Limits (VLmax,VImax,VHmax,VSmax) [.075 .15 .15 .15]

Mode of operation: Detailed settings

Parameters Name Values

Low frequency gains: [ KL1, KL2, KL ] [66 66 9.4]
Low frequency time constants (s) [1.667 2 0 0 0 0 2 2.4 0 0 0 0 1 1]
Intermediate frequency gains: [ KI1, KI2, KI ] [66 66 47.6]
Intermediate frequency time constants (s) [1 1 0.25 0.3 0 0 1 1 0.3 0.36 0 0 0 0]
High frequency gains: [ KH1, KH2, KH ] [66 66 233]
High frequency time constants (s) [0.01 0.012 0 0 0 0 0.012 0.0144 0 0 0 0 1
1]
Signals Limits (VLmax,VImax,VHmax,VSmax) [.075 .15 .15 .15]

Table 9. Block parameters of Generic Power System Stabilizer

Parameters Name Values

Sensor time constant 15e-3
Gain 2
Wash-out time constant 0.7
Lead-lag #1 time constants [60e-3 0.5]
Leag-lag #2 time constants [0 0]
Output limits [-0.15 0.15]
Initial input 0

5.3 Controlling Mechanism of PSS Block

Figure 14. Block diagram of Controlling Mechanism of PSS Block

35
5.4 PV Measurements Block

Figure 15. Block diagram of PV Measurements

5.4.1 Block parameters of PV Measurements

Table 10. Block parameters of Transfer Fcn

Parameters Values
Numerator coefficients [1]
Denominator coefficients [1e-3 1]
Absolute tolerance auto
State Name: (e.g., 'position') ''

Table 11. Block parameters of Gain

Parameters Values
Gain 2/3*100

Table 12. Block parameters of Sequence Analyzer (Phasor)

Parameters Values
Sequence Positive

36
5.5 Machine Signals Block

Figure 16. Machine Signals Block

5.5.1 Block Parameters of Machine Signals

Table 13. Block parameters of Transfer Fcn

Parameters Values
Numerator coefficients [1]
Denominator coefficients [1e-3 1]
Absolute tolerance auto
State Name: (e.g., 'position') ''

Table 14. Block parameters of Gain

Parameters Values
Gain 180/pi

Table 15. Block parameters of Relational operator

Parameters Values
Relational operator >

37
 CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM MECHANISM

6.1 Introduction

The simple power system described with the use of SVC and PSS is just a basic example to illustrate the
concept of using these devices to improve transient stability and power oscillation damping. The phasor
simulation method can indeed be used to model and simulate more complex power systems and study their
stability performance under different operating conditions. By incorporating the SVC and PSS models into
the simulation, you can evaluate the effectiveness of these devices in improving the transient stability of
the power system, and optimize their control parameters for maximum performance.

6.2 Description of the Transmission System

The single line diagram shown below represents a simple 500 kV transmission system.

Figure 17. Single line diagram of the 500 kV transmission system

The system is composed of two power plants, Plant M1 with a capacity of 1000 MW and Plant
M2 with a capacity of 5000 MVA. The remote Plant M1 is connected to a load center through a
long 500 kV, 700 km transmission line, which is modeled by a 5000 MW resistive load. The load
is fed by both Plant M1 and the local generation of 5000 MVA, Plant M2.
It seems that the system is designed with the aim of maintaining stability after faults and avoiding
overloading the transmission line. The load flow results show that the power generated by plant
M1 is 950 MW and the power generated by plant M2 is 4046 MW, which results in a total
transmission line carrying capacity of 944 MW, which is close to the surge impedance loading
(SIL) of 977 MW. To maintain system stability after faults, the transmission line is shunt
compensated at its center by a 200 Mvar static var compensator (SVC), but it does not have a
power oscillation damping (POD) unit. Additionally, both machines are equipped with hydraulic

38
turbine and governor (HTG), excitation system, and power system stabilizer (PSS) to ensure
stability and control of the system.
It appears that the HTG and excitation system for both machines have been implemented within
the Turbine and Regulators subsystems. The system allows for the use of two types of stabilizers
on the excitation system: a generic model that uses the acceleration power (Pa= difference between
mechanical power Pm and output electrical power Peo) and a Multiband stabilizer that uses the
speed deviation (dw).
These stabilizers are standard models that can be found in the Simscape > Electrical > Specialized
Power Systems > Electrical Machines library. The manual switch blocks, which are surrounded
by a blue zone, allow the user to choose the type of stabilizer used for each machine or to put the
PSS out of service.
The SVC (Static Var Compensator) is a device used to control power factor and improve the
stability of a power system. By opening the SVC block and checking the Power data parameters,
you can confirm that the SVC rating is +/- 200 Mvar. In the Control parameters, you have the
option to select either Voltage regulation or Var control mode. By default, the SVC is set in Var
control mode with a fixed susceptance value of Bref=0, which means the SVC is currently out of
service.
A Fault Breaker block is connected at bus B1. You will use it to program different types of faults
on the 500 kV system and observe the impact of the PSS and SVC on system stability.
The simulation has been initialized to reach a steady-state through the use of the Machine
Initialization utility of the Powergui block. The load flow has been performed with machine M1
defined as a PV generation bus with a voltage of 13800V and a power output of 950MW, and
machine M2 defined as a swing bus with the same voltage and a power output of 0.
The load flow solution has updated the reference mechanical powers and voltages in the constant
blocks connected to the HTG and excitation system inputs. The reference mechanical power for
machine M1 is 0.95 pu (950 MW) and the reference voltage is 1.0 pu. The reference mechanical
power for machine M2 is 0.8091 pu (4046 MW) and the reference voltage is 1.0 pu.

39
6.3 Simulation Model of System

Figure 18. Simulink Model of the system

40
 CHAPTER 7
TRANSIENT IMPROVEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
7.1 Three – Phase Fault – Impact of PSS – No SVC

You will be performing a simulation to observe the role of a Static Var Compensator (SVC) in
stabilizing a power system network during a severe contingency, which is a 3-phase fault. It is
important to understand the specific steps involved in the simulation, as well as the expected
outcomes, in order to accurately interpret and analyze the results.
This series of instructions is part of a simulation to observe the impact of a Static Var Compensator
(SVC) on a power system network during a 3-phase fault. The first step is to activate the two
Generic Pa type Power System Stabilizers (PSS). Then, the Fault Breaker block is reprogrammed
to apply a 3-phase-to-ground fault. It is important to verify that the SVC is in fixed susceptance
mode with a reference susceptance (Bref) of 0 before starting the simulation.
The simulation is started and the d_theta1_2 signal is monitored to observe the behavior of the two
machines after the fault has been cleared. If the angle difference between the two machines reaches
3*360 degrees, the simulation will be stopped using the Simulink® Stop block in order to avoid
unnecessary simulation time. This step is crucial for observing the impact of the SVC on stabilizing
the network during a severe contingency.
The SVC is now in voltage regulation mode. It will maintain voltage stability by injecting reactive
power into the line when voltage drops below the reference voltage (1.009 pu). The reference
voltage is based on the bus voltage with the SVC off and in steady state, the SVC will be idle and
ready to compensate for voltage deviations from its set point.
The simulation has been restarted with a 3-phase fault present. To compare the results with and
without the SVC, double-click on the blue block labeled "Show impact of SVC for 3-phase
fault." The waveforms of the results can be viewed by double-clicking this block.

7.1.1 Simulation Results for without PSS and SVC

Figure 19. Fixed Susceptance vs Time

41
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 20. SVC measured Voltage vs Time

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Figure 21. Rotor Angle Difference vs Time

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Figure 22. Machine Speeds vs Time

42
 Figure 23. Terminal voltages vs Time

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5

Figure 24. Positive Sequence Voltage vs Time

Figure 25. Line power vs Time

43
7.1.2 Simulation Results for with PSS and SVC

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Figure 26. Positive Sequence Voltage vs Time

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Figure 27. Rotor Angle Difference vs Time

Figure 28. Line Power vs Time

44
 Figure 29. Susceptance vs Time

5 10 15 20 25

Figure 30. SVC Measured Voltage vs Time

Figure 31. Terminal Voltages vs Time

45
 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Figure 32. Machine Speeds vs Time

7.2 Single – Phase Fault – Impact of PSS – No SVC

Confirm that the Generic Pa type PSSs are functioning and the Fault Breaker block has been
programmed with a 6-cycle single-phase fault (Phase A has been verified and the fault will occur
at 0.1 seconds and be resolved at 0.2 seconds).
Initiate the simulation and examine the signals on the Machines scope. During the fault, the system
remains stable without the need for the SVC. After the fault is cleared, a 0.6 Hz oscillation will
rapidly diminish.
This pattern of oscillation is a characteristic of interarea oscillations in a large power system. The
first trace on the Machines scope depicts the rotor angle difference (d_theta1_2) between the two
machines. The highest power transfer occurs when this angle reaches 90 degrees. The d_theta1_2
signal provides valuable information on system stability.
Prolonged values of d_theta1_2 exceeding 90 degrees can result in machine loss of synchronism
and system instability. The second trace displays the machine speeds, with machine 1's speed
increasing during the fault as its electrical power is less than its mechanical power.
Upon simulating for a longer period of time (50 seconds), it can be seen that the machine speeds
oscillate together at a low frequency (0.025 Hz) after the fault is cleared. The Pa type PSSs are
successful in dampening the 0.6 Hz mode, but are not as effective in suppressing the 0.025 Hz
mode. Utilizing a Multi-Band PSS instead leads to the effective dampening of both the 0.6 Hz and
0.025 Hz modes.

46
7.2.1 Simulation Results for without PSS and SVC

Figure 33. Fixed Susceptance vs Time

5 10 15 20

Figure 34. SVC measured Voltage vs Time

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Figure 35. Rotor Angle Difference vs Time

47
 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Figure 36. Machine Speeds vs Time

Figure 37. Terminal Voltages vs Time

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Figure 38. Positive Sequence Voltage vs Time

48
 Figure 39. Line Power vs Time

7.2.2 Simulation Results for with PSS and SVC

4 6 8 10 12 14

Figure 40. Positive Sequence Voltage vs Time

4 6 8 10 12 `14 16 18 20 22 24

Figure 41. Rotor Angle Difference vs Time

49
 Figure 42. Line Power vs Time

Figure 43. Susceptance vs Time

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Figure 44. SVC Measured Voltage vs Time

50
 Figure 45. Terminal Voltages vs Time

4 6 8 10 12 `14 16 18 20 22 24

Figure 46. Machine Speeds vs Time

51
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
8.1 Conclusion of the thesis

The paper describes a model for a simple transmission system with two hydraulic power plants
and analyzes the use of a Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Power System Stabilizers (PSS -
generic & multiband types) to improve its transient stability and power oscillation damping. The
results indicate that the proposed system, which utilizes both PSS and SVC, is successful in
maintaining stability during abnormal system conditions. The PSS operates based on typical
control generator while the SVC operates based on typical bus voltage control.

From simulation results of proposed model we can derive:

 The proposed model is oscillatory and instable with absence effects of (PSS) and (SVC).
 The selective PSS (Power System Stabilizer) can effectively provide damping for both
steady state oscillations and transient voltage stability, under various operating conditions
and disturbances in the system, as per the proposed model.
 In the case of a single line-to-ground fault, the PSS can maintain stability. However, using
a Static Var Compensator (SVC) can further reduce the angle deviation, improving stability
even further.
 In the case of a three-phase transient fault, neither PSS nor SVC can maintain stability on
their own. However, they can be used together to enhance stability during such events.
 The multiband type PSS is more effective in quickly damping oscillations compared to the
generic type PSS. The multiband type PSS is designed to respond to a wider range of
frequencies, allowing it to more quickly damp out oscillations. The generic type PSS, on
the other hand, typically only responds to a single frequency range.

8.2 Future scope of work

 In future, we want to more improve transient stability by using others fact devices like
STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) or TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensator) or TCPST (Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer) or UPFC
(Unified Power Flow Controller) etc. in the proposed system
 We want to enhance transient stability of two generating stations of Bangladesh during the
three phase or single phase fault occurs.
 To design and analyze the performance of Fuzzy logic controller in SVC for improving
power system stability in Multi-machine system.

52
 To design and analyze the performance of Hybrid PI-Fuzzy controller in SVC for
improving power system stability in Multi-machine system.
 To compare the performance of PI, Fuzzy and hybrid PI-Fuzzy controllers in SVC and
other FACTS devices for enhancing stability of the power system for single machine or
Multi-machine system.
 To coordinate various FACTS devices for improvement of the power system stability.

53
REFERENCES
[1] N. Anil kumar, K. Ramesh, “Transient stability improvement using svc and pss”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue:
07 July, 2016.

[2] Udaya Annakkage, Ali Mehrizi-Sani, “TRANSIENT STABILITY IN POWER SYSTEMS”,

Unesco-Eolss Sample Chapters.

[3] Christie R.D., Bose A. (1996). Load frequency control issues in power system operations after
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